test 2 fuck it up. Flashcards by Alexander Bellevue

Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

Late stage HIV

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Q

acute illness

A

a sudden interruption of a persons normal activities.

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Q

acute stress disorder

A

the mental, emotional, and physiologic responses to a trauma or crisis.

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Q

CD4 count

A

number of cells that have a protein on the surface that helps the immune system to fight disease.

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Q

cognitive appraisal

A

to have someone categorize a stress encounter as either harmful, a threat of harm, or a challenge to overcome.

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Q

coping

A

the use of resourcefulness and the ability to manage the stress of daily circumstances, such as the challenges posed by pain, disability, or acute or chronic disease.

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Q

distress

A

a subjective response to internal or external stimuli that are threatening or perceived as threatening to the self. This includes fatigue, pain, fear, and acute or chronic disease.

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Q

eustress

A

a nonspecific stress response that is associated with desirable events, such as one’s wedding, a job promotion, or the birth of an infant. Selye found that all living things. including plant life, respond to any type of stress with predictable adaptive patterns.

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Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

the syndrome described by Hans Selye as the body’s response to stress. The GAS occurs in three stages:

Alarm (fight or flight)
adaptation
exhaustion

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Q

general inhibition syndrome

A

unable to respond in any manner after exhaustion stage. (possum response)

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Q

homeostasis

A

the way that the body, with the use of its own feedback mechanisms, maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

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Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

is a lentivirus (slowly replicating retrovirus) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),[1][2] a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

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Q

patient empowerment

A

a growing trend toward patient involvement in decision making regarding the course of treatment

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Q

psychologic stress

A

is all processes, whether originating in the external environment or within the internal environment of the person, that demand a cognitive appraisal of the event before a response or the activation of any other system.

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Q

psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology

A

a relatively new multidisciplinary approach to the study of the intricate mind-body interactions among the neurologic system, the endocrine system, and the immune system.

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Q

secondary appraisal

A

determining what the response will be, such as selecting the coping method to use to reduce the effort of the stress.

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Q

viral load

A

number of viral particles in a sample of blood

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Q

allopathic (traditional/conventional) medicine

A

traditional, or conventional, biomedical model, appears to have a major focus on the disease rather than on perceiving the patient as a whole person.

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Q

complementary and alternative medicine

A

encompasses a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies and their accompanying theories and beliefs.

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Q

concierge medicine

A

relatively new practice method for physicians who choose to limit their practice to patients who are able to privately pay an annual fee for extra and special services from that physician

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Q

disease

A

pathogenic conditon

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Q

holistic

A

care model on strengthening ones inner resistance to disease and healing from within or enhancing the body’s innate healing powers

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Q

illness

A

highly individual and personal response that is exhibited as pain, suffering, or distress.

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Q

stressor

A

stimulus causing the stress

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limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

is initiated whe the person's brain percieves a stressor. Limbic area communicates with; hypothalamus that stressor is occuring hypothalamus secretes corticotropnin-releasing factor in turn alerts pituitary gland regarding need for action against stressor pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone, this stimulates arenal cortex to release cortisol. Cortisol helps by mobilizing the energy reserves so that the body can rapidly respond

locus of control

an aspect of personality that deals with the degree of control that one perceives over one's own destimy. Internal _ refers to ability to actively control ones own destiny. External _ refers to the inability to control ones own destiny

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

this scale outlines 43 stressors that are each assigned a point value. The individual adds up the number of points on the basis of the life events that he or she has experienced within the last year. The greater number of points the person receives on the rating scale, the higher the probability is that the individual will develop a physical illness.

compartmentalization

learning to leave a stressor in a designated place. ie. stress of work stays at work

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

a generic method of relaxation by concentrating on the rhythm of breathing.

anxiety

to warn the individual of impeding threat, conflict, or danger. Also a state of tension, dread, or impending doom that results from external influences that threaten to overwhelm the individual

defense mechanisms

primary methods that the ego uses to control or manage anxiety

defense mechanisms examples

``` humor sublimation suppression displacement dissociation repression devaluation denial projection splitting of the self image or of the image of others ```

humor

assists a person with everyday stressors

sublimation

channeling maladaptive thoughts and feelings such as aggression into socially acceptable behaviors.

displacement

transferring a feeling or response toward one person onto another less threatening person or object

suppresion

avoiding thinking about problem areas intentionally

dissociation

an alteration in an awake state during which the person feels detached from his or her surroundings

repression

unintentionally pushing back disturbing thoughts, desires, or experiences from the conscious mind

devaluation

attributing negative qualities to the self or others

denial

unconsciously refusing to acknowledge some painful reality or subjective experience that others identify

projection

attributing strong conflicting feelings or faults to another person

splitting of the self-image or of the image of others

inability to integrate positive and negative aspects of the self or others or to integrate own strengths and weaknesses; viewing self, others, and situations as being either all good or all bad.

agoraphobia

is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in situations where the sufferer perceives certain environments as dangerous or uncomfortable, often due to the environment's vast openness or crowdedness. These situations include, but are not limited to, wide-open spaces, as well as uncontrollable social situations such as the possibility of being met in shopping malls, airports, and on bridges

panic attack

are sudden, spontaneous episodes that are accompanied by symptoms such as racing heart, palpitations, dizziness, dyspnea, and a feeling that death is imminent.

panic anxiety

involves anxiety symptoms that occur during panic attacks.

phobias

patient experiences panic attacks in response to particular situations or has learned to avoid the situations that cause panic attacks

obsessions

recurrent and persistent thoughts that are intrusive to the individual and that cause a marked increase in anxiety.

compulsions

repetitive behaviors that the person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

anxiolytic

anti-anxiety medications

somatization disorder

is a long-term (chronic) condition in which a person has physical symptoms that involve more than one part of the body, but no physical cause can be found. The pain and other symptoms people with this disorder feel are real, and are not created or faked on purpose (malingering).

pain disorder

pain in one or more anatomic sites

conversion disorder

1. psychologic factors are identified as being related to the onset or exacerbation of the symptom 2. specific and identifiable conflicts or stressors precede the development of the conversion symptoms 3. the person demonstrates an obvious lack of concern about the seriousness of the symptoms, which is inconsistent with the problem.

hypochondriasis

a longstanding dependency and a preoccupation with the sick role; a fear or belief that one has serious illness despite medical reassurance to the contrary.

body dysmorphic disorder

occurs when a patient is preoccupied with a self-perceived defect in appearance.

factitious disorder

intentionally produce physical or psychologic signs and symptoms to assume the sick role.

countertransference

the nurses responses to a patient are associated with a significant person in the nurses life, may cause staff members to be abrupt and inappropriately confront the patient

circadian rhythm

regular recurrence of the sleep-wake cycle

non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

collectively, sleep stages 1–3, previously known as stages 1–4. Rapid eye movement sleep (REM) is not included. There are distinct electroencephalographic and other characteristics seen in each stage. Unlike REM sleep, there is usually little or no eye movement during this stage. Dreaming is rare during NREM sleep, and muscles are not paralyzed as in REM sleep. People who do not go through the sleeping stages properly get stuck in NREM sleep and because muscles are not paralyzed, a person may be able to sleepwalk.[1] According to studies, the mental activity that takes place during NREM sleep is believed to be thought-like, whereas REM sleep includes hallucinatory and bizarre content.

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

is a normal stage of sleep characterized by the rapid and random movement of the eyes. Rapid eye movement sleep is classified into two categories: tonic and phasic.[1] It was identified and defined by Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky in 1953. Criteria for REM sleep includes rapid eye movement, low muscle tone and a rapid, low-voltage EEG; these features are easily discernible in a polysomnogram,[2] the sleep study typically done for patients with suspected sleep disorders.[3]

dyssomnias

``` characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep: primary INSOMNIA primary HYPERSOMNIA narcolepsy breathing-related sleep disorder circadian rhythm sleep disorder jet lag type shift work type delayed sleep phase type dyssomnia NOS ```

parasomnias

``` characterized by abnormal behavior or physiologic events that occur in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-wake transitions: nightmare disorder sleep tremor disorder sleepwalking disorder parasomnia NOS ```

sleep apnea

the temporary cessation or absence of breathing

insomnia

characterized by a predominant complaint of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or of experiencing non restorative sleep for at least 1 month

narcolepsy

the sudden onset of brief sleep attacks that last 10 to 20 minutes and that typically take place 2 to 6 times per day

cataplexy

the sudden loss of muscle tone and voluntary muscle movement

sleep paralysis

unable to speak or move just before the onset of or upon awakening from a brief sleep attack

herb

plant or plant part valued for its medical, savory, or aromatic qualities.

phytomedicine

medicine derived from plants

herbal monographs

two types therapeutic monograph and qualitative monographs

Therapeutic monograph

contains information on use, dose, side effects, and contradictions.

Qualitative monograph

have information on such areas such as compliance with compounding guidelines and standards of purity.

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

clarified marketing regulations for herbal remedies. They reclassified herbals as "dietary supplements" distinct from food or drugs.

Current Good Manufacturing Practices (GCCMPs)

FDA proposed standards for marketing and labeling for dietary supplements, these standards are multifaceted and require that package labels give quality and strength of all contents and that products be free of contaminants and impurities.

Extracts

made by isolating certain components, resulting in more reliable dosing.

Oils

made by soaking dried herb in olive oil or vegetable oil and then heating for an extended time.

Salves

semisolid fatty preparations, are made by melting a wax in oil and allowing it to cool and harden .

Tinctures

soaking fresh or dried herbs in a solvent such as water or alcohol.

Syrups

made by adding sweetener, usually honey or sugar, to the herb and then cooking it

Ginko

interferes with blood clotting

Calcium carbonate

interferes with thyroid hormones

grapefruit juice

should be avoided with so many drugs, should advise not to use

St. John's wort

can cause central serotonin syndrome if used with SSRI's also many drug interactions.

Garlic

prolonged bleeding

Saw palmetto

probably not effective

Echinacea

may reduce duration of common cold. May interact with caffeine.

Milk thistle

cleanse the liver- inconclusive

Ginseng

increases the effects of insulin and warfarin

Black cohosh

may have minor benefits

Valerian

may have synergistic effects with benzodiazepines and other sedating medications

Green tea

may have some benefits with reducing hypertension

Anxiolytics

primarily used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Major group benzodiazepines (major tranquilizer group)

primary anxiety

not caused by medical condition or drug use

secondary anxiety

related to selected drug use or medical or psychiatric disorders.