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Test 2 - Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Viral infections

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2
Q

Neutrophils

A

Primary responder
Phagocytic

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3
Q

Esoinophils and Basophiles

A

Parasitic infections and allergies

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4
Q

Host Defense Systems

A

Physical and chemical barriers
Inflammatory response
Immune response

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5
Q

Physical and chemical barriers

A

Skin
Mucous membranes and secretions

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6
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Innate: non-specific
- occurs after tissue injury or infection
- fever and inflammation
- phagocytic WBCs, antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells

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7
Q

Immune response

A

Adaptive: specific
- identifies self from non-self
- Recognizes and eliminates altered host cells
- antigen-antibody response

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8
Q

Antigen

A

= immunogenicity
- any molecule that can stimulate an immune response
- usually a protein or large CHO, NOT lipids or nucleic acids

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9
Q

Epitope or antigenic determinants

A

Discrete immunologically active sites on antigens
A single antigen > several antigenic determinants
Each can stimulate a distinct clone of lymphocytes

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10
Q

Happen & Hapten-carrier complex

A

Low- molecular weight compound that can combine with protein molecules and act ad antigen

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11
Q

Happen

A

“Incomplete antigen”
Substance capable of reacting with a specific antibody
Cannot induce formation of antibodies w/out binging to a protein molecule

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12
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Regulatory
- assist in immune response
- helper Ts active other immune cells
Effector
- final stage of immune response
- killer Ts ensure removal of foreign invader

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13
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

10-20%
Mature in bone marrow
Humoral or antibody mediated immunity

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14
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

60-70%
Mature in thymus (active in children)
Cell-medicated immunity

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15
Q

Lymphocytes jobs

A

T4 = “quaterback” orders come from them
T8 = effect cells - carry out the order

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16
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MCH)

A

AKA Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
- 4 closely linked troupes of genes on chrome 6
- code for specific cell surface molecules

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17
Q

MHC I

A

HLA- A B and C
On cell membranes of all nucleated cells in body
Present processed antigen to cytotoxic T-cells
Mark things like cancer and viral cells as NON-host

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18
Q

MHC II

A

HLA - DR, DP, and DQ
Primarily on B cells, macrophages and APCs
Present processed antigens to T-cells
Help T-cells identify what to kill

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19
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells respond directly to antigens
- killer, helper, suppressor, memory
Involves destruction of target cells through secretion on lymphokines
Ex: organ transplant rejection

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20
Q

Humoral or Immunoglobulin - medicated immunity

A

B cells mature into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies
Provides for elimination of bacteria, neutralization of bacterial toxins and prevention of viral infection

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21
Q

What T-lymphocytes function in

A

Activating other T and B cells
Controlling viral infections
Rejecting foreign tissue grafts
Delayed hypersensitivity
Regulating and amplifying T and B cells Controlling response

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22
Q

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

A

CD8+ cells
Bind to surface of invading cells
disrupt cell membrane and release toxic chemicals

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23
Q

Helper T-Lymphocytes

A

CD4+ cells
Secrete cytokines
Stimulate B-cells to proliferate and mature into plasma cells
Facilitate cell mediated response

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24
Q

Suppressor T-Lymphocytes

A

Reduce the humoral response

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25
Memory T-lymphocytes
Remain dormant until second exposure
26
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Large granular lymphocytes with CD16 and CD56 cell markers Non-specific effector cells that kill tumor cells and virus infected cells Programmed killing is inhibited by contact with MHC self molecules Activity depends on production of perforins, enzymes and toxic cytokines Activity enhanced by IL-2 and T4 cells
27
Macrophages and Dendritic cells
Work as bridges between innate and adaptive immunity Release chemical signals that activate T-lymphocyte function in adaptive immunity Function as antigen presenting cells to modulate the immune response
28
Dendritic cells
Found mainly in lymphoid tissue of the respiratory and GI system Responsible for processing and presenting antigen to lymphocytes which results in macrophage activiation
29
Macrophages
Lack surface receptors for specific antigens Have receptors for Fc region and for complement Intent and process antigen and deposit it on its own surface Then presents to the T-lymphocyte and activates it Secrete cytokines: tumor necrosis factor and IL-1 Phagocytic effector cells in both humoral and cell medicated responses
30
Cytokines
Small hormone-like polypeptides Act predominantly on immune cells to regulate inflammatory responses including: movement, proliferations and differentiation of leukocytes and other cells
31
ILs
Cytokines - active t-cells - co factors for hematopoiesis - induce fever, sleep, ACTH release - stim synthesis of cytokines, collagen and collagenases - activates endothelial cells and macrophages - mediates inflammation, catabolic process and non-specific resistance to infection
32
IF-γ
Induces MHC I and II and other surface antigens on variety of cells Activates macrophages and endothelial cells Augments or inhibits other cytokine activities Augments NK cell activity Exerts anti viral activity
33
TNF
Tumor necrosis factor - directs cytotoxic for some tumor cells - induces fever, sleep and other acute phase responses -stimulates synthesis of cytokines, collagen and collagenases Activates endothelial cells and macrophages Mediates inflammation, catabloic processes and septic shock
34
CSF
Colony Stimulating Factor - Promote neutrophilic, esophilic and macrophage bone marrow colonies - Activates mature granulocytes
35
Lung macrophages
Alveolar macrophages
36
Liver macrophages
Kupffer’s cells
37
Intestine macrophages
Peyer’s patches
38
CNS macrophages
Microglial cells
39
Skin macrophages
Langerhan’s cells
40
Connective tissue macrophages
Histiocytes
41
Lymph nodes
Distribute along lymphatic vessels Filter lymph fluid and remove bacteria and toxins from circulation Proliferation of immune cells
42
Thymus
Located in mediastinum Produces T-lymphocytes
43
Spleen
Largest lymph organ Reservoir for blood Macrophages clear cellular debris and process hemoglobins
44
Tonsils
Produce lymphocytes Guard against airborne and ingested pathogens
45
B-lymphocytes
Basis of humoral immunity Antigen bings with receptor > differentiates into plasma cell > secretes immunoglobulins Also function as APCs (antigen presenting cells) > activate T-lymphocytes and cytokines
46
What regulates B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes and cytokines
47
Memory B cells
Circulate indefinitely and become active on repeat exposure
48
Fc
Constant fragment of antibody structure - non specific activator site for inflammation - identical for all antibodies of a single class
49
Fab
Antigen binding fragment of antibody structure - specific for each antibody - contains specific antigen binding site
50
Process of antibody
Antigen binds to Fab portion > activates Fc portion > destruction of microorganism
51
IgG
Appears in all body fluids and crosses placenta Major antibacterial and antiviral antibody Most abundant in blood Second antibody produced during immune response (Greater on second exposure)
52
IgM
MAIN responder Usually only present in the vascular system (too large to cross membrane barriers) First antibody produced on initial exposure Responsible for natural immunity Activates complement Accounts for 10% of all immunoglobulins
53
IgA
Found maiming in boy secretions Defends against pathogens on body surfaces - especially respiratory and GI tracts - acts local vs systemic Accounts for 15% of all immunoglobulins
54
IgD
Present in plasma and easily broken down Predominant antibody of the surface of B cells and is mainly an antigen receptor Needed for maturation of B-lymphocytes Accounts for <1% of all immunoglobuns
55
IgE
Antibody involved in immediate hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reactions that develop within minutes of exposure to an antigen Bind to mast cells and basophils Stimulates the release of mast cell granules which contain histamine and heparin Involved in parasitic infection < 1% of all immunoglobulins
56
Natural Immunity
Innate resistance Factors: heredity, age, health, species, race, sex
57
Active immunity
Acquired through immunization OR actually having disease Involves admin of all or part of a microorganism to evoke a response
58
Examples of active immunity processes
Inactivated vaccine (killed viruses) - non capable of replication (little risk) - maintenance of lifelong immunity requires multiple doses Live Vaccines (attenuated) - most involve live viruses with altered virulence - does not require multiple doses Active Immunization - use of modified product of an organism such as a toxoid - maintenance of protective titers require boosters
59
Passive immunity
Immunity transfers from another source (short term protection) Occurs when antibodies from a human or animal are given to people who do not have immunity - natural: through placenta or breast milk - injection of gamma globulins
60
Components of Passive Immunity
Immunizing agent - active component Suspending fluid - sterile water, saline, complex tissue culture fluid Preservatives - stabilizers or antibiotic to prevent bacterial overgrowth Adjuvants - aluminum based compound to enhance immunogenicity and prolong stimulatory effect
61
Humoral Immunity
Depends on maturation of B-cells into plasma cells and secretion of antibodies Primary vs secondary response
62
Humoral immunity effector responses
Precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes Agglutination or clumping of cells Neutralization of bacterial toxins and viruses Lysis and destruction of pathogens or cells Adherence of antigen to immune cells Facilitation of phagocytosis Activation of complement
63
Humoral immunity process
Antigen > B cells through T cell activation > matures into plasma cell > secrete antibody
64
Cell mediated Immunity
Protection against viruses and cancer cells Action of T-lymphocytes and macrophages predominates Macrophage processes the antigen and presents it to T-cells
65
Process of Cell-mediated immunity
Antigen > macrophage engulfs antigen > antigen-MHC expression > release of cytokines> production of cytotoxic cells
66
The complement cascade
Consists of 20 proteins circulating as functionally inactive molecules Usually requires antigen-antibody (IgG or IgM) reaction to activate
67
How the complement cascade causes inflammation
By increasing: - vascular permeability - chemostasis: chemical equilibrium - phagocytosis: engulfing - lysis or foreign cells
68
Complement Cascade Classic Pathway
Initial step is activation of C1 Activation: Fc portion of IgG or IgM antibody is turned on after antigen binds to Fab portion
69
Complement Cascade Alternate (properdin) Pathway
Initial step is activation of C3 Activation: by pieces of bacterial or fungal wall released during phagocytosis
70
C1-C5 in the complement cascade
Stimulate mast cell degranulation, WBC chemotaxis, and opsonization of bacterial toxins
71
C6- C10 in the complement cascade
Bacterial cell lysis by making cell wall “leaky”
72
Cytolysis
Complete-mediated immune response Effects: destruction of cell membranes (body cells or pathogens)
73
Adherence of immune cells
Complement-medicated immune response Effects: adhesion of Ag-Ab complexes to surfaces of cells or tissues (phagocytes)
74
Chemotaxis
Complement-mediated immune response Effects: chemical attraction of phagocytic cells to foreign agents
75
Anaphylaxis
Complement-mediated immune response Effects: degranulation of mast cells with release of histamine and other chemical mediators
76
Opsonization
Complement-mediated immune response Effects: targeting of antigen so it can be easily engulfed and digested by macrophages
77
Types of Immune disorders
Hypersensitivity disorders Autoimmune disorders Immunodeficiency disorders
78
Type I Hypersenstivity
IgE mediated allergic reactions Anaphylactic - immediate
79
Process of hypersensitivity I
Binding of antigens to IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells > release of allergic mediators cause vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction and eosinophilia
80
Chemical mediators of Hypersensitivity I
Histamine Prostaglandins Leukotrinenes Cytokines
81
Examples of Hypersensitivity I
Extrinsic asthma Seasonal allergic rhinitis Systemic anaphylaxis Reaction to insect stings Hay fever
82
Anaphylaxis
Systemic response to the inflammatory mediators released in type I Histamine, acetylcholine, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all cause vasodilation Acetylcholines, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all can cause bronchoconstriction
83
Type II Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic reactions - cytolytic, complement-dependent
84
Process of Type II Hypersensitivity
Binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to cellular or exogenous antigens activates the complement cascade > results in phagocytosis or cytolysis
85
Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity
Goodpasture’s syndrome Erthroblastosis fetalis Autoimmunity hemolytic anemia Hemolytic transfusion reactions Rh+
86
Type III Hypersensitivity
Immune complex disease reactions
87
Process of Type III Hypersensitivity
Activation of complement by immune complexes causes infiltration of PMNs (polymorphonucleocites) release of lysosomal enzymes and permeability factors > produces inflammatory response
88
Examples of Type III Hypersensitivity
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness (penicillin most common) Anti immune vasculitis ALL are inflammation of blood vessels
89
Mechanism of Type III Hypersensitivty
Immune complexes deposit on walls of blood vessels and activate complement Blood vessels are damanged
90
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Cell-mediated reactions (delayed)
91
Process of Type IV Hypersensitivity
APC presents antigen to T-cells in association with MHC > T-cells release lymphokines that stimulate macrophages > lysozymes released and damage surrounding tissue
92
Examples of Type IV Hypersensitivity
Contact dermatitis Tb test reaction Transplant rejection - HVGD and GVHD Allograft rejection (graft from own body)

Patho 2 (6 decks)

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