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Test 2: Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

Conscious thought processes and intellectual functions. consists of 83% of brain’s volume. split into two halves.

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2
Q

Gyri

A

thick folds; ridges

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3
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves

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4
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

separates two hemispheres

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5
Q

Corpus collosum

A

at bottom of long. fissure, two hemispheres are connected to eachother by this bundle of nerve fibers

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6
Q

Cerebrum is made up of…

A

outer layer of gray matter and inner layer of white matter

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

inferior to cerebrum. 2nd largest part of brain.

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8
Q

Separates the corpus collosum

A

Transverse cerebral fissure

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9
Q

Brainstem

A

life-support functions.

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10
Q

4 structures of brianstem

A

diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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11
Q

Gray matter

A

houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons

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12
Q

Cerebral nuclei

A

internal clusters formed by gray matter

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13
Q

White matter

A

Made up of myelinated axons
deep to gray matter of cortex
composed of tracts

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14
Q

Tracts

A

connect one part of brain to another or the spinal cord

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15
Q

Frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor fxn, decision making, concentration, planning

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16
Q

Frontal lobe posterior border

A

central sulcus

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17
Q

Frontal lobe inferior border

A

lateral sulcus

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18
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

mass of nervous tissue in frontal lobe immediately anterior to central sulcus

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19
Q

Parietal lobe

A

General sensory functions

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20
Q

Partietal lobe anterior boundary

A

Central sulcus

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21
Q

Partietal lobe lateral boundary

A

lateral sulcus

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22
Q

Parietal lobe posterior boundary

A

parieto-occipito sulcus

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23
Q

Post central gyrus

A

mass of nervous tissue in parietal lobe immediately posterior to central sulcus

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24
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and smelling

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25
Q

Temporal lobe superior border

A

lateral sulcus

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26
Q

Occipital lobe

A

stores visual memories, processes incoming visual information

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27
Q

Occipital lobe anterior border

A

Parieto-occipito sulcus

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28
Q

Insula

A

located deep in lateral sulcus; memory and interpretation of taste

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29
Q

Innermost meninge layer

A

Pia mater

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30
Q

Middle meninge layer

A

Arachnoid mater

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31
Q

Outermost meninge layer

A

Dura mater

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32
Q

Cranial dura septa

A

separate parts of the brain to provide stabilization and support

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33
Q

Dura septa that projects into longitudinal fissure and separates the left and right hemispheres

A

Falx cerebi

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34
Q

2 dural venous sinouses in falx cerebi

A

superior saggital sinous (in superior part) and inferior saggital sinous (in inferior part)

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35
Q

Dura septa that horizontally separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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36
Q

Venous sinus in tentorium cerebelli

A

transverse sinus (in posterior part)

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37
Q

Dura septa that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres and is attached to internal aspect of occipital bone; lies inferior to tentorium cerebelli

A

falx cerebelli

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38
Q

Venous sinus in falx cerebelli

A

occipital sinus

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39
Q

Cerebral nuclei

A

paired masses of gray matter found deep within the central white matter

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40
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Large nucleus; one of three that makes up basal ganglia

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41
Q

Amygdaloid body

A

Small bulb that lies at tail end of caudate nucleus

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42
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

made up of putamen and globus palladus; along with caudate nucleus make up basal ganglia; large nucleus that lies at head end of caudate nucleus

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43
Q

Functions of meninges

A
  • separate soft tissue of the brain from bones of the cranium
  • enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain
  • contain and circulate CSF
  • form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain
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44
Q

Brain ventricles

A

cavity within the brain that contains CSF

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45
Q

name 4 ventricles in brain

A

2 lateral ventricles; one in each hemisphere
3rd ventricle in diencephalon; inferior to lateral ventricles
4th ventricle between pons and cerebellum; inferior to 3rd ventricle connected to 3rd ventricle by aqueduct

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46
Q

Diencephalon

A

contains epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

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47
Q

Epithalamus

A

partially forms posterior roof of diencephalon and covers third ventricle. contains pineal gland and habenular nuclei

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48
Q

Thalamus

A

paired oval masses of gray matter. lie on each side of third ventricle between third ventricle and lateral ventricles

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49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Anteroinferior region of diencephalon; on each side of third ventricle

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50
Q

Brainstem function

A

connects cerebrum to spinal cord. passage way for all tracts extending btwn cerebrum and spinal cord. contains autonomic centers and reflex centers for survival and houses nuclei for many of cranial nerves

51
Q

Limbic system

A

structures of limbic system form ring around the diencephalon

52
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Limbic system; recieves input from other limbic structures

53
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus

A

Limbic system; cortical tissue associated with hippocampus

54
Q

Hippocampus

A

Limbic system; nucleus shaped like seahorse, storing memories and forming longterm memory

55
Q

Amygdaloid body

A

emotion; fear

56
Q

Olfactory bulbs, tract and cortex

A

odors can provoke emotions/memory

57
Q

Fornix

A

thin tract of white matter connecting hippocampus with other structures

58
Q

Key function of Olfactory CN I

59
Q

Key function of Optic CN II

60
Q

Key function of Oculomotor CN III

A

innervates superior, inferior and medial recti muscles of the eye, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae; moves eyelid and eyeball and adjusts pupil and lens of the eye

61
Q

Key function of Trochlear CN IV

A

Innervates superior oblique muscle of the eye; moves eyeball

62
Q

Key function of Trigeminal CN V

A

Facial muscles including mastication; facial sensation

63
Q

Key function of Abducins CN VI

A

Innervates lateral rectus muscle of the eye; moves eyeball

64
Q

Key function of Facial CN VII

A

Facial movement and expressions(smile, eye lid); taste sensation; tears, saliva

65
Q

Key function of Vestibulocochlear CN VIII

A

Hearing and balance (equilibrium)

66
Q

Key function of Glossopharyngeal CN IX

A

Salivation, swallowing, taste; cardiopulminary function

67
Q

Key function of Vagus CN X

A

Gut motility, swallow, cardiopulmonary function; Control of PNS and smooth muscles of GI tract

68
Q

Key function of Accessory CN XI

A

moving head and shoulders, swallowing

69
Q

Key function of Hypoglossal CN XII

A

Tongue muscles: speech and swallowing

70
Q

Cranial nerves with nuclei in midbrain

A

Motor nuclei: Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV)

71
Q

Cranial nerves with nuclei in the pons

A

Motor nuclei: Trigeminal (V), Abducins (VI), Facial (VII)

Sensory nuclei: Vestibulocochlear (VIII) [on border of pons and medulla)

72
Q

Cranial nerves with nuclei in the medulla oblongata

A

Motor nuclei: Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Hypoglossal (XII)
Sensory nuclei: [Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)] is one nucleus and half of nucleus that is innervated by Vestibulocochlear (VIII).

73
Q

Cranial nerves with nuclei in Cervical spinal cord

A

Motor nuclei: Accessory (XI)

74
Q

Which nerve has a nucleus that spans the length of all 4 parts of the diencephalon (sensory)?

A

Trigeminal (V); At caudal end Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) innervate it too in cervical spinal cord

75
Q

Which nerves innervate the muscles of the eye?

A

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI)

76
Q

Which nerves aid in mastication and swallowing?

A

swallowing: Glossopharyngeal (IX), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)
Chewing: All three branches of the Trigeminal (V)

77
Q

Which nerves aid in facial expression?

A

Facial (VII)

78
Q

Which nerves aid in salivation?

A

Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX),

79
Q

Which nerves sense facial sensations?

A

Trigeminal (V)

80
Q

Which nerves sense taste?

A

Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX)

81
Q

Which nerves monitor blood pressure?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)

82
Q

Pathway of Olfactory I

A

Nerve axons extend through cribiform foramina of ethmoid bone and synapse in olfactory bulbs in anterior cranial fossa; go down olfactory tract and to the cerebral cortex

83
Q

Pathway of Optic II

A

Enters cranium via OPTIC CANAL of spenoid bone
left and right optic nerves unite at optic chiasm
optic tract travels to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
information forwarded to occipital lobe

84
Q

Origin of Optic II

A

Retina of eye

85
Q

Origin of Oculomotor III

A

Oculomotor nucleus in midbrain

86
Q

Pathway of Oculomotor III

A

leaves cranium via SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE and innervates eye and eyelid

87
Q

Origin of Trochlear IV

A

trochlear nucleus within midbrain

88
Q

Pathway of Trochlear IV

A

Leaves cranium via SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE and innervates superior oblique muscle of the eye

89
Q

Origin of Trigeminal V

A

Motor and sensory nuclei in pons

90
Q

Function of Trigeminal V (opthalmic V1)

A

Sensory impulses from cornea, nose, forehead

91
Q

Pathway of Trigeminal V (opthalmic V1)

A

enters through SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE, goes through trigeminal ganglia to the pons

92
Q

Function of Trigeminal V (Maxillary V2)

A

Sensory impulses from mucosa, palate, cheek, meninges

93
Q

Pathway of Trigeminal V (Maxillary V2)

A

Enters through FORAMEN ROTUNDUM, goes through trigeminal ganglia to the pons

94
Q

Function of Trigeminal V (Mandibular V3)

A

Sensory impulses from anterior 2/3 of tongue, skin of chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, 1/3 from sensory axons from auricle of the ear
Motor innervation of muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani muscle, tensor pali palatini

95
Q

Sensory pathway of Trigeminal V (Mandubular V3)

A

Enters through FORAMEN OVALE, goes through trigeminal ganglia to the pons

96
Q

Motor pathway of Trigeminal V (Mandibular V3)

A

Exits through FORAMEN OVALE, innervates muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani muscle, tensor pali palatini

97
Q

Origin of Abducins VI

A

Pontine (abducins) nucleus in pons

98
Q

Pathway of Abducins VI

A

Exits through SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE and goes to lateral rectus muscle of the eye

99
Q

Origin of Facial VII

A

Motor Nucleus in pons; sensory nucleus in medulla

100
Q

Somatic motor pathway Facial VII

A

Axons leave pons through INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS and enter the temporal bone (middle ear). Project through the temporal bone and then through STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN of the temporal bone.
Split into 5 branches to supply to musculature (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)

101
Q

Sensory pathway for Facial VII

A

Exit tongue through tiny foramin and synapse on genuclate ganglion.

102
Q

Origin of Vestibulocochlear VIII

A

Vestibular branch: hair cells in vestibule of inner ear

Cochlear branch: Cochlea of inner ear

103
Q

Pathway of Vestibulocochlear VIII

A

Each branch extends from origin and they merge together, going through INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS and to nucleus in jxn of pons and medulla

104
Q

Origin of Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

Sensory: taste buds on posterior 1/3 of tongue and mucosa of posterior 1/3 of tongue and carotid bodies
Motor: in nuclei in medulla oblongata

105
Q

Sensory function of Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

general sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue; general sensation to most of pharynx; chemoreceptor axons to carotid bodies to monitor O2 and CO2 levels in blood

106
Q

Sensory pathway of Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

from posterior 1/3 of tongue and carotid bodies along nerve through inferior or superior ganglion into the JUGULAR FORAMEN, and travel to pons

107
Q

Somatic motor function of Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

Innervates stylopharyngeus (pharynx muscle)

108
Q

Somatic motor pathway for Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

leave cranium through JUGULAR FORAMEN and travel to stylopharyngeus

109
Q

Parasympathetic function of Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

Increase secretion of parotid salivary gland

110
Q

Parasympathetic pathway of Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

Travel to otic ganglion and to parotid gland

111
Q

Origin of Vagus X

A

motor in medulla oblongata; sensory information from heart, lungs, and most abdominal organs, acoustic meatus, eardrum, laryngopharynx and larynx

112
Q

Somatic motor pathway of Vagus X

A

leave cranium via JUGULAR FORAMEN before traveling and branching in neck, thorax and abdomen

113
Q

Sensory pathway of Vagus X

A

cell bodies are located in superior and inferior ganglia associated with the nerve

114
Q

Origin of Accessory XI

A

Cranial root: motor nuclei in medulla

Spinal root: motor nuclei in spinal cord

115
Q

Pathway of Accessory XI Cranial root

A

Meets up with spinal root in skull and leave through JUGULAR FORAMEN; cranial root splits to meet up with CN X to innervate pharynx muscles

116
Q

Origin of Hypoglossal XII

A

Hypoglossal nucleus in medulla oblongata

117
Q

Pathway of Hypoglossal XII

A

leaves cranium via HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL; travels inferior to mandible to inferior surface of the tongue

118
Q

Nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Trigeminal V1, Abducens VI

119
Q

Nerves that pass through Foramen Rotundem

A

Trigeminal V2

120
Q

Nerves that pass through Foramen Ovale

A

Trigeminal V3

121
Q

Nerves that pass through Internal acoustic meatus

A

Facial VII, Vestibulocochlear VIII

122
Q

Nerves that pass through jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal IX, Vagus X, Accessory XI

123
Q

Nerves that pass through Hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal XII

Anatomy (7 decks)

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