E&T Chapter 1

Question 1

Describe the ‘right to travel’ as the UN Universal Declaration of human rights under Article 13?

Answer 1

“Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within he borders of each state” and that “Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and return to his country”

Question 2

define: hyper-mobility

Answer 2

reflecting heightened global mobility of peoples between places

Question 3

Name four factors integral to tourism. Why do people travel?

Answer 3

1. desire to learn
2. to give back to global society
3. to experience species and ecology of natural environments
4. hedonistic reasons

Question 4

explain the origin of the word ‘tour-ist’

Answer 4

“travellers” “travaille” in French meaning work, trouble, torment

Question 5

Name name some stakeholders that all have different motives in the tourism industry. There are 7 total.

Answer 5

1. Governments
2. Tourism industry
3. Donor Agencies
4. Local communities
5. ENGO’s
6. NGO’s
7. Tourists

Question 6

What is an ENGO?

Answer 6

Environmental non-governmental organizations

Question 7

What is an NGO?

Answer 7

non-governmental organization

Question 8

World Tourism Organization (1991) had this definition of tourism:

Answer 8

tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, or other purpose.” That was endorsed in 1993 by the UN Statistical Commission

Question 9

four main types of impact - positive or negative (ESCE)

Answer 9

1. economic
2. societal
3. cultural
4. environmental

Question 10

Davidson (1993) defined tourism:

Answer 10

main type of tourism is for leisure or recreation like holidays, sports, events, and visiting friends and relatives: the origins of tourism lie in travel for reasons of faith, education and health

Question 11

Mathieson and Wall (1982) defined tourism

Answer 11

the study of tourism is the study of people away from their usual habitat, of the establishments which respond to the requirements of travellers, and of the impacts that they have on the economic, physical and social well-being of their hosts

Question 12

Bull (1992) defined tourism:

Answer 12

a human activity which encompasses human behaviour, use of resources and interaction with other people, economies and environments

Question 13

Frankin (2003) defines tourism:

Answer 13

an attitude to the world or a way of seeing the world, not necessarily what we find only at the end of a long and arduous journey’

Question 14

Lickorish and Jenkins (1997) on the tourism industry:

Answer 14

industry does not have the usual production function, nor does it have an output which can be physically measured, unlike agriculture or beverages

Question 15

Murphy (1985) said the ‘tourism industry’ does not exist. Why?

Answer 15

No product!
It does not produce and distinct product and industries such as transport, accommodation and entertainment are services to local residents besides tourists.

Question 16

Cooper and Hall (2008) said the tourism industry isn’t really an industry… why?

Answer 16

the involvement of other stakeholders including governments and communities have too much influence in delivering the product

Question 17

Poon (1993) reflecting on en masse tourism being like manufacturing… elaborate

Answer 17

Mimicking mass production in manufacturing (high profit, low consideration), these were created despite any cultural norms, culture and environment of host countries

Question 18

Krippendorf (1987) on the tourism industry

Answer 18

states since the timber industry produces timber, the tourism industry produces tourists.

Question 19

Leiper (1979): tourism as a system

Answer 19

a geographically linked system comprising of a generating region, ransit zone and destination region

Question 20

Gunn (1994) on tourism as a system

Answer 20

tourism should be interpreted as system – every part is related to every other part, and there is no manager or owner – the tourism system has complete control over their destiny

Question 21

Page (1995) on tourism as a system

Answer 21

the advantage of systems approach: it allows the complexity of the real-life situation to be accounted for in a simple model, demonstrating the inter-linkages of all the different elements

Question 22

Mill and Morrison (1992) on tourism as a system

Answer 22

analogy of a spider’s web

Question 23

Laws (1991) on tourism as a system

Answer 23

advantages of interpreting it as a system – avoids one-dimensional thinking and facilitates a multi-disciplinary perspective

Question 24

The overall ‘tourism as a system’ has three distinct subtypes

Answer 24

1. tourism retialing
2. destination
3. transport

Question 25

influences to participation in tourism (4)

Answer 25

1. social change
2. political change
3. economic change
4. technological change

Question 26

Think point: why is it more appropriate to think of tourism as a ‘system’ rather than an industry?

Answer 26

• The interconnectedness of all the factors involved
• It’s not just pumping out a product, every stage of the tourist’s journey has an affect on an industry, a community, the environment or another industry

Question 27

Talk about how Romans used to tour

Answer 27

similar to contemporary motives for travel, they would escape the heat of Rome to the seaside and mountains

Question 28

how was tourism in the Middle Ages?

Answer 28

hard, usually taken for trade or religious purposes, not for leisure

Question 29

What is the Grand Tour?

Answer 29

Early 17th century- onset of Napoleonic Wars (19th century) - direct outcome of the freedom and quest for learning heralded by the Renaissance, a period marked by a rediscovery of the classical teachings of the civilizations of Rome and Greece. Marked to Elizabeth I. Usually for aristocratic man from Britain, France, Germany and Russia for education and pleasure - they even had private tutors

Question 30

How did the Industrial Revolution affect tourism?

Answer 30

rise in urban population, work and leisure became highly differentiated by time and spatial zones, we now take defined periods off of work to travel, more cars and easier transportation

Question 31

Talk about Thomas Cook as one of the first tour operators?

Answer 31

first fee-paying trip in 1841 as secretary of the Midland Temperance Association, taking 570 members from Leicester to Loughborough. Developed organised escorts to Europe, America and the Holy Land, organizing tours for +1 million clients

Question 32

Two phases of mass participation in tourism

Answer 32

1. 19th century fuelled by a rapidly increasing national income per head and the development of railways - mass participation in domestic tourism, also led to the increase in seaside resorts in Europe, America and Oceania
2. After the 2nd World War: International spatial perspective - combination of economic, social and geographical factors. No longer for the elite!

Question 33

Initiated by the movement of thousands of tourists from UK to Spain – development of western Mediterranean coastline for tourism. Factors facilitating the flow of tourists to Spain? (5)

Answer 33

1. Increased level of disposable income from late 1950s
2. Surplus of Second World War aircraft = cheap transport
3. Emergence of tour operators Vladimir Raitz and Horizon Trael Company
4. Encouragement of tourism development by Spanish dictator General Franco
5. Availability for cheap land for hotel development

Question 34

Think Point: Describe the changes that have occurred in the environments of societies where tourists originate from which help to explain the growth in demand for international tourism.

Answer 34

• Rise of technology, ease of travel
• Urbanization after industrial revolution
• Tourism now seen as a ‘holiday’
• Rise in paid time off for vacation