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BMR 605 TEST 2 > TEST 2 Bugs 2 Part 1/2 > Flashcards

TEST 2 Bugs 2 Part 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

Most gram negative rods are in what family and what is their respiration type?

A

Enterobacteriaceae
Facultative anaerobes

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2
Q

Gram Negative rods are normally found where and commonly cause what?

A
  • Normal GI flora
  • Diarrhea and UTI
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3
Q

Gram negative rods are resistant to what two common antibiotics due to their Outer membrane.

A

Vancomycin and Penicillin

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4
Q

Most gram negative enteric bacteria are resistant to ___________ compared to gram-positives.

A

Bile Salts

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5
Q

Enterobacteriaceae ferment what?

Oxidase?

Catalase?

Reduction?

A
  • Glucose
  • Oxidase: -ve
  • Catalase: +ve
  • Reduce: nitrates to nitrites (anaerobic respiration)
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6
Q

Which gram negative rods are lactose fermenters?

A
  • Fecal Coliforms = CEEK
    • Citrobacter
      • Slow lactose fermenters
    • Enterobacter
    • Escherichia
    • Klebsiella
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7
Q

Which gram negative rods are lactose nonfermenters?

A
  • ShYPS
    • Non-motile, no H2S
      • Shigella
      • Yersina
    • Motile, and produce H2S
      • Proteus
      • Salmonella
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8
Q

Virulence factors for gram negative rods

A
  • Surface antigens:
    • O (PS part of LPS)
    • H (flagellar)
    • K (capsular, Salmonella’s is Vi)
    • Fimbriae, endotoxin (lipid A)
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9
Q

What does E. Coli look like on different plates?

A
  • Eosin-Methylene Blue: Green Metallic sheen
  • MacConkey agar: Red colonies
  • Triple Sugar iron (TSI): Lactose + Sucrose + Limited glucose fermentation + gas.
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10
Q

E. coli disease-causing strains:

A
  • Diarrhea-causing strains
    • EnteroTOXIGENIC (ETEC)
    • EnteroPATHOGENIC (EPEC)
    • EnteroHEMORRHAGIC (EHEC)
    • EnteroINVASIVE (EIEC)
  • UTI-Causing strain
    • Uropathogenic (UPEC) - P Pili
  • Neonate meningitis
    • K1 capsule
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11
Q

Describe ETEC:

A
  • Traveler’s Diarrhea & infantile diarrhea in developing world
    • Watery diarrhea
  • Labile Toxin (LT) - ADP-ribosylates and stimulates Gsa → ^d cAMP.
  • Stable Toxin (ST) stimulates cGMP.
  • Both toxins cause loss of fluids and ions, causing water, non-inflammatory diarrhea.
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12
Q

Describe EPEC:

A
  • Infantile (Pediatric) diarrhea.
  • No toxin or inflammation
  • Pathogenicity Is. (PAI) encodes a type III secretion system and intimin adhesin.
    • Results in blunt microvilli and prevent absorption → watery diarrhea.
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13
Q

Describe EHEC:

A
  • (O157:H7)
  • No ferment sorbitol.
  • Do not invade host cell.
  • In colon, produces shiga-like toxin that nicks 60S ribosomes.
    • Bloody diarrhea
    • can turn into Acute renal failure.
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14
Q

Describe EIEC:

A
  • Dysentery: fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, tenesmus.
  • Often blood and pus in stools.
  • Invades intestinal epithelium (invasion proteins)
  • Similar to shigellosis.
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15
Q

Escherichia coli

UTIs details

A
  • UPEC - Cystitis - E. coli Type 1 fimbriae adhere to perineum.
    • Pyelonephritis - P fimbriae (Pili) adhere to uroepithelium
      • High risk of septicemia and shock.
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16
Q

Escherichia coli

Gram negative sepsis

A
  • Most likely from UTIs:
    • Elderly patient, UTI (catheter, BPH), gram negative sepsis, + blood culture.
      • Life threatening, due to endotoxin (lipid A).
17
Q

Shigella details

A
  • Human pathogen (usually infants and children) Not normal flora.
  • Fecal oral spread; low infectious dose
  • Catalase +; Ferment Glucose
  • Invade intestinal M cells and induce apoptosis.
  • Shiga toxin - cleaves 60S rRNA = inhibits protein synthesis and damages intestinal epithelium and glomerular epithelium.
  • Shigellosis: Most cases - self-limiting, does cause dysentery but bacteremia is rare.
18
Q

Shigella mediums

A
  • HMS
    • Hektoen enteric (HE) agar
    • MacConkey Agar
    • Salmonella/Shigella Agar
19
Q

Salmonella details

A
  • Motile, encapsulated.
  • Produce H2S
  • Catalase +; Ferment Glucose
  • S. typhi: Infects only humans; fecal-oral spread in food/water. Some people chronically carry it (gall bladder).
  • S. enterica are found in animal reservoirs
    • Extreme ages, cancer, immunocomp., and low stomach acid increase disease.
20
Q

S. typhi Infection

A
  • Typhoid fever
    • Rose spots on the trunk/abdomen
    • Pulse-temperature dissociation
      • fever w/ low pulse
    • Treatment: Ceftriaxone, Fluoroquinolones
    • Vaccine: killed bacteria (orally) for travelers to high risk areas.
21
Q

Salmonella Infections

Serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis

A
  • Not normal flora
  • Gastroenteritis
    • Invasive, but self-limiting.
    • Spreads in families.
    • Post infection reactive arthritis occurs.
  • Osteomyelitis
    • Focal lesions in sickle cell patients (encapsulated strain).
22
Q

Klebsiella:

K. pneumoniae

A
  • Oppurtunist; Ferments lactose+glucose
  • Weakly urease +ve
  • Catalase+
  • EMB agar and MacConkey agar.
  • Lobar pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, aspiration of GI contents.
  • Red “currant jelly” sputum
  • Resistant to many antibiotics
  • Mixture of mouth anaerobes can be due to this bacteria.
23
Q

Yersinia details

A
  • Y. pestis: Common in prarie dogs
  • Y. Enterocolitica: Can grow in the cold.
  • Y. pseudotuberculosis = similar to Y. enteroc
24
Q

Y. pestis details

A
  • Responsible for several plagues:
    • Bubonic Plague: rapidly enlarging bubboes (greek word, “groin”, swollen inguinal region lymph node), fever, conjunctivitis.
    • Septicemic plague - 1st symptom → pulmonary emboli, pneumonic plague (highly contagious), shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation, organ failure.
    • Pneumonic plague - fever, malaise, chest tightness, pneumonia. Cyanosis.
  • Treatment: Streptomycin (Doxycycline)
25
Q

Y. enterocolitica details

A
  • Invasive enterocolitis (yersiniosis):
    • Contaminated pork, water or milk.
    • Symptoms:
      • Fever, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea.
      • Mimick appendicitis or Crohn’s, or post-infectious reactive polyarthritis.
26
Q

Proteus:

P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis

A
  • Swarming motility:
    • Found in water, GI tract and human feces.
  • Opportunistic
  • Produces H2S; Urease +ve; Cat+; Ferment glc.
  • Swarming bulls eye on MacConkey agar.
  • P. vulgaris - nosocomial oppurtunist: UTIs and Kidney stones.
  • P. mirabilis causes UTIs and kidney stones.
27
Q

Serratia:

Serratia marcescens

A
  • Ubiquitous in environment.
  • Salmon-red pigment
  • Cat+
  • MacConkey agar
  • Nosocomial infections: catheter associated bacteremia, UTIs, wound infections
28
Q

Bacteroides fragilis details:

A
  • Short bacilli. Common intestinal bacilli.
  • Anaerobe, but aerotolerant.
  • Causes abscess if mucosal barrier is breached.
    • Anti-phagocytic capsule that aides this.
  • Usually part of the polymicrobial infections in the GI tract.
    • Peritonitis and intraabdominal abscesses (diverticulitis). Lung abscess (aspiration).
    • Appendicitis
  • Treatment with metronidazole and quinolone for E. coli or B. fragilis.
29
Q

Fusobacterium details:

A
  • Slender, spindle shaped cells
  • Found in oral cavity and GI tract.
  • Have potent LPS.
  • Abdominal abscesses
  • Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) - ulcerative oral disease.
30
Q

Prevotella: Porphyromonas gingivalis details:`

A
  • Normal oral and genital microbiota.
  • Melanin production → black colonies.
  • Periodontitis (gum infection)
  • Difficult to treat.
31
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa details:

A
  • Major nosocomial and opportunistic pathogen:
    • Burns cellulitis with bluegreen pus
    • CF lung infection, pneumonia
    • Wound infections, ulcers, UTIs
    • Swimmer’s ear
    • Malignant otitis externa (elderly/diabetics)
    • septicemia (+/- ecthyma grangrenosum), shock/death.
32
Q

Campylobacter: C. jejuni and C. coli

A
  • Corkscrew, flagellated, nose-to-nose seagull wing appearance.
  • Cat+, Ox+
  • Enteritis or dysentery
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome - leading cause
  • Reactive arthritis can also follow.
33
Q

Helicobactor pylori

A
  • Infects human only - fecal-oral transmission
  • Some asymptomatic carriers
  • Gastritis - inflammation.
  • Gastric and duodenal ulcers - epigastric pain and reflux.
  • Adenocarcinomas, MALT lymphoma - increased inflammation, ulcer + cancer risk.
34
Q

Vibrio

V. cholerae

A
  • Noninvasive, prefers alkaline environment. Human fecal contamination of coastal waters.
    • High infective dose.
  • Toxin coregulated pili (TCP) for ileal attachment.
  • Cholera toxin
  • Cholera
  • Vaccine: live, attenuated vaccine available.
35
Q

Vibrio

V. parahaemolyticus details

A
  • Coastal marine or estuarine halophile.
    • Ingestion of undercooked/raw seafood.
  • Gastroenteritis
    • Explosive, watery diarrhea (can be bloody), vomiting and fever.
  • Wound infections mild.
36
Q

Vibrio

V. vulnificus details

A
  • Wound infections/cellulitis in cuts from shucking oysters or water exposure.
    • Can become necrotizing fasciitis
  • Gastroenteritis ingesting raw oysters
  • Septicemia, bullous skin lesions, death (in <24h) in patients with liver or iron-overload conditions.

BMR 605 TEST 2 (10 decks)

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