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test 2 needs renaming Flashcards

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1
Q

orbital defenition

A

a region around te nuvcleus that can hold 2 el;ectrons (with opposite spin)

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2
Q

order of filling

A

1s/ 2s/2p/3s/3p/ (4s) /3d/4p

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3
Q

relative atomic mass (RAM) definition

A

weighted mean mass of an atom of an element to 1/12th of an atom of carbon- 12

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4
Q

relative isotopic mass (RIM)

A

the mass of an isotope relative to 1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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5
Q

RAM equation

A

(mass x abundance) + (mass x abundance)/100

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6
Q

the 3 general reactions of acids

A

1) Acid + Alkali/base -> salt + water
2) Acid + Carbonate -> salt + carbon dioxide + water
3) acid + metal -> salt+ hydrogen

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7
Q

nutralisation reaction

A

H+ +OH- -> H2O

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8
Q

layers in an electron shell from biggest to smallest

A

shell-> subshell-> orbital

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9
Q

how many electrons in an orbital?

A

2

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10
Q

s subshell orbitals and electtrons?

A

s 1 orbital (2e-)

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11
Q

p subssell orbitals and electrons

A

3 orbitals n(6e-)

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12
Q

d subshell orbitals and electrons?

A

5 orbitals (10e-)

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13
Q

f orbitals

A

7 orbitals (14e-)

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14
Q

s orbital shape?

A

sphere

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15
Q

p orbital shape

A

dumbell

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16
Q
A

complex (kind of looks like a 4 leaf clover)

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17
Q

isotope definition

A

atoms with the same number of nutrons but a different number of protons and different masses.

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18
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron

A

1/1836

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19
Q

what are charges and masses of subatomic particles relative to

A

the proton

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20
Q

short hand electron arangement

A
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21
Q

isotopes of hydrogen

A
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22
Q

acid deffenition

A

H+ proton donor that releases H+ ions in aqueous solution

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23
Q

what 4 acids do u need to know?

A

1) hydrochloric acid -> HCL
2)Nitric Acid -> HNO3
3)H2SO4 -> Sulphuric Acid
4)ethanoic acid -> CH3COOH

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24
Q

alkali definition

A

soluble basses that release OH- ions in aqueous soloution

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25
Q

4 alkalis to know

A

1) sodium hydroxide ->NAOH
2)potassium hydroxide
->KOH
3)amonia->NH3
4)amonia in water (amonium hydroxide)->NH4OH

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26
Q

silver ion?

A

Ag+ cation

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27
Q

zinc ion?

A

Zn 2+ cation

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28
Q

what is a polyatomic ion

A

an ion contyaining 2 or more eleements

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29
Q

amonium ion?

A

[NH 4] +

30
Q

nitrite ion?

A

[NO2] -

31
Q

nitrate ion?

A

[NO3]-

32
Q

sulfite

A

[SO3]2-

33
Q

sulfate

A

[SO4]2-

34
Q

hydroxide

A

[OH]-

35
Q

phosphate

A

[PO4]3-

36
Q

carbonate

A

[CO3]2-

37
Q

chlorate

A

[ClO3]-

38
Q

acetate

A

[C2H302]-

39
Q

what is Avogadro’s constant

A

6.02×10²³ mol⁻¹.

40
Q

STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS DISSOCIATIONS

A
41
Q

moles formula with Avogadro’s constant ?

A

Moles= number of particles/ avagadros

42
Q

moles calculation and steps for solids?

A

steps
1)calculate moles
2)the ratio
3)mass

                 MASS
      --------------------------
       MOLES  I    Mr
                      I
43
Q

what are gasses measured in?

A

volume

44
Q

what are the calculations for moles in gasses? AND THE STEPS

A

volume (cm3) volume (dm3)
——————————————- or ——————————–
moles I 24, 000(cm3) moles I 24(dm3)
I I

steps
1)calculate moles
2)the ratio
3)voleme

44
Q

what is mole of any gas?

A

24,000 cm3 or 24 dm 3

45
Q

moles calculations for solutions (aq)?

A

conc. I volume

46
Q

what is the unit for concentration

A

mol/dm3

47
Q

titrations

A
48
Q

what is the empirical formulae?

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

49
Q

steps for emirical formulae

A

steps
1)mass
2) mass/Ar
3)divide all ratios by the lowest ratio

50
Q

water of crystalisation

A
51
Q

Ideal gas equation and units

A

pV = nRT

P= pressure in pascal (Kpa x 1000= Pa)

volume =m3 (dm3–>m3 is ÷ 1000) (cm3 -> m3 is ÷ 1,000,000)

n= moles

R= gass constant in exam aid (8.3-4 J mol-1 K-1)

T= temperature in kalvin (K)

52
Q

formula for Kalvin

A

C+ 273=K

c= Celsius

53
Q

formula for celcius

A

k-273= Celsius

k= Kalvin

54
Q

what is ideal gass?

A

1 mole of any gas - occupies 24dm3 at room temp and pressure

55
Q

what temp. is room temp.?

A

20 degree c or 293k

56
Q

what is room pressure

A

101 kpa

57
Q

how to reduce percentage uncertanty in mass

A
  • use balance that weighs to more decimal places
  • use a larger mass
58
Q

use of aqueous barium chloride in quantitative analysis test

A

-test for sulphate
-white precipitate forms

59
Q

molecular formula deffenition

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

60
Q

order of qualatative tests

A

carbonate
sulfate
halide

61
Q

test for carbonate ion

A

add Acid (H+) e.g HCl

fizzing (Co2 released test with lime water)

2H+(aq) + CO₃²⁻ →CO2(g) + H2O

Ca(OH)2(aq) +CO2(g) →CaCO3(s)+H2O

62
Q

test for sulfate ion

A

add barium chloride soloution (BaCl2)

white ppt. forms

Ba2+(aq) + SO₄²⁻ →BaSO4 (s)

63
Q

halide ion test

A

add AgNO3 (silver nitrate soloution)
then NH3 (amonia soloution)

observe a ppt.

equation Ag+(aq) + X-(aq) → AgX(s)

64
Q

halide ion test ppt. colour to halide

A

white Cl-
cream Br-
yellow I-

65
Q

amonium ion test

A

add warm NaOH () sodium hydroxide

fizzing (as NH3 gass released)

amonia gas turns damp litmus blue coz alkaline

NH+4(aq)+OH−(aq) →NH3(g)+H2O(l)

66
Q

how to speed up rates of reaction

A
  • increase frequency of collisions
    -so more collisions have energy greater than the activation energy

-or lowe activation energy
-using a catalyst

67
Q

how concentration / gas pressure effects rate of reaction in high conc.

A

-more particles in THE SAME VOLUME
-particles are closer together
-more frequent collisions
- increased rate of reaction

68
Q

how catalyst work

A
  • increase the rate of reaction without being used up in the OVERALL reaction
  • allows a reaction to proceed via a diff. reaction pathway with a lower EA
69
Q

why are catalyst usefull (6)

A

-benefits for increased sustainability
-catalyst increase atom econemy coz less waste

-reactions can be used at lower temp.
-decrease energy demand

-decreased fossil fuels burned
–decrease CO2 emissions

70
Q

negative of catalyst

A

catalyst can be toxic and enter the environment

71
Q

what is activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy needed for particles to collide sucessfuly for a reaction to occur

chemistry (5 decks)

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