Test 2 Dun dun dunnn

Question 1

According to the Good Lives Model of offender rehabilitation

a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in determining the form and content of rehabilitation programmes
b. Offenders should receive the level of intervention that is commensurate with their risk of reoffending
c. Managing criminogenic needs should be the only focus of rehabilitation programmes
d. Offenders always live their lives according to a “redemption script” and so there is always the possibility of change

Answer 1

a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in determining the form and content of rehabilitation programmes

Question 2

In relapse prevention, what does the ‘abstinence violation effect’ refer to?

a. Managing high risk situations
b. Controlling the problem of immediate gratification
c. Cognitive distortions regarding the offending behaviour
d. The tendency for a lapse in an agreed upon plan to control a given behaviour to lead to a full blown relapse in the problem behaviour

Answer 2

d. The tendency for a lapse in an agreed upon plan to control a given behaviour to lead to a full blown relapse in the problem behaviour

Question 3

A judge who sentences an offender in order to discourage the offender from committing any further crimes is basing her sentence on what philosophical rationale?

a. Denunciation
b. General deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Specific deterrence

Answer 3

b. General deterrence

Question 4

According to the ‘positive reinforcement’ model of drug abuse
a. People take drugs for their positive hedonic effect
b. Chronic drug use generates changes in the brain which leads to pathological
‘wanting’
c. People abuse drugs as a result of broader cultural and social-structural
factors
d. Drug abuse is a social construct

Answer 4

a. People take drugs for their positive hedonic effect

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an example of an impulse control disorder?

a. Intermittent explosive disorder
b. Pyromania
c. Psychopathy
d. Kleptomania

Answer 5

c. Psychopathy

Question 6

What part of the brain plays an important role in the processing and
regulation of emotion and is of particular interest to criminal
psychologists because it is involved in the recognition of anger and
fear in others?
a. Prefrontal cortex
b. Testosterone
c. Occipital lobe
d. Amygdala

Answer 6

d. Amygdala

Question 7

In thinking about the study by Beaver (2013) on the familial concentration and transmission of crime we can conclude with some certainty that

a. Children directly learn offending behaviour from their parents
b. Criminal behaviour is largely the result of environmental factors
c. Criminal behaviour is largely genetically transmitted
d. Crime is concentrated in families and is inter-generationally transmitted

Answer 7

d. Crime is concentrated in families and is inter-generationally transmitted

Question 8

Which of the following has been shown in longitudinal studies to be an individual risk factor for offending?

a. Low intelligence
b. Child abuse and neglect
c. Neighbourhood disadvantage
d. Association with delinquent peers

Answer 8

a. Low intelligence

Question 9

According to Moffit’s dual developmental pathway model of juvenile offending, “life course persistent offenders” are more likely to

a. Begin offending during adolescence
b. Experience multiple ‘turning points’
c. Have a high I.Q.
d. Continue offending into adulthood

Answer 9

a. Begin offending during adolescence

Question 10

According to the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, the peak in offending that occurs during adolescence is the result of

a. An overactive socioemotional system and a not fully developed cognitive control system
b. A lack of parental monitoring and a greater orientation towards peers
c. A maturity gap between what adolescents want and what they are able to obtain
d. An underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and an overactive serotonergic system

Answer 10

d. An underdeveloped prefrontal cortex and an overactive serotonergic system

Question 11

According to the indirect pathway model of the relationship between mental disorder and crime

a. Mental disorder directly leads to or causes offending
b. A variable, or variables, cause or lead to, both mental disorder and offending
c. Crime causes or leads to mental disorder
d. Mental disorder causes, or leads to, other outcomes that cause offending

Answer 11

d. Mental disorder causes, or leads to, other outcomes that cause offending

Question 12

In the DSM-IV TR which disorder is characterised as ‘a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years’?

a. Psychopathy
b. Schizophrenia
c. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
d. Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 12

d. Antisocial personality disorder

Question 13

According to the violence inhibition model of psychopathy, psychopaths

a. Are actually less violent that non-psychopaths unless they are directly threatened
b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of amygdala dysfunction
c. Have abnormally low levels of arousal
d. Fail to respond to punishment

Answer 13

b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of
amygdala dysfunction

Question 14

‘Hostile attribution bias’ refers to

a. The social learning of violent related scripts
b. Individual differences in the tendency to process and interpret social cues as hostile
c. The negative effect of heat on hostile thoughts and behaviours
d. Individual differences in levels of testosterone and cortisol

Answer 14

b. Individual differences in the tendency to process and interpret social cues as hostile

Question 15

According to research by Caspi et al. (2002), what combination of genetic and environmental factors led to the highest levels of antisocial behaviour
in their sample?
a. Low MAOA and no maltreatment
b. High MAOA and no maltreatment
c. High MAOA and severe maltreatment
d. Low MAOA and severe maltreatment

Answer 15

Low MAOA and severe maltreatment

Question 16

Which of the following drugs is most likely to lead to ‘economic compulsive’ violent offending?

a. Alcohol
b. Heroin
c. LSD
d. Coffee

Answer 16

b. Heroin

Question 17

A 24-year-old, high level drug dealer is not a user himself, just a dealer. When his client has unpaid debts, including large sums of money, he does “whatever it takes” to make profit. The outcome is typically death.
According to Goldstein’s (1985) tripartite model this is an example of
a. Economic compulsive violence
b. Systemic violence
c. Psychopharmacological violence
d. Gang violence

Answer 17

b. Systemic violence

Question 18

Individuals involved in crime are more likely to have contacts with individuals who use drugs and therefore use drugs themselves. This is an example of

a. The ‘drugs causes crime’ model
b. The ‘crime causes drug use’ model
c. The ‘common cause’ model
d. Economic compulsive offending

Answer 18

b. The ‘crime causes drug use’ model

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a ‘dynamic risk factor’ for reoffending?

a. Antisocial personality characteristics
b. Number of prior convictions
c. The experience of child abuse and neglect
d. Gender

Answer 19

a. Antisocial personality characteristics

Question 20

Rates of imprisonment in New Zealand are

a. Higher than in Australia, the United States, and Ireland
b. Lower than in Australia, the United States, and Ireland
c. Higher than in Australia and Ireland, but lower than in the United States
d. Higher than in the United States, but lower than in Australia and Ireland

Answer 20

c. Higher than in Australia and Ireland, but lower than in the United States

Question 21

In evaluating research which might demonstrate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation programme, which design is typically viewed as being of the highest quality?

a. Non-equivalent comparison groups
b. Randomized clinical trial
c. No control or comparison groups
d. Matched treatment and control groups

Answer 21

b. Randomized clinical tria

Question 22

What was one of the major findings of the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study?

a. Individuals with a major mental disorder committed a large number of sexual offences
b. Only individuals suffering from depression were at an elevated risk for violent offending
c. Individuals with a major mental disorder, but without substance abuse problems, committed more violent offences than the control group of individuals from the community who also did not have substance abuse problems
d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems

Answer 22

d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems

Question 23

According to the alcohol myopia model

a. The consumption of alcohol has the effect of narrowing attentional resources so that the most salient features of the situation are attended to
b. The consumption of alcohol reduces the capacity for self-regulation
c. The consumption of alcohol makes people short-sighted
d. The consumption of alcohol increases frustration

Answer 23

b. The consumption of alcohol reduces the capacity for self-regulation

Question 24

If currently illicit drugs such as cocaine, cannabis, and methamphetamine were legalised, the likely outcome for drug-related crime in terms of Goldstein’s “systemic model” would be

a. No effect on crime
b. An increase in violent crime but a decrease in property crime
c. An increase in crime
d. A decrease in crime

Answer 24

d. A decrease in crime

Question 25

What are the three underlying constructs of the ‘triarchic model of psychopathy’?

a. Lack of empathy, pathological lying, delusions
b. Narcissism, impulsivity, shallow affect
c. Disinhibition, meanness, boldness
d. Sadism, impulsivity, negative affect

Answer 25

c. Disinhibition, meanness, boldness

Question 26

According to the ‘crime causes drug use’ model of the relationship between drugs and crime

a. Drug use and crime are related because a common factor causes or leads to both drug use and crime
b. Involvement in crime leads to or causes drug use
c. Drug use and violence are unrelated to one another
d. The use of drugs leads to or causes crime

Answer 26

b. Involvement in crime leads to or causes drug use

Question 27

Pharmacological indicators of a substance use disorder include

a. Craving for substance and unsuccessful attempts to quit use
b. Tolerance and withdrawal
c. Use of drugs despite knowledge of problems associated with use
d. Important activities given up because of substance use and continued use despite recurrent social problems

Answer 27

b. Tolerance and withdrawal

Question 28

In the DSM-5, Paedophilic Disorder refers to
a. Sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of others
b. Sexual interest in or arousal to non-living objects
c. Behaviours that involve observing non-consenting others naked or engaging in
sexual activities
d. Sexual fantasies, urges, and/or behavior directed at children 13 years and under

Answer 28

d. Sexual fantasies, urges, and/or behavior directed at children 13 years and under

Question 29

What was one of the major findings of the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study?

a. Individuals with a major mental disorder committed a large number of sexual offences
b. Only individuals suffering from depression were at an elevated risk for violent offending
c. Individuals with a major mental disorder, but without substance abuse problems, committed more violent offences than the control group of individuals from the community who also did not have substance abuse problems
d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems

Answer 29

d. The prevalence of violence was significantly greater for those individuals who had a major mental disorder and substance abuse problems

Question 30

According to the Good Lives Model of offender rehabilitation
a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in determining the form and content of rehabilitation programmes
b. Offenders should receive the level of intervention that is commensurate with their risk of reoffending
c. Managing criminogenic needs should be the only focus of rehabilitation programmes
d. Offenders always live their lives according to a “redemption script” and so
there is always the possibility of change

Answer 30

a. The concept of psychological well-being should play an important role in

Question 31

Tony Stanlake was murdered over a drug debt of a few thousand dollars he owed, police sources allege. The Karori property developer, who had a previous conviction for growing cannabis, has sparked one of the
biggest homicide investigations ever seen in Wellington, after he was found dead at Red Rocks. According to Goldstein’s (1985) tripartite
model, this is an example of
a. Economic compulsive violence
b. Systemic violence
c. Psychopharmacological violence
d. Gang violence

Answer 31

b. Systemic violence

Question 32

According to the results of arrestee drug abuse monitoring programmes

a. Substance abuse problems are highly prevalent among samples of arrestees
b. The most commonly used drug among arrestees is heroin
c. Most arrestees met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
d. None of the above

Answer 32

a. Substance abuse problems are highly prevalent among samples of arrestees

Question 33

According to the social information processing model of aggression

a. Some individuals develop a hostile attribution bias that leads them to interpret ambiguous social cues as hostile
b. Aggression is the outcome of an imbalance of cortisol and testosterone
c. Negative affect is the main cause of aggression
d. Narcissism is the main personality factor that influences aggressive responses

Answer 33

a. Some individuals develop a hostile attribution bias that leads them to interpret ambiguous social cues as hostile

Question 34

According to the ‘indirect pathway’ model of the relationship between mental disorder and crime

a. Mental disorder leads to other outcomes that cause offending
b. Mental disorder causes or leads to offending
c. The relationship between mental disorder and offending is due to threat/control override symptoms
d. A variable or variables cause, or lead to, both mental disorder and offending

Answer 34

a. Mental disorder leads to other outcomes that cause offending

Question 35

According to the violence inhibition model of psychopathy, psychopaths

a. Are actually less violent that non-psychopaths unless they are directly threatened
b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of amygdala dysfunction
c. Have abnormally low levels of arousal
d. Fail to respond to punishment

Answer 35

b. Have an impaired capacity to recognise distress in others as a result of amygdala dysfunction

Question 36

According to Maruna’s (2001) narrative approach to desistance from offending

a. Persistent offenders lived their lives according to a ‘redemption script’
b. Persistent offenders lived their lives according to a ‘condemnation script’
c. Desistant offenders lived their lives according to a ‘condemnation script’
d. There was no difference between desistant and persistent offenders

Answer 36

b. Persistent offenders lived their lives according to a ‘condemnation script’

Question 37

39. Research suggests that CCTV
    a. Doesn’t work to prevent crime
    b. Is most effective at preventing football violence
    c. Reduces violent offences in public places
    d. Is most effective at reducing car thefts in public place

Answer 37

d. Is most effective at reducing car thefts in public place

Question 38

According to the broken windows paradigm

a. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones
b. The presence of broken windows leads individuals to make a rational choice to offend
c. You should never park your car in a down trodden environment
d. Signs of public disorder lead to the breakdown of community controls and an increase in offending

Answer 38

d. Signs of public disorder lead to the breakdown of community controls and an increase in offending

Question 39

What is the main reason why coming from a disrupted family is a risk factor for offending

a. Single mothers and fathers make bad parents
b. Disrupted families are typically characterised by high levels of parental conflict
c. Experience of violence in the family environment increases the likelihood of subsequent violent and antisocial behaviour
d. Children whose parents separate start using drugs at an earlier age

Answer 39

b. Disrupted families are typically characterised by high levels of parental conflict

Question 40

The term parochial altruism refers to

a. The human tendency to preferentially favour and cooperate with ingroup members
b. The tendency for humans to engage in war, terrorism, genocide and other forms of collective violence
c. The tendency for humans to cooperate only with close kin
d. The tendency for humans to follow charismatic leaders

Answer 40

a. The human tendency to preferentially favour and cooperate with ingroup members

Question 41

Andrews and Bonta (2003) suggest that three key principles underlie effective interventions for offenders: Risk, Need, and Responsivity.
According to the RISK principle
a. The intensity of the intervention should be proportional to the offender’s chance of re-offending
b. Only those factors associated with reductions in recidivism should be targeted in interventions
c. Correctional programmes should be matched to offenders’ characteristics such as learning style and level of motivation
d. Clinical judgment can override the three principles if circumstances warrant

Answer 41

a. The intensity of the intervention should be proportional to the offender’s chance of re-offending

Question 42

Which of the following is an example of a ‘primary crime prevention’ initiative?

a. Improved street lighting
b. Home visiting programmes for parents with ‘at risk’ children
c. Offender rehabilitation programmes
d. ‘Hot spots’ policing

Answer 42

b. Home visiting programmes for parents with ‘at risk’ children