Test 2: Lecture 7 Flashcards
cranial and caudal border to see the abdomen
diaphragm
greater trochanter
why take abdominal ultrasound during expiration
diaphragm most cranial→ less crowding of the abdomen
longer respiratory pause during expiration
5 radio opacities on an xray
superimposition
two separate structures of different of similar opacity that overlap on a projection
summation
when structures are superimposed, the opacity of the superimposed region is a function of xray attenuation through both structures
overlap area is more opaque- (more white) or more lucent (more black) depending on what is on top of each
silhouetting
when two structures with the same opacity are in contract and the margins cannot be distinguised
serosal detail
can see the surface of the organ because there is fat surrounding it
there is a ____ subject contrast in the abdomen
low
most abdominal organs have the same soft tissue opacity
an obese cat has more or less serosal detail
more- more fat = more contrast from soft tissue
in DV where is fluid in the stomach
pet laying on belly
fluid in antrum and body
fundus → air → darker
on L lateral will will fluid be in the stomach
in the fundus
on a VD where is most of the fluid in stomach
fundus and antrum
in a R lateral where is fluid in the stomach
in the antrum
gastric axis
line from the fundus to the antrum of the stomach
perpendicular to spine and parallel to the ribs
deep chested will tilt the line to toward the head (to the left)
barrel chested= line to the right (caudal)
In dogs, small intestinal obstruction would cause ___
increase in the diameter of that segment
all three segments should be similar in size, abnormal if >1.5-2 x larger then the other two segments (two populations)
in dogs, you can compare the width of GI tract to the ___
vertebral height at L5
≤ 1.6 times the height of L5
in cats the vertebral height should be ___ the width of the GI
≤ 2 times the height of L4
in a normal cat the width of GI should be
≤ 12 mm
where is cecum in dogs
cork-screw/ C shape on the right side
filled with gas
the caudoventral margin of the liver should have what shape?
sharp not rounded
microhepatica
very small liver→ gastric axis is cranially displaced
hepatomegaly
liver too big
liver margin in rounded
liver extends past the costal arch
gastric axis is caudally displaces
spleen in a dog
dorsal extremity: caudal to the gastric fundus
ventral extremity: really anywhere in the ventral area caudal to the stomach
which kidney is harder to see?
right
in dogs: silhouettes with the caudate liver lobe
in cats: cranial to left kidney
which kidney is usually higher?
right
when two areas overlap and the overlap is more opaque that is ___
summation
how to measure length of kidney in dogs and cats
compare to length of L2
dog: 2.5-3.5 x the length of L2
Cats: intact: 2.1-3.2 x length of L2, neutered: 1.9-2.6 length of L2
ureteroliths
(calcification of the ureters)
mineralization in adrenal galnds
cats: incidental finding (sorta normal)
dogs: associated with neoplasia (abnormal cell growth- tumor)
prostate
seen in intact dogs
can’t see in cats or neutered dogs
caudal to the bladder, there should be a triangle of fat between
size of prostate
lateral: compare to the pubic brim to sacral promontory length
normal <70%
VD: < 50% of the pelvic inlet width
