Test 2 Dun dun dunnn Flashcards
According to the Good Lives Model of offender rehabilitation
a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in determining the form and content of rehabilitation programmes
b. Offenders should receive the level of intervention that is commensurate with their risk of reoffending
c. Managing criminogenic needs should be the only focus of rehabilitation programmes
d. Offenders always live their lives according to a “redemption script” and so there is always the possibility of change
a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in determining the form and content of rehabilitation programmes
In relapse prevention, what does the ‘abstinence violation effect’ refer to?
a. Managing high risk situations
b. Controlling the problem of immediate gratification
c. Cognitive distortions regarding the offending behaviour
d. The tendency for a lapse in an agreed upon plan to control a given behaviour to lead to a full blown relapse in the problem behaviour
d. The tendency for a lapse in an agreed upon plan to control a given behaviour to lead to a full blown relapse in the problem behaviour
A judge who sentences an offender in order to discourage the offender from committing any further crimes is basing her sentence on what philosophical rationale?
a. Denunciation
b. General deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Specific deterrence
b. General deterrence
According to the ‘positive reinforcement’ model of drug abuse
a. People take drugs for their positive hedonic effect
b. Chronic drug use generates changes in the brain which leads to pathological
‘wanting’
c. People abuse drugs as a result of broader cultural and social-structural
factors
d. Drug abuse is a social construct
a. People take drugs for their positive hedonic effect
Which of the following is NOT an example of an impulse control disorder?
a. Intermittent explosive disorder
b. Pyromania
c. Psychopathy
d. Kleptomania
c. Psychopathy
What part of the brain plays an important role in the processing and
regulation of emotion and is of particular interest to criminal
psychologists because it is involved in the recognition of anger and
fear in others?
a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Testosterone
c. Occipital lobe
d. Amygdala
d. Amygdala
In thinking about the study by Beaver (2013) on the familial concentration and transmission of crime we can conclude with some certainty that
a. Children directly learn offending behaviour from their parents
b. Criminal behaviour is largely the result of environmental factors
c. Criminal behaviour is largely genetically transmitted
d. Crime is concentrated in families and is inter-generationally transmitted
d. Crime is concentrated in families and is inter-generationally transmitted
Which of the following has been shown in longitudinal studies to be an individual risk factor for offending?
a. Low intelligence
b. Child abuse and neglect
c. Neighbourhood disadvantage
d. Association with delinquent peers
a. Low intelligence
According to Moffit’s dual developmental pathway model of juvenile offending, “life course persistent offenders” are more likely to
a. Begin offending during adolescence
b. Experience multiple ‘turning points’
c. Have a high I.Q.
d. Continue offending into adulthood
a. Begin offending during adolescence
According to the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, the peak in offending that occurs during adolescence is the result of
a. An overactive socioemotional system and a not fully developed cognitive control system
b. A lack of parental monitoring and a greater orientation towards peers
c. A maturity gap between what adolescents want and what they are able to obtain
d. An underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and an overactive serotonergic system
d. An underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and an overactive serotonergic system
According to the indirect pathway model of the relationship between mental disorder and crime
a. Mental disorder directly leads to or causes offending
b. A variable, or variables, cause or lead to, both mental disorder and offending
c. Crime causes or leads to mental disorder
d. Mental disorder causes, or leads to, other outcomes that cause offending
d. Mental disorder causes, or leads to, other outcomes that cause offending
In the DSM-IV TR which disorder is characterised as ‘a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years’?
a. Psychopathy
b. Schizophrenia
c. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
d. Antisocial personality disorder
d. Antisocial personality disorder
According to the violence inhibition model of psychopathy, psychopaths
a. Are actually less violent that non-psychopaths unless they are directly threatened
b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of amygdala dysfunction
c. Have abnormally low levels of arousal
d. Fail to respond to punishment
b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of
amygdala dysfunction
‘Hostile attribution bias’ refers to
a. The social learning of violent related scripts
b. Individual differences in the tendency to process and interpret social cues as hostile
c. The negative effect of heat on hostile thoughts and behaviours
d. Individual differences in levels of testosterone and cortisol
b. Individual differences in the tendency to process and interpret social cues as hostile
According to research by Caspi et al. (2002), what combination of genetic and environmental factors led to the highest levels of antisocial behaviour in their sample? a. Low MAOA and no maltreatment b. High MAOA and no maltreatment c. High MAOA and severe maltreatment d. Low MAOA and severe maltreatment
Low MAOA and severe maltreatment
Which of the following drugs is most likely to lead to ‘economic compulsive’ violent offending?
a. Alcohol
b. Heroin
c. LSD
d. Coffee
b. Heroin
A 24-year-old, high level drug dealer is not a user himself, just a dealer. When his client has unpaid debts, including large sums of money, he does “whatever it takes” to make profit. The outcome is typically death.
According to Goldstein’s (1985) tripartite model this is an example of
a. Economic compulsive violence
b. Systemic violence
c. Psychopharmacological violence
d. Gang violence
b. Systemic violence
Individuals involved in crime are more likely to have contacts with individuals who use drugs and therefore use drugs themselves. This is an example of
a. The ‘drugs causes crime’ model
b. The ‘crime causes drug use’ model
c. The ‘common cause’ model
d. Economic compulsive offending
b. The ‘crime causes drug use’ model
Which of the following is an example of a ‘dynamic risk factor’ for reoffending?
a. Antisocial personality characteristics
b. Number of prior convictions
c. The experience of child abuse and neglect
d. Gender
a. Antisocial personality characteristics
Rates of imprisonment in New Zealand are
a. Higher than in Australia, the United States, and Ireland
b. Lower than in Australia, the United States, and Ireland
c. Higher than in Australia and Ireland, but lower than in the United States
d. Higher than in the United States, but lower than in Australia and Ireland
c. Higher than in Australia and Ireland, but lower than in the United States
In evaluating research which might demonstrate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation programme, which design is typically viewed as being of the highest quality?
a. Non-equivalent comparison groups
b. Randomized clinical trial
c. No control or comparison groups
d. Matched treatment and control groups
b. Randomized clinical tria
What was one of the major findings of the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study?
a. Individuals with a major mental disorder committed a large number of sexual offences
b. Only individuals suffering from depression were at an elevated risk for violent offending
c. Individuals with a major mental disorder, but without substance abuse problems, committed more violent offences than the control group of individuals from the community who also did not have substance abuse problems
d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems
d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems
According to the alcohol myopia model
a. The consumption of alcohol has the effect of narrowing attentional resources so that the most salient features of the situation are attended to
b. The consumption of alcohol reduces the capacity for self-regulation
c. The consumption of alcohol makes people short-sighted
d. The consumption of alcohol increases frustration
b. The consumption of alcohol reduces the capacity for self-regulation
If currently illicit drugs such as cocaine, cannabis, and methamphetamine were legalised, the likely outcome for drug-related crime in terms of Goldstein’s “systemic model” would be
a. No effect on crime
b. An increase in violent crime but a decrease in property crime
c. An increase in crime
d. A decrease in crime
d. A decrease in crime
What are the three underlying constructs of the ‘triarchic model of psychopathy’?
a. Lack of empathy, pathological lying, delusions
b. Narcissism, impulsivity, shallow affect
c. Disinhibition, meanness, boldness
d. Sadism, impulsivity, negative affect
c. Disinhibition, meanness, boldness
According to the ‘crime causes drug use’ model of the relationship between drugs and crime
a. Drug use and crime are related because a common factor causes or leads to both drug use and crime
b. Involvement in crime leads to or causes drug use
c. Drug use and violence are unrelated to one another
d. The use of drugs leads to or causes crime
b. Involvement in crime leads to or causes drug use
Pharmacological indicators of a substance use disorder include
a. Craving for substance and unsuccessful attempts to quit use
b. Tolerance and withdrawal
c. Use of drugs despite knowledge of problems associated with use
d. Important activities given up because of substance use and continued use despite recurrent social problems
b. Tolerance and withdrawal
In the DSM-5, Paedophilic Disorder refers to
a. Sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of others
b. Sexual interest in or arousal to non-living objects
c. Behaviours that involve observing non-consenting others naked or engaging in
sexual activities
d. Sexual fantasies, urges, and/or behavior directed at children 13 years and under
d. Sexual fantasies, urges, and/or behavior directed at children 13 years and under
What was one of the major findings of the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study?
a. Individuals with a major mental disorder committed a large number of sexual offences
b. Only individuals suffering from depression were at an elevated risk for violent offending
c. Individuals with a major mental disorder, but without substance abuse problems, committed more violent offences than the control group of individuals from the community who also did not have substance abuse problems
d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems
d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems
According to the Good Lives Model of offender rehabilitation
a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in determining the form and content of rehabilitation programmes
b. Offenders should receive the level of intervention that is commensurate with their risk of reoffending
c. Managing criminogenic needs should be the only focus of rehabilitation programmes
d. Offenders always live their lives according to a “redemption script” and so
there is always the possibility of change
a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in
Tony Stanlake was murdered over a drug debt of a few thousand dollars he owed, police sources allege. The Karori property developer, who had a previous conviction for growing cannabis, has sparked one of the
biggest homicide investigations ever seen in Wellington, after he was found dead at Red Rocks. According to Goldstein’s (1985) tripartite
model, this is an example of
a. Economic compulsive violence
b. Systemic violence
c. Psychopharmacological violence
d. Gang violence
b. Systemic violence
According to the results of arrestee drug abuse monitoring programmes
a. Substance abuse problems are highly prevalent among samples of arrestees
b. The most commonly used drug among arrestees is heroin
c. Most arrestees met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
d. None of the above
a. Substance abuse problems are highly prevalent among samples of arrestees
According to the social information processing model of aggression
a. Some individuals develop a hostile attribution bias that leads them to interpret ambiguous social cues as hostile
b. Aggression is the outcome of an imbalance of cortisol and testosterone
c. Negative affect is the main cause of aggression
d. Narcissism is the main personality factor that influences aggressive responses
a. Some individuals develop a hostile attribution bias that leads them to interpret ambiguous social cues as hostile
According to the ‘indirect pathway’ model of the relationship between mental disorder and crime
a. Mental disorder leads to other outcomes that cause offending
b. Mental disorder causes or leads to offending
c. The relationship between mental disorder and offending is due to threat/control override symptoms
d. A variable or variables cause, or lead to, both mental disorder and offending
a. Mental disorder leads to other outcomes that cause offending
According to the violence inhibition model of psychopathy, psychopaths
a. Are actually less violent that non-psychopaths unless they are directly threatened
b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of amygdala dysfunction
c. Have abnormally low levels of arousal
d. Fail to respond to punishment
b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of amygdala dysfunction
According to Maruna’s (2001) narrative approach to desistance from offending
a. Persistent offenders lived their lives according to a ‘redemption script’
b. Persistent offenders lived their lives according to a ‘condemnation script’
c. Desistant offenders lived their lives according to a ‘condemnation script’
d. There was no difference between desistant and persistent offenders
b. Persistent offenders lived their lives according to a ‘condemnation script’
- Research suggests that CCTV
a. Doesn’t work to prevent crime
b. Is most effective at preventing football violence
c. Reduces violent offences in public places
d. Is most effective at reducing car thefts in public place
d. Is most effective at reducing car thefts in public place
According to the broken windows paradigm
a. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones
b. The presence of broken windows leads individuals to make a rational choice to offend
c. You should never park your car in a down trodden environment
d. Signs of public disorder lead to the breakdown of community controls and an increase in offending
d. Signs of public disorder lead to the breakdown of community controls and an increase in offending
What is the main reason why coming from a disrupted family is a risk factor for offending
a. Single mothers and fathers make bad parents
b. Disrupted families are typically characterised by high levels of parental conflict
c. Experience of violence in the family environment increases the likelihood of subsequent violent and antisocial behaviour
d. Children whose parents separate start using drugs at an earlier age
b. Disrupted families are typically characterised by high levels of parental conflict
The term parochial altruism refers to
a. The human tendency to preferentially favour and cooperate with ingroup members
b. The tendency for humans to engage in war, terrorism, genocide and other forms of collective violence
c. The tendency for humans to cooperate only with close kin
d. The tendency for humans to follow charismatic leaders
a. The human tendency to preferentially favour and cooperate with ingroup members
Andrews and Bonta (2003) suggest that three key principles underlie effective interventions for offenders: Risk, Need, and Responsivity.
According to the RISK principle
a. The intensity of the intervention should be proportional to the offender’s chance of re-offending
b. Only those factors associated with reductions in recidivism should be targeted in interventions
c. Correctional programmes should be matched to offenders’ characteristics such as learning style and level of motivation
d. Clinical judgment can override the three principles if circumstances warrant
a. The intensity of the intervention should be proportional to the offender’s chance of re-offending
Which of the following is an example of a ‘primary crime prevention’ initiative?
a. Improved street lighting
b. Home visiting programmes for parents with ‘at risk’ children
c. Offender rehabilitation programmes
d. ‘Hot spots’ policing
b. Home visiting programmes for parents with ‘at risk’ children
