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BMR 605 TEST 2 > TEST 2 Intro to Parasitology > Flashcards

TEST 2 Intro to Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Endoparasites

A

classified into intestinal, atrial or they may inhabit body tissues causing serious health problems.

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2
Q

Define Ectoparasites

A

Arthropods that either cause diseases, or act as vectors transmitting other parasites.

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3
Q

Define Definitive host (DH)

A

Harbours the adult or sexually mature stages of the parasite (or in whom sexual reproduction occurs).

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4
Q

Define Intermediate Host (IH)

A

harbours larval or sexually immature stages of the parasite (or in whom asexual reproduction occurs)

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5
Q

Define Reservoir host (RH)

A

Harbours the same species and same stages of the parasite as man. It maintains the life cycle of the parasite in nature and is therefore, a reservoir source of infection for man.

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6
Q

Define Paratenic or Transport Host

A

Whom the parasite does not undergo any development but remains alive and infective to another host. Paratenic hosts bridge gap between the intermediate and definitive hosts.

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7
Q

Define Vector

A

an arthropod that transmits parasites from one host to another, e.g. female sand fly transmits Leishmania parasites.

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8
Q

Define peroral

A

Transmission by food or water contamination (e.g., roundworm, amoebae)

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9
Q

Define Percutaneous

A

Skin Penetration

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10
Q

Define Transmissive

A

Transmission by Insect vectors

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11
Q

Define Transplacental

A

From Pregnant woman to fetus

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12
Q

Define Sexual intercourse

A

Sexual transmitted

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13
Q

Define airborn

A

Inhalation of contaminated dust or air ( pinworm)

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14
Q

Define Helminthic parasites

A
  • Multicellular organisms
  • Parasitic worms such as flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms.
    • Trematodes (flat worms)
    • Cestodes (segmented ribbon worms)
    • Cylindrical worms (Nematodes)
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15
Q

Define Protozoan parasites (unicellular organisms).

A
  • Flagellates, amebas, ciliates, and sporozoa.
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16
Q

What is the severe form of scabies?

A

Scabies Crustosa, aka Norwegian Scabies

17
Q

Define Monoxenous

A

direct - Having only one host in the life-cycle

18
Q

Define Heteroxenous

A

indirect - Parasites that have more than one host in their life cycles.

19
Q

How are parasites diagnosed?

A
  • Imaging and Endoscopy, Clinical picture and geographic location.
  • Direct microscopy of specimens (stool, urine, blood, CSF, and tissue).
  • Antigen /Antibody detection assays
20
Q

Leishmaniasis basics

A
  • Protozoan
  • Spread by Sand flies (Phlebotomus)
  • Two forms
    • Cutaneous leishmaniasis
    • Visceral leishmaniasis
  • Exist in two vital stages:
    • promastigote: has flagella
      • Infective stage.
    • amastigote: no flagella
21
Q

Clinical Symptoms of Cutaneous leishmaniasis

A
  • Low RBC count
  • Skin sores within weeks or months of bite.
    • Red papule (1st symptom) appears within 2 weeks-2 months of bite.
  • Untreated may develop into the mucocutaneous form in up to 80% of cases.
    • Spread to the nasal and oral mucosa may become apparent concomitant with the primary lesion or years after it has healed.
22
Q

Clinical Symptoms of Visceral leishmaniasis

A
  • Incubation period: Several weeks to a year
  • Can be rapidly fatal, slow and debilitating or asymptomatic.
  • Aka, Kala-azar (“black fever” in Hindi), dumdum fever.
  • Caused by
    • L. donovani
    • L. infantum
23
Q

Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis:

A
  • Detection of either the amastigotes in clinical specimens or promastigotes in culture.
  • VL:
    • Splenic puncture
    • Lymph node aspirates
    • Liver biopsy
    • sternal aspirates
    • Iliac crest bone marrow
  • Detection of leishmanial DNA or RNA
24
Q

Define Trypanosomiasis:

A

Diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma.

25
Q

Common name of American trypanosomiasis?

A

Chagas disease

26
Q

What is the causative organism of Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

27
Q

Chagas Disease transmission

A
  • Bite from infected triatomine bug (“Kissing bug”)
  • Blood transfusions and organ transplants
    • Second most common mechanism of transmission.
  • Transmission through birth
    • Less frequent.
28
Q

Clinical symptoms of Chagas?

A
  • Romana’s Sign: Unilateral swelling of the eyelids.
  • Acute stage: local skin nodule “chagoma”
    • Usually asymptomatic
  • Indeterminate Stage:
    • 8-10 weeks no symptoms.
  • Chronic Stage:
    • Dementia, Cardiomyopathy, altered heart rate or rhythm, sometimes dilation of the digestive tract, weight loss.
29
Q

Diagnosis of Chagas

A
  • “Buffy coat” after centrifugation of heparinized blood.
    • T. rangeli looks very similar to T. cruzi in smears.
  • “Xeno-diagnosis” allowing uninfected, lab-bred kissing bugs to feed on patient and later examining the contents of the bug for the parasite.
  • Serologic Tests:
    • indirect hemagglutination or immunofluorescence
    • ELISA test
30
Q

Treatment of Chagas

A
  • No effective treatment
  • Benznidazole and Nifurtinox: current drugs of choice to kill extracellular parasites.
  • Hospital may be needed to treat symptoms
31
Q

Prevention of Chagas

A
  • Avoid sleeping in poorly constructed thatch, mud housing
  • Use insecticides
  • Be aware of the risk of contracting Chagas disease through blood transfusion.
32
Q

What is the common name of Schistosomiasis?

A

Bilharzia

33
Q

What are the three causative species of Schistosomiasis?

A

S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum

34
Q

Pathology of Schistosomiasis?

A
  • Migration phase (from penetration to egg production)
    • Toxic reactions and pulmonary congestion; fever.
    • Lasts 4-10 weeks
    • Move from lungs to final tissue.
  • Acute Phase (begins at egg production)
    • 2 months - several years.
  • Chronic Phase:
    • Chronic bloody diarrhea, with mild abdominal pain and lethargy.
    • Hepatomegaly
    • Granuloma forms around eggs that become trapped in the walls of the intestine and urinary bladder.
35
Q

Treatment of Schistosomiasis?

A
  • No reliable prophylactic regimen is available, other than the observance of proper sanitation.
    • Avoidance of cercariae-infested waters, and prevention of water contamination by human excreta.

BMR 605 TEST 2 (10 decks)

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