Test 2 - Protein, fat, vitamins, minerals Flashcards
What are glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids used to form?
Carbs and fat from excess protein.
What is the fate of glucogenic amino acids?
Formation of pyruvate, which is converted to glucose in the liver.
What is the fate of ketogenic amino acids?
They are metabolized in liver to form acetyl CoA, which can be used for energy or converted to fat.
Can humans store excess nitrogen
No. We use what we need then excrete the rest in the urine.
2 ways that protein might be a significant source of energy
Athletes in weight control sports because they don’t get enough calories. If we run out of carbs.
In resistance training, how is protein used
Both muscle breakdown and buildup occur, with buildup prevailing over time
In aerobic endurance training, how is protein used
Use is minimal unless they run out of carbs
Most important factor affecting use of protein as an energy source
Carb availability
Trained individuals at rest experience preferential oxidation of what
Fat, sparing protein
Habitual training decreases breakdown of what during exercise
Protein
Aerobic endurance training increases ability of muscles to use what, which means what
Protein for energy, body can preserve glucose for the brain when carb levels are low
Can amino acids be converted to acetyl CoA
Yes. Carbs can too.
What nutrient is involved in protein sparing
Carbs
What is the RDA for protein
.8g per kilogram body weight
Is the RDA for protein in strength trained individuals higher
Yes, to support muscle buildup
Is the RDA for protein higher in endurance athletes
Somewhat, it restores proteins used when carbs ran out
Will increasing protein enhance performance
No, insufficient evidence
What are the 2 major sources of fat energy
Plasma free fatty acids, muscle cell triglycerides
What does hormone sensitive lipase do
Releases free fatty acids from adipose cell triglycerides
Hormone sensitive lipase releases free fatty acids to what 2 places
Blood to increase free fatty acid delivery to muscles, mitochondria
What is the main form of fat used at 25-65 percent vo2 max
Plasma free fatty acids
What is the main source of fat used at 65 percent vo2 max
Muscle free fatty acids from intramuscular triglycerides
What is the main source of fat used at over 85 percent vo2 max
Fats are not used, carbs are most important
As carb oxidation increases, what happens
Free fatty acid oxidation decreases
