Test 1-intro/chpt 1

Question 1

What is Charles Darwin known for?

Answer 1

Developing the evolution theory of natural selection.

Question 2

What are the components of natural selection?

Answer 2

1. More offspring are produced than will survive.
2. Offspring will have genetic variations.
3. Variations will effect the struggle for survival all species face.
4. Genetic variations most suitable to environment will survive and pass on.

Question 3

Who was Freud?

Answer 3

• He was a pioneer of psychology
• Believed a the discovery of patients’ past could help with their diagnosis.
• He used dream interpretation to

Question 4

What did Dart contribute to the social sciences?

Answer 4

He confirmed Africa is the birthplace of humanity’s ancestors when he found a 2 million year old child fossil in South Africa.

Question 5

What did Mendel do?

Answer 5

• He created theories of heredity through lea plant experiments.
• His theories could explain the evolution of humans from primates to sophisticated species

Question 6

What is anthropology?

Answer 6

The study of the lives and cultures of of human beings, alive or dead

Question 7

What are the two divisions of anthropology?

Answer 7

Physical-human evolution, biology and primates

Social/Cultural-origin, development and functioning of human cultures

Question 8

What does sociology study?

Answer 8

How groups and societies shape an individual.

AND

Takes what appears to be personal and shows the relation to larger issues.

Question 9

What are two sub fields of sociology?

Answer 9

Knowledge- how social/political ideas originate and affect people

Medicine- how medical care is organized/delivered in hospitals/other places

Question 10

What is psychology?

Answer 10

The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.

Question 11

What are two sub fields of psychology?

Answer 11

Behavioural- role of environment in shaping/controlling behaviour

Biological- role of biological processes/hereditary in explaining behaviour

Question 12

Why is the scientific method important?

Answer 12

It helps us remove natural bias from the facts.

Human behaviour can’t be understood by common sense but must be explained through tests and facts that are falsifiable.

Question 13

What is an ethic?

Answer 13

A theory or system of guiding principles; beliefs or rules of conduct.

Question 14

What is an ethic of critical thinking?

Answer 14

Knowledge is not fixed, but always subject to re-examination and change.

There is no question which cannot be asked, or shouldn’t be asked.

Awareness of, and empathy for alternative world views is essential.

There is need of tolerance for uncertainty.

There is need of a skeptical attitude towards text.

Question 15

What are the guidelines for ethical research?

Answer 15

Protection-psychological/physical

Informed consent-prior to research

Privacy-protected

Debriefing-if deception is necessary, must be informed immediately after

Approval-reviewed by uninvolved party to insure benefits outweigh risks

Question 16

What are research methods used by social scientists?

Answer 16

Experiments-cause and effect
Field Experiment-conducted in natural setting
Survey-to gather info about attitudes and thoughts of a sample group of people
Case Study-in-depth investigation of one person/group; starting point for research qs
Observation:
Structured-what to look for is predetermined
Unstructured-no predetermined ideas
Participant-researcher observes/participates
in group activity

Question 17

What makes us human according to sociologists?

Answer 17

Culture

Symbols, values, and norms are important to culture as they help shape the way a culture develops/evolves.

Question 18

What makes us human according to psychologists?

Answer 18

The cognitive process

Cognitive psychology studies the processes of memory, learning and thinking.

Question 19

What is the cognitive process?

Answer 19

Interpreting and manipulating mental ideas and images to obtain information, reason, and problem solve.

1. Encounter problem
2. Encode info
3. Infer possible relationships
4. Map info
5. Apply possible responses
6. Does answer work?
   a) yes-respond
   b) no-back to 5

Question 20

What is a concept?

Answer 20

Involves categorizing objects, events or people that share common characteristics.

They give us the ability to classify items generally.

Question 21

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 21

Applying general assumptions to specific cases.

Question 22

What makes us human according to anthropologists?

Answer 22

Human evolution

Question 23

What is conceptual thinking?

Answer 23

The formation of concepts involves classifying things together that share commonalities, allowing us to generalize and think complexly.

Question 24

What is sensory memory?

Answer 24

The momentary lingering of sensory info after a stimulus has been removed.

Question 25

What is short term memory?

Answer 25

Also called working memory

Contains the contents of your conscious awareness. It can hold info for longer than sensory but still loses info fairly quickly.
The capacity is usually about 7 items but can be enhanced through encoding (ex. chunking)

Question 26

What is long term memory?

Answer 26

Can store info indefinitely without active effort in limitless storage.

Question 27

What are the three basic processes of long term memory?

Answer 27

Encoding-refers to the process through which sensory info is converted into a memorable form.

Storage- refers to the way info is kept in memory for later recall

Retrieval- refers to the process of finding stored memories and making them available for use.

Question 28

What is Tulving’s model of memory?

Answer 28

Episodic-memories of personal experiences

Semantic-memory for facts

Procedural- how to do things

Question 29

What are the seven principles of memory?

Answer 29

1. Having multiple retrieval methods; encode in more than one way
2. Understand information to remember better
3. More shorter rehearsal periods than less long ones
4. Use memory/encoding strategies
5. Be in state of optimal arousal (medium)
6. Cues-number/type are critical
7. Learning context similar to retrieval context/environment

Question 30

Differences between primates and humans:

Answer 30

Physical-binocular vision, opposable thumbs

Social: children dependent on mothers

Question 31

What is culture?

Answer 31

The system of meanings, beliefs, values and practices shared by society/groups which severs as a source of the groups of identity

Question 32

Causes of cultural change:

Answer 32

• Changes in natural environment
• Changes in population demographic
• contact with other cultures