Test #2 Intermolecular Forces & Solutions Flashcards
What is intermolecular forces?
Forces that exist between two molecules.
What is intramolecular forces?
Forces that are within a molecule.
Changes in states of matter are the result of the balance between which two things?
Intermolecular forces and kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy is proportional to…
Temperature.
What are the types of intermolecular forces?
Dispersion forces (weakest type of intermolecular forces; always present; exist between all types of molecules)
Dipole-dipole force (forces between two polar molecules; the result of an imbalance in electron distribution with a molecule)
Hydrogen bonding (strongest type of intermolecular force; special type of dipole-dipole force; exist between a N, O, or F on one molecule and a H on another molecule.
What is surface tension?
Surface tension is a result from imbalanced intermolecular forces at the surface of a liquid.
What is viscosity?
Viscosity is the resistance to flow. It’s observes as the thickness of liquid, especially when it changes with temperature.
What is a solution?
Homogenenous mixture.
What is a solute?
Minor component of a solution.
What is a solvent?
The major component of a solution.
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution with water as the solvent.
What is a saturated solution?
Contains the maximum amount of solute in the GIVEN SOLVENT.
What is a unsaturated solution?
It contains less than the maximum amount of solute possible.
What is a supersaturated solution?
Contains more than the maximum amount of solute possible.
Define solubility.
The amount of solute that CAN BE dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
Define soluble.
Dissolves in the chosen solvent.
Define insoluble.
Does not dissolve in the CHOSEN solvent.
What are the factors that can affect solubility?
Pressure
Temperature
Solute-solvent interactions
Define dissociation.
The separation of molecules into smaller particles in a solution. Uusally occurs in ionic compounds. Does not typically occur in covalent compounds.
Define electrolytes.
Substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that will conduct electricity. Usually found in ionic compounds. Strong electrolytes can dissociate completely while weak electrolytes undergo partial dissociation.
Define nonelectrolytes.
Substance that do not dissociate in water. Form solutions that do not conduct electricity. Usually molecular compounds.
Exception: Acids are molecular compounds but will dissociate in water and form electrolyte solutions.
Define concentration.
The amount of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
Define stock solution.
A concentrated form of a solution used to save space for storage.
Define dilute.
Contains a small amount of solute relative to the amount of solvent.
Define concentrated.
Contains a large amout of solute relative to the amount of solvent.
Define colligative properties.
Properties that depend on the quantity of solute particles, but not the identity.
Solute particles may be…
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions.
What are the colligative properties?
Freezing Point Depression: freezing point of a solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent.
Boiling Point Elevation: boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
Vapor Pressure Reduction.
Osmotic Pressure
As freezing point decreases, the freezing point depression…
Increases
As the molal concentration increases, the freezing point…
Increases
