Test 2:Mood Disorders

Question 1

Mood disorders

Answer 1

• depressive disorders
• bipolar disorder
• disruptive mood dysregulation (DMDD)

Question 2

Depressive disorder (two major types)

Answer 2

Major depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder

Question 3

prevalence

Answer 3

• 5-10% of kids are diagnosed
• less common than anxiety
• varries by age and gender
• as you get older you are more likely to experience a mood disorder
• more common in females than males, girls are more emotional
• Approximately 10.6% of youths experience major depression at some point before adulthood. Girls (14.2%) are roughly twice as likely as boys (7.2%) to experience depression.
• Many more youths experience depressive symptoms but are never formally diagnosed.
• Longitudinal studies show that the prevalence of both depressive disorders and depressive episodes has increased significantly over the past decade.

Question 4

Major depressive disorder symptoms

Answer 4

depressed mood
sad
low
must experience 5 out of the 9 possible symptoms
1.lack of energy
2. lack of motivation
3. closed off
4. hopelessness, worthlessness or guilt
5. change in sleep
6. disinterest in previous liked activities
7. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
8. Thought and concentration problems
9. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
At least one of these symptoms must be either (1) depressed or irritable mood or (2) a diminished interest or pleasure in most activities (Anadonia).
- this must be present during the two week period, must be persistent

Question 5

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Answer 5

• chronically depressed or irritable mood that lasts at least 1 year.
  -sleep problems, overeating or loss of appetite, decreased energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, and feelings of hopelessness
  -moody, sluggish, down, or cranky.
• dwell in their shortcomings
• long term condition

Question 6

Persistent Mood Disorder symptom

Answer 6

• must have 2 of the six
  1. poor appetite or overeatting
  2. Insomnia or hyperinsomnia
  3. low energy or fatigue
  4. low self esteem
  5. poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
  6. feelings of hopelessness

Question 7

Major Depressive Disorder vs Persistent Depressive Disorder

Answer 7

• Major depressive disorder more rapid while persistent is more gradually
  -persistent DD is long term while MDD last several months
• symptoms of MDD are more servere
• Certain symptoms like anhedonia and suicidal ideation are characteristic of MDD but not dysthymia

Question 8

Depression in Girls

Answer 8

-Most studies find no differences in the prevalence of depression among prepubescent boys and girls. After puberty, however, adolescent girls are approximately twice as likely as adolescent boys to be diagnosed with depression and are 3 times as likely as boys to experience a depressive episode
- Depression is not only more common among adolescent girls but it may also be more impairing. more serve symptoms and more likely to self harm. symptoms last longer
- girls display excessive empathy, excessive compliance, emotional over control(limited number of coping strategies to deal with negative emotions)

Question 9

kindling hypothesis

Answer 9

the tendency of depressed individuals to have more depressive episodes in the future.
- early depressive episodes sensitize individuals to stressful life events and feelings of dysphoria. After multiple depressive episodes, stressors can trigger the onset of major depression more easily

Question 10

Biological Factors that contribute to depression

Answer 10

Genetics
- depression is a heritable condition
- children that have parents with depression are 2 to3 times more likely to have depression
- The heritability of depression is greatest for people who experience depression earlier in life and who have comorbid anxiety disorders
neurotransmitter
- The monoamine hypothesis for depression asserts that three neurotransmitters with a similar chemical structure play a role in depressive disorders: (1) serotonin, (2) norepinephrine, and (3) dopamine. These neurotransmitters are involved in emotion regulation, social functioning, and the experience of positive affect.
temperament
- difficult temperament can contribute to children’s depressive symptoms by increasing negative emotions. difficult temperament in childhood may elicit negative reactions from caregivers and peers.how greater problems coping with early childhood stressors.

Question 11

Psychological

Question 12

Negative attribution

Answer 12

learned helplessness that people who are exposed to stressful but apparently uncontrollable life events would become passive and depressed. They would not actively cope with stressors but, instead, would give up and yield to feelings of pain and despair
- Depressed people also tend to attribute positive life events to external, unstable, and specific causes.

Question 13

Beck’s cognitive Theory of depression

Answer 13

• thoughts, feelings, and actions are intricately connected
• The way people think influences the way they feel and act
• Beck posited that individuals who are depressed show maladaptive patterns of thinking that contribute to their depressed mood and problematic behavior

three levels of maladaptive thinking that predispose people to depression.
1. automatic thoughts
2. cognitive distortion
3. negative schema
- Beck believed that people with depression develop a negative schema, or mental model about themselves

Question 14

Automatic thoughts

Answer 14

retransient cognitions or mental images that pop into our minds when negative events occur. For example, a boy who drops a game-winning pass might think, “What a loser!”

Question 15

Cognitive bias

Answer 15

we attend to only the negative aspects of an event and ignore or minimize the positive.

Question 16

cognitive distortion

Answer 16

occurs when we twist events to make them more problematic than they really are. generalized view

Question 17

negative schemas

Answer 17

how people negatively view themselves
- beck believed that these arised from childhood adversity. As children experience loss, hardship, rejection, and disappointment, they can adopt these negative core beliefs and incorporate them into their sense of self. These core beliefs, in turn, elicit negative automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions that maintain the person’s pessimistic view of self, world, and the future

Question 18

Effective treatment

Answer 18

• medication
• psychotherapy
• medication (SSRIs) and psychotherapy
  Equally most effect: Medication and Medication and psychotherapy

Question 19

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 19

• attempts to improve children’s mood by targeting their thoughts and actions
• Clinicians try to improve children’s mood by teaching them to challenge these thoughts and view their life in a more flexible and realistic way
• Collaborative empiricism occurs when the therapist and client work together to test hypotheses based on observational data.
• Socratic questioning occurs when the therapist challenges the client’s beliefs by asking questions to draw out information from the client.

Question 20

Interpersonal Therapy

Answer 20

• depression is best understood in the context of our relationships with others
• to improve adolescents’ interpersonal functioning by helping them develop more satisfying and meaningful relationships, cope with the loss of loved ones, and/or alleviate social problems and feelings of isolation
• assess the number and quality of these relationships, changes in these relationships over time, and which relationships most strongly affect the adolescent’s mood

Question 21

Bipolar disorders

Answer 21

serious mood disorders, defined by the presence of manic symptoms. All youths with bipolar disorders have at least some manic symptoms
- Mania refers to a discrete period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased level of energy and activity.
- Three Bipolar Disorder
1) bipolar I disorder, (2) bipolar II disorder, and (3) cyclothymic disorder.

Question 22

Bipolar 1

Answer 22

• must have at least one manic episode
• A manic episode is “a distinct period of abnormally, persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased activity and energy”
• manic episodes last at least one week
• elation and increased energy
• irritable mood during manic episodes

Question 23

Bipolar 1 symptoms

Answer 23

1. Inflated self of steam or grandiosity
2. decreased need for sleep
   3.More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
   4.Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
   5.Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or observed.
3. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation (i.e., purposeless, non-goal-directed activity).
4. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).
   - impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others, or there are psychotic features.
   - talk rapidly to keep up with thoughts

Question 24

Grandiosity

Answer 24

• high self-confidence,
• exaggerated self-esteem,
• overrated self-importance.

Question 25

goal-directed activity

Answer 25

that is, they initiate a wide range of new activities and behaviors

Question 26

psychomotor agitation

Answer 26

that is, they may appear hyperactive, restless, or impulsive. They often engage in short bursts of frenzied activity that do not have much purpose.

Question 27

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 27

• at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode

Question 28

hypomanic

Answer 28

distinct period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased energy. less serve
- must last four days but less than a week
- Hypomania does not cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning.
- Hypomania does not cause significant impairment in social, occupational, or academic functioning.
- can’t have a manic episode

Question 29

Cyclothymic Disorder

Answer 29

It is defined by (1) periods of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet full criteria for a hypomanic episode and (2) periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for a major depressive episode.
- emerge slowly
- last long time
cause nagging problems
- must last at least one year

Question 30

symptoms of Bipolar II

Answer 30

1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
2. Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
3. More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
4. Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
5. Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli), as reported or observed.
6. Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school, or sexually) or psychomotor agitation (i.e., purposeless, non-goal-directed activity).
7. Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (e.g., engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments).