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SAP > Test 2-chpts 2/3 > Flashcards

Test 2-chpts 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

Did Kohlberg support nature or nurture?

A

Nature

Psych

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2
Q

What is level 1 of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

Pre-conventional morality (Focus on the self)

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3
Q

What are the stages of level one of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Stages 1: punishment and obedience orientation
-Rules are fixed and absolute

Stage 2: personal usefulness or reward orientation
-Good determines by if one’s own interests are met

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4
Q

What is level 2 of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

Conventional morality (focus on group norms/rules)

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5
Q

What are the stages of level two of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Stage 3: social conformity or pleasing others orientation
-Good is what gains the approval of others

Stage 4: law and order orientation
-The rules/laws of wider society are necessary for social order

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6
Q

What is level 3 of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

Post conventional morality (focus on what is right for everyone)

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7
Q

What are the stages of level three of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Stage 5: social contract or civil disobedience
-Awareness that laws of society may occasionally be unjust and require change

Stage 6: principled conscience
-Developed own set of morals which apply to EVERYONE; based on equality and worth and considered universal despite the laws

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8
Q

What is conditioning?

A

Acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimulus

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9
Q

What are the two principles of operant conditioning?

A

Reward: encourages behaviour
Positive reinforcement=add (+) good thing
Negative reinforcement=remove (-) bad thing

Punishment: discourages behaviour
Positive punishment=adding (+) bad thing
Negative punishment=remove (-) good thing

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10
Q

Did Skinner support nature or nurture? What was his theory?

A

Nurture

Psych

He is known for the operating conditioning theory

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11
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlov is known for this theory (dog experiment)

An unrelated stimulus paired with another stimulus causes a reaction or learning

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12
Q

Did Pavlov support nature or nurture?

A

Nurture

Psych

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13
Q

What is an anthropologists view on language?

A

Humans are the only species to possess the necessary physical mechanisms to speak language

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14
Q

What is an psychologists view on language?

A

Language is the most important cognitive process that humans possess.

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15
Q

What is an sociologists view on language?

A

Language is the most important aspect of the socialization process

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16
Q

What is Socialization?

A

A continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity’s and learns the norms, values, behaviour, and social skills appropriate to their social position

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17
Q

What shapes human behaviour according to anthropologists?

A

Both genetics and the environment

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18
Q

What are behavioural adjustments?

A

Cultural responses to environmental stresses such as climate

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19
Q

What are acclimation adjustments?

A

Reversible physiological changes to environmental stress
OR
The ability to adapt to severe environmental situations

20
Q

What is the difference between behavioural and acclimation adjustments?

A

Behavioural adjustments are cultural responses to change (nurture) whereas acclimation adjustments are genetic responses to change (nature)

21
Q

What shapes human behaviour according to psychologists?

A

Nature vs nurture so it includes both genetics and environment

22
Q

Do environmental factors effect development while in the womb?

A

Yes

23
Q

What does the debate of nature vs nurture try to determine?

A

How and to what degree each factor produces an individual

24
Q

What was Jean Piaget’s theory about?

A

The stages of cognitive development with a greater emphasis of the nature factor

25
Q

Did Piaget support nature or nurture?

A

Nature

Psych

26
Q

What is metacognition?

A

An awareness of one’s ability to reason and process information

27
Q

What shapes human behaviour according to sociologists?

A

The impact of society on human development

Focus on two major environmental influences:
The structure of society (way it operates/holds together)
The groups within society (agents/institutions)

28
Q

What is the functionalist perspective?

A

Society is stable because it serves the needs of its citizens

Society serves to benefit the whole

Change has a direct impact on all parts of society to maintain balance

Also called structural functionalist theory-Durkheim

29
Q

What is the conflict perspective?

A

Society is in constant competition amount interest groups

Order is maintained by constraint not consensus

Karl Marx saw conflict within economic classes
Lewis Coser saw conflict as helping to unite society

30
Q

Did Marx support nature or nurture?

A

Nurture

Soc

31
Q

What is conflict theory?

A

Creating awareness of injustice and make society better

Constant battle between those with power and those who want power; causes conflict

32
Q

Symbolic interactionist perspective

A

Human behaviour reflects the meaning people give to a situation rather than the facts

We interpret the actions around us to respond accordingly

George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley developed this theory

33
Q

Did Durkheim support nature or nurture?

A

???

34
Q

Did Cooley support nature or nurture?

A

Nurture

Soc

35
Q

Did George Herbert Mead support nature or nurture?

A

Nurture

Soc

36
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Family: can produce role models (good/bad) and social development of children begins here

Peers: become more important as children grow older

Schools: children are taught to interact, cooperate, work, comprehend

Religion: has declined as an agent. Provides unity and promotes values/ethics

37
Q

What are the three functions of language?

A

Identification- language is a sign of cultural background (ex. accents)

Integration- provides sense of identity with others; easier to exchange ideas=more social unity

Socialization- method people learn content of their culture; allows for second hand experience

38
Q

Principles of nonverbal communication

A

Multichanneled

Conveys emotions

Ambiguous- less clear than spoken word

May contradict verbal messages

Culture bound

39
Q

Channels of nonverbal communication

A

Personal space

Facial expression

Eye contact

Body language

Touch

Paralanguage

40
Q

Erik Erikson’s theory

A

Eight stages of psychological development

He sees development as a series of conflict resolution stages

41
Q

Did Erikson support nature or nurture?

A

Nurture

Psych

41
Q

Did Chomsky support nature or nurture?

A

Nature

Psych

43
Q

Chomsky’s theory

A

Innate acquisition theory: children are born with the ability to learn language

44
Q

Did Weber support nature or nurture?

A

Nature

Soc

Disagreed with Marx; believed human values affected how humans act

45
Q

What was Gilligan’s theory?

A

She developed three stages of moral development similar to Kohlberg’s but for women. She criticized his theory because he only used male subjects and believed females put more emphasis on empathy/compassion towards others

  1. Focus on survival
  2. Focus on goodness and self sacrifice
  3. Morality of non-violence
46
Q

Did Gilligan support nature or nurture?

A

Nature

Psych

SAP (2 decks)

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