Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell and Tissue I > Test 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Test 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CT function

A

structure
defense and protection
nutrition
fat depot for cushioning, insulation and energy reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cells that turn into CT

A

mesoderm and ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fibroblast and fibrocyte

A

FIXED -
active-larger (blast) and inactive-smaller (cyte)
active =making glycoproteins and CT fibers, euchromatic, rER, May divide if tissue damage but normally no division

inactive - nuleolus not visible, when stimulated durinbg tissue damage can become active, cytoplasm becomes eosinophilic (pink), not a lot of tarnscription, nucleus elongated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cortisol

A

reduces state of inflamation, inhibitory effect on fibroblastic activity(production and secretion of CT) long term use=CT damage
bone may also lose some structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Collagen synthesis

A

Propepdides keep collagen soluble so doesnt form collagen fibers in the cell!

1) hydroxylation of proline VIT C dependent in ER
2) 3 collagen molecules for triple helix (ER)
3) Delivered to Golgi and exocytosis of propeptides into ECM.
4) ECM propeptidases will cleave off the propeptides = active and forms collagen fibrils and then fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

myofibroblasts

A

resemble fibroblasts and smooth muscle
these are contractile cells (actin and myosin)
become numerous in would healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dupuytrens contracture

A

affects digits 4 and 5 - injury replaces collagen 1 with 3. The actin and myosin connect to the 3 and shorten which bends those fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

adipocytes (uniocular)

A

forms white adipose tissue but looks yellow due to what we eat
contain a single lipid droplet that is not bound by membrane - droplet ensheathed in vimentin filaments
nucleus pushed out to periphery = signet shape
energy depot - secrete leptin to DEPRESS appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

leptin issue

A

secreted by adipocytes = morbid obesity - no suppression of appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lipodystrophies

A

loss of body fat disorder - entire body affected - really thin and well defined muscles
can be uniform, or deposited in specific body regions (nech and gut area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

multilocular adipocytes

A

brown adipocytes - nucleus is centrally located and spherical.
around nucleus are individual droplets of lipids - hence the name multiloculalar - many loci of fat deposit
also surrounded by VIMENTIN fibers
lots of mitochondria! - HEAT GENERATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mast cell

A 
large and ovoid cell 
derived from bone marrow stem cells
filled wtih methachromatic granules (w/ toluidine blue)- diverse sectretory product histamine and heparin,leukotrienes
located in CT proper near blood vesels
not found in nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

inflammatory response

A

IgE bound antigens couple to Fc receptor on plasma membrane of mast cell=mast cell releases all of its shit.
histamine = mucus production, swelling, (hay fever)
leukotrienes = bronchospasms (asthma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

macrophages

A

professional phagocytes - present antigens to lymphocytes
monocytes emigrate into the CT (from blood) where they differentiate
have lots of lysosomes for degredation (acidophilic)
nucleus is kidney bean shaped and is euchromatic with heterochromatic clumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chronic inflammatory states

A

activated macrophages morph into epithelial like (epitheloid) cells. Epitheloid cells fuse and form giant multinucleated cells – these cells DO NOT Have increased phagocytic levels. their activity is LOW.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

plasma cells

A

MIGRATORY -derived from B-lymphoytes - protein synthsizing cells - antibodies
large oval shape - euchromatic (eccentrically) nucleus with heterochom pushed out to edge in clock face appearance
-intense basophilic - LOT OF rER
-LOTS OF GOLGI - large neg area
constituitive pathway of antibodies - constant = antibodies are not stored - just

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

leukocytes

A

monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils - migrate from blood into CT.
Site of inflammation attract these guys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

first wave of response to inflammation=

A

mainly neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

second wave of response to inflammation

A

mostly monocytes - morph into macrophages = clean up cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mesenchymal CT

A

abundant, gel-like, amorphous with gloycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans; scatters reticular; mesenchymal cells ; embryonic intramembranous bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

mucous CT

A

abundant jelly-like, hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins; collagen I and III; fibroblasts - umbilical cord as whartons jely subdermal in the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Loose CT (areolar)

A

viscous and amorphous with hyluronic acid, GAGS, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
loose array of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, adipose, mast, and undifferentiated
lies immediately deep to epithelium and surrounds bv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dense regular collagenous CT

A

spare viscous amorphous with hyluronic acid,GAGs, proteoglycans,a nd glycoproteins; densely packed parallel array of type I and scattered elastics; scattered fibroblasts flattened bw colalgen bundles; tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dense regular elastic CT

A

from fibroblasts. spares and visous - amorphous with hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

  • elastin forms thin sheets of fenestrated membranes.
  • elastic fibers branch and run parallel to one another.
  • few collagen fibers
  • found in lgamenta flava, suspensory ligaments of the penis, vocal ligament and arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

dense irregular CT

A

sparse viscous, amorphous with hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

  • tightly packed, type I, fibers orientated in many axes.
  • elastic fibers interspersed
  • fibroblasts are scattered
  • organ capsules, dermis of skin and sleeve around nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

reticular CT

A

Type III collagen
little ground substance
found in red bone marrow, liver, and lymphatic tissues/organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

adipose CT

A

spare ground substance
reticular fibers are found bw adipocytes
subcutaneous areas and in abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

specialized CT

A

abundant, viscous, amorphous, with hyaluronic acid, GAGS, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
loose array of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, adipose, mast, and undifferentiated
lies immediately deed to epithelium and surounds bv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cartilage is specialized bc

A

it is firm and pliable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hyaline cartilage location

A

in places where it maintains a lumen/space open - -nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi

  • articular surfaces of (long) bones - ribs and joints
  • at epiphyseal plates of growing bones - grow in length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

histogenesis (making) of hyaline cartillage

A

1) Mesenchyme (embryonic CT) - stellate of star shaped cells - embedded in ECM = condrification centers of cartilage sites
2) Differentiate into chondroblasts - synthesize ECM
3) as chondroblasts deposit more matrix they get stuck in lacunae (bubbes within matrix) and = chondrocytes.
4) chondrocytes may divide to form isogenous groups of 2-4 chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

isogenous groups

A

Progeny of a single chondrocyte - groups of 2-4 chondrocytes that are stuck in ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

perichondrium

A

membrane that surrounds and protects the cartilage - from mesenchyme (mesenchymal cells that dif into fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

outer fibrous layer

A

outside the perichondrium - support and protect inside - dense collagenous CT - type I, fibroblasts, blood vessles and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

internal cellular layer - chondrogenic layer

A

forms cells that will form cartialage - allows for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

appositional growth

A
  • growing on the surface - adding to the outer layer - needs perichondrium
    in most cartilages
    occurs throughout lifespan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

interstitial rgowth

A

growing of the tissue from within - only in early stages of cartilage formation
only in articular - does not have perichondrium
occurs at epiphyseal plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

why is hyaline cartilage the model of future bone:

A

ability to grow interstitially and appositionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

chondrogenic cells

A

arrise from mesenchymal cells

can become chondroblasts & chondrocytes (cartilage forming) and osteoprogenitor cells (bone forming)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

chondroblasts

A

from mesenchymal cells (in chondrification center) and chondrogenic cells (in inner perichondrium)

  • form matrix and fibers of cartialge
  • RER, protein synthesis, GA — basophilic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

chondrocytes

A

-from chondroblasts
-large nucleus and prominent nucleolus
- trapped in lacunae
can go back to being chondroblasts
-monitor matrix composition and synthesize necessary molcules to maintain catilage matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

hyaline cartialage matrix

A

contains delicate fibers - made out of proteins and collagen (type II)
-collagen = tensile strength
-proteoglacans and glycoproteins
-extra cellular fluid - attracted by the sugars = plump and cushiony (60-80% of weight is in proteoglycans)
proteoglycans form 3D matrix - cushion and resilience
-avascular, no nerves, resists force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

capsular (pericellular) matrix

A

intense stained thin layer of matrix immediately around lacuna

  • hi9gh concentration of sulfated proteoglycans, hyaluronan and glycoproteins
  • fine collagen fibers form woven capsule around each chondrocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

territorial matrix

A
  • is the lighter-staining matrix that surrounds the isogenous group
  • contains a lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans than the capsular matrix and is thus lighter-staining
  • contains collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

interterritorial matrix

A

represents the majority of the matrix

fills the space around the territorial matrix

46
Q

fibronectin

A

adhesive glycoprotein

assists chondroblasts and cytes to adhere to ECM

47
Q

elastic cartiallage

A 
similar to hyaline
contains type II col
ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis and larynx
-moer and arge chondrocytes that hyaline
more prominent territorial matrix
48
Q

fibrocartiallage

A

transitional form bw dense CT and yaline cartilage
-little amorphous collagen - contains type 1 collagen (acidophilic)
-lacks perichondrium
located where tough support or tensile strength is needed
-TMJ, vertebral disks, pubic sumphysis, menisci of the knee joint,
junction between tendons and bone
-chondrocytes occur in groups of parallel rows, alternation with thick bundles
fibroblasts secrete their proteoglycans

49
Q

osteoarthritis

A

wear and tear of articular cartiallage of certain joints = degenerative joint disease - GAGS are modified with age = less water = cartilage thinsa nd wears away,friction bw bone surfaces - bone is innervated = PAIN - swelling stiffness and range of motion

50
Q

what is bone

A 
specialized CT - mineralized and has cells, vessels, and nerves
continuously being remodeled
storage of minerals
bone marrow for blood cell
supports and protects
51
Q

epiphyses

A

long bones - 2 bulbous ends of a bone

hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces

52
Q

epiphyseal (growth) plates

A

long bones - hyaline cartilage plates that allow bone growth in length -disappear ~18-20 yrs

53
Q

metaphysis

A

angulation bw the epiphyseal plate and the diaphysis

54
Q

diaphysis

A

long cylindrical shaft bw the 2 epiphyses

55
Q

marrow (medullary) cavity

A

core of the long shaft - bone marrow

56
Q

periosteum

A

external CT capsule of bone - Does not cover articular surfaces and where tendons attach to bone - covers part of epiphyses
2 layers: OUTER fibrous layer: dense collagenous CT; blood vessels, lymph vessels, nervers; anchored to bone via sharpey’s fibers (bundles of collagenous fibers) - does not slide or peel off
INNER cellular layer: not defined if bone is inactive - nonrowing bone it contains periosteal cells; covers actively growing cells; contains osteoprogenitor cells; repair of bone fractures

57
Q

periosteal cells

A

found in inner cellular layer of periosteum when bone is not actively growing - these cells may differentiate into osteoblasts if necessary (ex stim by bone repair)

58
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

found in periosteum inner layer when bone is actively growing (called periosteal cells) and in the endosteum (called endosteal cells).
can do mitosis
from mesenchymal stem cells and dif into osteoblasts or chondrogenic cells (in low O2 tension)

59
Q

endosteum

A

internal CT capsule of bone
consist of thin CT layer with a single row of osteoprogenitor cells which may turn into osteoblasts (line the bone - endosteal cells)
lines the bone marrow cavity; haversian and volkmans canals; bony spicules(smaller) and trabeculae (larger) of spongy bone

60
Q

Haversian and Volkmans canals

A

VERTICAL and HORIZ respectively

intercnnected tunnels that allow small vessels and nerve fibers to reach deep into the bone

61
Q

inorganic compoenent

A

BONE MATRIX (1 of 2) - inorganic minerals that give bone it’s hardness - 65% of dry weight; hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phos); bicarb; citrate; magnesium; NA;K

62
Q

organic component

A

BONE MATRIX (2of2) - a) fibers - type 1 collagen b) ground substance: proteoglycans(bind growth factors), glycoproteins (osteonectin, sialoproteins, osteopontin, osteicalcin), growth factors (bone morphogenic proteins BMP) c) bone specific VIT K dependent proteins (osteocalcin) d) growth factors and cytokines (BMPs)

63
Q

osteonectin

A

multadhesive glycoprotein - part of organic component - glue bw collagen and hydroxyapatite cyrstals

64
Q

sialoproteins

A

multiadhesive glycopro - made up of osteopontin - helps cells bind to bone matrix
sialopro 1 and 2: help bind cells to bone matrix and begins calcium phos formation during minerlization

65
Q

osteocalcin

A

traps calcium from the blood steram and stimulates osteoclasts to remodel bone. VIT K dependent protein

66
Q

Bone mophogenic proteins (BMPs)

A

reg proteins - induce mesenchymal cells to differentiate into osteoblasts. used following surgery to stimulate bone formation

67
Q

cell lineage of bone

A

messenchymal stem cells –> osteoprogenitor cells –>osteoblasts (or —> bone lining cells) —> osteocytes

mononuclear hemopoietic progenitor cells –>osteoclasts (bone remodeling)

68
Q

osteoblasts

A

from osteoprog cells and can dif into osteocytes; when they get trapped in their secretions = osteocytes
cuboidal-columnar shape
basopilic
secrete organic component of matrix (osteoid)
hihg levels of enzyme alkaline phosphatase - splits pyrophos groups in macro molecules of matrix
mineralization of bone matrix
gap junctions for communication

69
Q

osteoid

A

Pre-bone - newly formed non-mineralized bone

collagen type 1 and bone matrix proteins (BMPs)

70
Q

bone lining cells

A

arise from osteoblasts and cover the bone surface - protect. prevent some resorption by osteoclasts
support nutrition of osteocytes
uptake and release of calcium and phos by bone tissue
gap junctions

71
Q

osteocytes

A

grown up osteoblasts - enclosed in lacuna - stuck in their matrix extretions
cytoplasmic processes which radiate from cell are enlosed in canaliculi
gap juntions via cytoplasmic processes
periosteocytic space for exchange of O2 and nutrients
surrounded by osteoid

72
Q

osteoclasts

A

multinucleated; acidophilic; motile cells
derived from mononuclear hemopoeitic prog cells in bone marrow
resorb and remodel bone
lie in enzymatically etched shallow depression = Howship’s lacuna on bone surface
3 regions - ruffled border, clear zone, basolateral region
acid environment breaks down the inorganic component
lysosomal hydrolases and metalloproetinases (collaginase and gelatinase) released into subosteoclastic compartment for breakdown of ORGANIC components
when complete their resorption assignment =apoptosis

73
Q

ruffled border

A
  • bone resorption - thick cell membrane with infoldings (ruffles) site of exocytosis of hydrolytic enzymes and secretion of protons
    endocytosis of broken down bone
74
Q

clear zone

A

lacks organelles, has actin microfillaments, actin ring; sealing zone that isolates acidic and corrosive elements

75
Q

drugs with biphosphonates and estrogens

A

stimulate osteoclast apoptosis

76
Q

compact bone

A 
dense solid bone - forms a shell around the exterior of long bones 
skull cap (calvaria) has outer table of compact bone with a pericranium (periosteum) and inner table of compact bone lines with dura matter (periosteal layer)
contains haversian systems (osteons)
77
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy-lines marrow cavity of long bones = DIPLOE in skull cap
has bone trabeculae and spicules which protrude from the inner surgace of compact bone
no haversian system in small bone spicules - large bones may have
irregular arrangement of bone lamellae

78
Q

Primary Bone

A

immature woven bundle of collagen-random- less mineral content but more cells and ground substance (still weaker)- temporary- formed during fetal development: replaced with secondary. also formed during bone repair… resorbed by osteoclasts and new bone formed by osteoblasts

79
Q

secondary bone

A

mature- lamellar. consists of parallel or concentric bone lamellae. more collagen fibers and mineral content=stronger - may be spongy or compact

80
Q

lamellae structure

A

1) outer circumferential lamellae - deep to periosteum and surround bone like tree rings - Sharpe’s fibers anchor periosteum to underlying compact bone
2) interstitial lamellae - remnants of old osteons
3) Haversian canal system (OSTEONS)- wafer thin bone lamellae. Volkmans (connect osteons) and haversian (enclose neurovascular bundle) canals
4) inner circumferential lamellae 0 around marrow cavity

81
Q

Ankylosis

A

damage to the articular hyaline cartilage - damaged cartilage may calcify, die and be replaced wtih bone

82
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the synovial joints, damaging the articular cartilages, producing disfigurement of the joints and severe pain.

83
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

Gouty arthritis is caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, especially in the joints of the fingers and toes. These sharp crystals cause excruciating pain. Gout may be a side effect of thiazide diuretics used to treat high blood pressure.

84
Q

Rickets

A

Rickets is a disorder that results from calcium deficiency during development, or from inadequate dietary supply of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption form the GI tract. In this disorder, osteoid does not mineralize properly.

85
Q

osteomalacia

A

rickets in adults

86
Q

Osteoporosis

A

reduction in bone mass both in the
organic and inorganic components of its matrix.postmenopausal women.Normally, osteoclast activity is controlled mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and to a lesser extent by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor. In women of child-bearing age, estrogens inhibit the production of these substances, restricting osteoclast activity.

87
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

FLAT BONES — initial site of osteogenesis is in membrane of mesenchyme
mesenchymal cells diff into osteoprog cells which then turn into osteoblasts
osteoblasts begin deposition of organic component (osteoid) = primary bone (immature/woven).
primary bone begins to take shape of (eosinophilic) spicules and trabeculaes = 3D network over time.
osteonectin, sialoproteins, & osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts to glue cells to bone matrix, initiate CA phos formation, and trap CA ions from blood respectively === mineralization
osteoblasts get trapped = osteocytes with canaliculli connections
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
primary bone resorbed by osteoclasts and secondary bone laid down by osteoblasts (initially spicules and trabeculae form spongy bone and vascular CT in spaces becomes bone marrow… spaces filled in by secondary deposition = compact bone

88
Q

endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage formed first - calcified - and then replaced by bone model - model for LONG BONES
PRIMARY OSS- DIAPHYSIS - hyaline cartilage has the shape and grows interstitally (LENGTH) and appositionally (WIDTH) - When the perichondrium surrounding hyaline cartillage becomes vascularized=signal for chondrogenic cells in its inner cellular layer to become osteoprog cells –>osteoblasts —>perichondrium becomes periostium;;; new osteoblasts in inner layer of periosteum secrete bone matrix and bony collar begins via intramembranous ossification. cartilage matrix begins to calcify and the cartilage begins to die nutrients cant get to them). the cells hypertrophy(accumulate glycogen and vacuoles) and produce alkaline phos. osteoclasts penetrate the bone colar - periosteal bud follows - hemopoetic stem cells containing osteoprog cells - begin to form bone matrix in dead cartilage area
SECONDARY OSS- EPIPHYSIS - no bone collar - osteoprog cell come in and = osteoblasts- cartilage growth above (and below articular cartilage of joint) the epiphyses and bone formation with cartilage destruction below the epiphyses (diaphyseal side)

89
Q

zones of the epiphyseal plate

A
  • zone of reserve cartilage - resting zone - typical hyaline cartillage
  • zone of proliferation - chondrocytes prolif and look like they are in stacks parallel to long axis - interstiatial growth with organic matrix production
  • zone of hypertrophy -glycogen in chondrocytes and enlarged lacunae
  • zone of calcified cartilage - lacunae coalesce and calcification of cartilage matrix - death of chondrocytes
  • zone of resorption and ossification - calcified cartilage remnants form spicules in direction of diaphysis, blood vessels bring in osteoprog cells; osteoprog cells migrate to calcified area to dif into osteoblasts (mixed spicule)
90
Q

calcified cartilage w/ H&E

A

basophilic (blue) and does not contain cells- they dead.

91
Q

mineralized bone w/ H&E

A

acidophilic (pink) - contains living cells

92
Q

around age 20 which zone goes away to stop growth

A

zone of prolif starts to slow dane on ossification outruns growth of cartilage = epiphyseal closure

93
Q

mineralization of bone

A

osteocalcin and other sialoproteins binds Ca ions
lots of Ca, PO4 and alkaline phosatase
in the vessicles of calcium and phos - formation of CaPO4 = hydroxyapatite crystals -sharp end pierce the vessicle and deposit in the bone matrix

94
Q

bone remodeling responds to these hormone

A

parathyroid and calcitonin

95
Q

bone repair mechanisms

A

intramembranous bone formation, cartilage formation and endochondral bone formation

1) blood clot
2) neutrophils arrive then macrophages to clean up
3) CT grows into the blood clot from fibroblasts - form granulation tissue (came in from new blood vessels that move in) = soft cartilage+granulation tissue=soft callus
4) soft callus bridges the bone ends and osteoprog cells dif into osteblasts to secrete new osteoid. froms in the direction of the fracture
5) osteogenic buds grown in and cartilage calcifies and is replaced by bone via endochondral ossification = bony callus
6) endosteal prolif results in bone spicules growing toward marrow cavity - spongy bone first then compact bone
7) in the mean time the bony callus is slowly broken down by osteoclasts
8) remodeling to orig shape

96
Q

Achondroplasia

A

genetic disporder -the cartilage in the growth plates is replaced by bone at a very slow rate resulting in short bones in the upper and lower limbs… the zones of proliferation and hypertrophy are slender and disorderly

97
Q

myelin in CNS

A

formed by oligodendrocytes - foot like process that wrap around the axon

98
Q

myelin in the PNS

A

formed by schwann cells - hugs the axons - forms sheeth around multiple axons

99
Q

kinesins

A

anterograde - SLOW transport

100
Q

dynein

A

retrograde - fast transport

101
Q

blood brain barrier formed by

A

astrocytes - star shaped and their footlike processes extend toward capilareis. many foot process of astrocytes cover the vessel

102
Q

microglia

A

derived from monocytes- phagocytotic cleaner cells

103
Q

tumors in the brain

A

can pretty much only arise from glial cells as no ohter cell can divide - or from somewhere else if malignant

104
Q

ependylmal cell

A

type of glial cell lining venritcles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord, move CSF - ciliated

105
Q

node of ranvier

A

schwann cells myelination only

106
Q

organic component of bone is

A

osteoid - secreted by osteoblasts - GAGS- proteoglycans, type I, osteocalcin, osteonectin, sialoproteins, BMPs

107
Q

help with the nutritional support of osteocytes and protect bone surfaces from resorption by osteoclasts

A

bone lining cells which are derived from osteoblasts

108
Q

howships lacuna?

A

grove where osteoclats have broken downs ome bone

109
Q

protoplasmic astrocytes -

A

primarily in gray matter

110
Q

fibrous astrocytes

A

primarily in wite matter

111
Q

oligodendrocytes-

A

myelinates moer than one axon, CNS

112
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

demyelination of white matter in the CNS - ONLY WHITE MATTER and ONLY CNS

Cell and Tissue I (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions