test 2 content

Question 1

S-R learning

Answer 1

learning the association between CS and UR (tone and salivating)

Question 2

S-S learning

Answer 2

learning the association between the CS and US (tone and food)

Question 3

stimulus substitution theory

Answer 3

an incorrect theory in which the conditioned stimulus (tone) takes the place of the unconditioned stimulus (food); like the salivation is caused by tone and no longer food except food does in fact still cause salivation

Question 4

preparatory response theory

Answer 4

the correct theory in which the conditioned response of salivating at the tone prepares the organism to receive and digest the food

Question 5

preparatory response theory and drug overdose

Answer 5

your body comes to know the situation in which you do drugs such that right before you do the drug your body brings you “down” a bit in preparation for the “high”; the CR of “coming down” counters the UR of being high and this explains how tolerance develops– overdose may occur in new environments because typical CR is gone

Question 6

Rescorla-Wagner formula

Answer 6

model of learning through classical conditioning, amount of learning during any one trial depends on how surprising the US (food) is
ΔV = K (L-Vsum)

amount learned is equal to rate of learning or salience times the net amount learned already which is calculated by subtracting the current strength of association from the max possible amount that can be learned

Question 7

pre-exposure effect

Answer 7

occurs when an organism has previous experience with a stimulus before conditioning begins; the R-W formula does not account for this because it assumes you begin with a zero exposure value

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

learning the association between a response [behavior] and the outcome

Question 9

positive reinforcement

Answer 9

adding something to strengthen response to behavior (ex: giving a cookie for good grades)

Question 10

negative reinforcement

Answer 10

taking something away to strengthen response or behavior (ex: removing your smell by showering makes you more likely to shower in the future)

Question 11

positive punishment

Answer 11

adding something in order to diminish behavior (ex: making a kid wear a dress code violation shirt to make sure it doesn’t happen again

Question 12

negative punishment

Answer 12

taking something away to diminish a behavior or response (ex: no tv for a week because you said a bad word)

Question 13

continuous reinforcement

Answer 13

reinforce at every instance of a behavior

Question 14

partial reinforcement

Answer 14

reinforce only some instances of a behavior, not all

Question 15

fixed ratio

Answer 15

reinforcing exactly every x responses or instances (ex: dog gets treat every other time he sits when he is told)

Question 16

fixed interval

Answer 16

reinforcing exactly every five minutes (ex: getting paid every two weeks)

Question 17

variable ratio

Answer 17

reinforcing, on average, every x number of instances (ex: winning lottery tickets)

Question 18

variable interval

Answer 18

reinforcing, on average, every x days/hours/etc (ex: checking facebook for updates and there’s an update on average every five minutes)

Question 19

partial reinforcement extinction effect

Answer 19

learned responses acquired under partial reinforcement take longer to extinguish than responses learned under continuous responses once you stop reinforcing behavior

Question 20

shaping procedure

Answer 20

create new behavior by rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior; this is how we can get seals to do tricks with balls even though it’s totally foreign