Test 2 (CHP 6-9) Flashcards
Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?
a. Growth of pubic hair
b. Development of breasts
c. Changes in the uterus
d. Sudden increase in height
Changes in the uterus
The most common nutritional concern in adolescence is _____
a. anorexia nervosa
b. sleep deprivation
c. bulimia nervosa
d. obesity
d. obesity
- Adolescents may grow to depend on drugs to cope with the stresses they encounter every day. This is known as _____
a. binge drinking
b. biological dependence
c. compensatory drug use
d. psychological dependence
b and d
_ is the most common sexually transmitted
a. syphillis
b. Human papilloma virus (HPV)
c. Chlamydia
d. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
infection.
c. Chlamydia
Fifteen-year-old Wyatt is able to solve the physics problem from class in abstract rather than in concrete terms. According to Piaget, Wyatt is now capable of ___
a. preoperational thought
b. formal operational thought
c. egocentrism
d. sensorimotor thought
b. formal operational
___ is the knowledge that
people
have
about
their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition.
a. Metacognition
b. Postformal thinking c. Egocentrism
d. Sensorimotor thought
a. metacognition
The unequal access that adolescents have to educational computers and technology, depending on their socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity, has been termed ____
a. the achievement gap
b. cyberbullying
c. the opportunity trap
d. the digital divide
the digital divide
Andrew plans to become a lawyer and is now studying hard to earn good grades so he can eventually enter law school. He has pursued this course largely because his father and mother are both prominent attorneys who always expected him to follow in their footsteps. According to James Marcia, Andrew is an example of _____
a. identity achievement
b. identity foreclosure
c. moratorium
d. identity diffusion
identity foreclosure
The people with whom adolescents compare themselves are referred to as ____
a. cliques
b. in-groups
c. crowds
d. reference groups
reference groups
People who feel they are trapped in the body of a person of the other gender are referred to as _____
a. homosexual
b. bisexual
c. transgender
d. intersexual
transgender
____ is the natural physical decline brought about by aging.
a. Maturation
b. Plasticity
c. Senescence
d. Lateralization
senescence
Researchers in the field of study the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors, and have found that stress can produce several outcomes.
a. psychoanalysis
b. chronic disease management
c. resilience analysis
d.psychoneuroimmunology
d. psychoneuroimmunology
Avoiding thinking about a stressful situation by drinking, taking drugs, or just denying the true nature of a situation are all examples of ___ coping.
a. defensive
b. problem-focused
c. secondary
d. somatic
defensive coping
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence suggests that intelligence is made up of three major components: ____
a. componential, experiential, and contextual
b. emotional, practical, and experiential
c. practical, social, and creative
d. creative, intuitive, and executive
compential, experiential, and contextual
Failing to identify oneself as successful in a certain academic domain such as math and science for women and academics in general for African Americans is known as ____
a. stereotype threat
b. academic dis-identification
c. inadequate orientation
d. bias stereotype
academic dis-identification
According to Erikson, adults spend their early adult years ____
a. consolidating careers
b. developing their identities
c. being industrious
d. developing relationships with others
d. developing relationships with others
___ love is the strong affection we have for those individuals with whom our lives are deeply involved.
a. Passionate
c. Intimate
b. Consummate
d. Companionate
companionate
When asked why they want to have children, most young adults cite ____ reasons.
a. personal
b. psychological
c. financial
d. societal
psychological
According to Vaillant, during young adulthood, individuals become centered on their careers. This stage is known as _____
a. career consolidation
b. life comprehension
c. professional attainment
d. career comprehension
career consolidation
The period of time that marks a woman’s transition from being able to bear children to not being able to do so is known as the ____
a. midlife transition
b. perimenopausal period
c. female climacteric
d. postpartum period
female climacteric
Which of the following is a direct physiological consequence of stress in middle adulthood?
a. Drug use or abuse
b. Failure to comply with medical advice
c. Cutting back on sleep
d. Decreased immune system response
decreased immune system response
Insecurity, extreme ambition, anxiety, and hostility put people at risk for heart attacks. This behavior is referred to as the ___ behavior pattern.
a. TypeA
b. Jekyll and Hyde
c. TypeB
d. hypertensive stress
type a behaviour pattern
Over the years, one of the types of intelligence that increases with age is ____ intelligence, or the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience.
a. emotional
b. crystallized
c. intrapersonal
d. naturalist
crystalized intelligence
Middle-aged individuals find it hard to pay attention to everything that is going on around them and often rely on ____ or mental shortcuts, to reduce the stress of remembering so many things.
a. schemas
b. theory of mind
c. naturalistic observation
d. memory
schemas
___ are formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered.
a. Mnemonics
b. Schemas
c. Perceptions
d. Heuristics
Mnemonics
According to the ____ model of personality development, individuals at different ages can experience the same emotional and personality changes because they have shared common occurrences in their lives.
a. normative-crisis
b. psychosexual
c. life events
d. self-understanding
life events
Couples who, in middle adulthood, need to take care of their aging parents and their children are often referred to by psychologists as the _____ generation.
a. boomer
b. betweener
c. sandwich
d. boomerang
sandwich
The stage of marital aggression in which the batterer expresses remorse and apologizes for the violence is
known as the ___
a. cycle of violence
b. acute battering
c. tension-building
d. loving contrition
loving contrition
____ aging involves universal and irreversible changes that, as a result of genetic programming, occur as people get older.
a. Secondary
b. Internal
c. Inactive
d. Primary
primary aging
The most common cause of blindness in people older than 60 is ____
a. age-related macular degeneration
b. cataracts
c. interlocular lens deterioration
d. glaucoma
age related macular degeneration (AMD)
Alzheimer’s disease, ______, leads to the deaths of 100,000 people every year in the United States and affects nearly half of all people older than age 85.
a. a degenerative cell disorder
b. a chronic hypertension condition
c. a progressive brain disorder
d. a neurocognitive immune condition
a progressive brain disorder
____ theories of aging suggest that our DNA contains a built-in time limit for reproduction of human cells.
a. Wear-and-tear
b. Life expectancy
c. Genetic programming
d. Chemical exposure
genetic programming theories of aging
One problem with conducting cross-sectional research on aging and cognition is that this method does not take into consideration the influences attributable to ____ growing up in a particular era.
a. genetic effects
b. environmental effects
c. cohort effects
d. religious effects
cohort effects
The relationship between environmental factors and intellectual skills suggests that with _____ older people can maintain their mental abilities.
a. stimulation, practice, and motivation
b. exercise, a kind spouse, and a flexible personality style
c. autobiographical memory, motivation, and prescription drugs
d. increased estrogen, exercise, and a cohort group
stimulation, practice and motivation
When it comes to autobiographical memories, older individuals, like younger individuals, follow the _____, in that they are more likely to remember pleasant memories.
a. saliency principle
b. semantic l effect
c. Pollyanna principle
d. positive effect
pollyanna principle
According to Erikson, individuals in late adulthood engage in looking back over their lives, evaluating their experiences and coming to terms with decisions. This is also known as ____
a. ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
b. acceptance versus disassociation
c. generativity versus stagnation
d. ego integrity versus despair
ego integrity vs. despair
After retiring from work, people often pass through a series of stages, including ____
a. honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, and termination
b. disorientation, dissatisfaction, reorientation, and acceptance
c. increased activity, confusion, recommitment, and termination
d. resentment, loneliness, reappraisal, and fulfillment
a. honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, and termination
The first stage of adjustment to the death of a spouse or partner is ____
a. adaptation
b. preparation
c. anger
d. bargaining
preparation
Describe the physical changes that adolescents experience.
Adolescence is a period of rapid physical growth, includ ing the changes puberty brings. Adolescents’ responses to puberty range widely-from confusion to increased self esteem. Both boys and girls face positive as well as nega tive consequences regarding early and late maturation.
Explain the relationship between brain develop- ment and cognitive growth in adolescents.
Changes in the brain during adolescence, including the ongoing development of the prefrontal cortex, bring sig nificant advances in cognitive abilities. For all its growth, though, the adolescent brain is not yet fully mature, lead ing to the conclusion that people younger than age 18 should not be subject to the death penalty.
Describe major threats to adolescents from substance use and abuse.
The use of illegal drugs and alcohol is prevalent among adolescents as a way to find pleasure, avoid pressure, or gain the approval of peers. Some drugs popular among adolescents are addictive, producing either a physical or a psychological dependence. Binge drinking is a prob lem for drinkers and those around them, causing brain damage in the drinker and irresponsible or dangerous behavior toward others. The negative health effects of tobacco use are well-established. Despite this, adolescents often smoke to enhance their image or to emulate adults.
Describe the dangers that adolescent sexual practices can present.
One out of four adolescents contracts an STI before grad uating from high school. AIDS is the most serious of the STis. Safe sex practices or abstinence can prevent AIDS, but adolescents often ignore these strategies.
Analyze Piaget’s account of adolescent cognitive development.
Adolescence corresponds to Piaget’s formal operations pe riod, a stage characterized by abstract reasoning and an ex perimental approach to problems. Because of their ability to reason abstractly, adolescents begin to question author ity and often become argumentative.
Explain the information processing view of adolescent cognitive development.
According to the information processing perspective, cognitive advances in adolescence are quantitative and gradual because many aspects of thinking and memory improve. Growth in metacognition enables the moni toring of thought processes and mental capacities. Adolescents are susceptible to egocentrism and the perception that their behavior is constantly observed by an imaginary audience. They are likely to construct personal fables about their uniqueness and immunity to harm.
Describe major factors that affect adolescent school performance.
Academic performance is linked in complex ways to socioeco nomic status, race, and ethnicity. Poorer performance by some groups of students is linked to lower socioeconomic status, which often leads to a lack of resources essential to learning. Both gender and ethnicity affect the incidence of dropping out, which is at a surprisingly high level in the United States.
Explain the nature and consequences of the use of media by adolescents.
Adolescents spend a large amount of time using digital media. There are both benefits and risks in this phenomenon. Benefits include increased access to information and culture; risks include access to inappropriate and harmful materials and behaviors. A key problem with the growing importance of media in schools is the inequality of access to computers and the Internet. Poorer adolescents and members of minor ity groups usually have less access than more affluent ado lescents and members of more advantaged groups.
Describe how adolescents develop their self-concept and self-esteem.
Self-concept grows more differentiated as the view of the self becomes more organized, broader, and more abstract, and takes account of the views of others. During this pe riod, adolescents develop both their self-concept and their self-esteem. Both gender and socioeconomic status affect the assessment of self-esteem.
Analyze diverse theoretical approaches to understanding identity formation.
Both Erikson’s identity-versus-identity-confusion stage and Marcia’s four identity statuses focus on the adoles cent’s struggle to determine an identity and a role in soci ety. Spirituality plays a role in many adolescents’ identity definition, as do race and ethnicity.
Explain why anxiety, depression, and suicide are important issues in adolescence.
Some adolescents experience anxiety disorders, which de velop when anxiety occurs without external justification, and it impacts normal, everyday functioning. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychological problem in adolescence. Other adolescents question their identity and self-worth, which can lead to feelings of confusion and depression. Depression affects girls more than boys. Although reasons for increased suicide rates among ado lescents are unclear, depression has been found to be one risk factor.
Analyze how the parent-child relationship changes during adolescence.
The search for autonomy may change relations between teenagers and their parents, temporarily creating conflict in some cases, but the generation gap is narrower than is generally thought.
Analyze the nature and importance of peer relationships during adolescence.
Peers, by providing social comparison and reference groups, enable adolescents to gauge appropriate behavior and attitudes. Cliques and crowds are particularly impor tant in this regard. Adolescents generally sort themselves into degrees of popularity, including popular, controver sial, rejected, and neglected adolescents. Racial separation increases in adolescence, bolstered by differences in socio economic status, academic experiences, and attitudes. Sex cleavage eventually dissolves as most teenagers join mixed gender cliques. Peer groups can create pressure among ad olescents to conform views and actions to those of others. Some adolescents may engage in criminal activity.
Describe the physical changes that occur in early adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical disabilities face.
By young adulthood, the body and the senses are at their peak, but growth still proceeds, particularly in the brain. People with physical disabilities face not only physi cal barriers but also psychological barriers caused by prejudice.
Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on gen eral health in early adulthood, and identify other health hazards for this age group.
Exercise and diet become important in young adulthood; even short time commitments to exercise and improved nutrition yield significant health benefits. Obesity is in creasingly a problem for this age group. Accidents present the greatest risk of death. In the United States, violence is also a significant risk during young adulthood, particu larly for non-white males.
Identify the origins of stress, and explain its consequences.
Our appraisal of the level of stress caused by an event or situation varies by individual temperament and circum stances. Origins of stress include: events that produce neg ative emotions; unexpected or uncontrollable situations; ambiguous or confusing events; and having to accomplish too many tasks simultaneously. Stress, which is healthy in small doses, can be harmful to the body and mind if it is fre quent or long lasting. Long-term exposure to stressors may cause deterioration in the heart, blood vessels, and other body tissues. Stress is linked to many common ailments.
Identify strategies for coping with stress.
Strategies for coping with stress include problem-focused cop ing, emotion-focused coping, and the use of social support. Using the relaxation technique can also be helpful. Another strategy, defensive coping, which relies on avoidance, can pre vent a person from dealing with the reality of the situation.
Identify and summarize the various approaches to postformal thinking.
Cognitive development continues i n young adulthood with the emergence of postformal thought, which goes relativistic thought during early adulthood. According toSchaie, people pass through five stages in the way they use information: **acquisitive, achieving, responsible, executive, and reintegrative. **
Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain how each affects the career success of young adults.
componenetial, experiential, and contextual.
New views of intelligence encompass the triarchic theory, practical intelligence, and emotional intelligence . People who score high on all three components of the triarchic theory of intelligence will be able to solve problems, use prior experience to cope with new situations, and adapt to the demands of the real world.
Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the college performance of women and students of color.
The phenomena of academic disidentification and stereo type threat help explain the lower performance of women and African Americans in certain academic domains. First generation college students may lack a clear understanding of the demands of college and may be less prepared for the work. First-year students may experience first-year adjust ment reaction, characterized by a cluster of psychological symptoms, including loneliness, anxiety, and depression.
Discuss the concept of emerging adulthood.
Emerging adulthood is a period between adolescence and adulthood that spans the third decade of life. Researchers and theorists increasingly believe that emerging adulthood is a distinct period.
Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by gender and culture.
Many factors go into choosing a spouse, including love and mutual attraction, which in some cultures are rated behind good health and maturity. Men tend to rate physical attractiveness in a partner more highly than women do. Women give high marks to ambition and industriousness in a partner. Evolutionary theories to account for these differences have been criticized. It may be that cross-cultural gender preferences reflect similar patterns of gender stereotyping. In general, the values applied to relationships by heterosexual, gay, and lesbian couples are more similar than different.
Describe the physical changes that affect people in middle adulthood.
People in middle adulthood experience gradual changes in physical characteristics and appearance. Weight gain can be controlled through regular exercise and a healthy diet. The acuity of the senses, particularly vision, hearing, and speed of reaction, decline slightly during middle age.
Analyze the changing nature of sexuality in middle adulthood.
Sexuality in middle adulthood changes slightly, but couples, freed from childbearing and parenting, can enjoy a new level of intimacy and pleasure. Physical changes affecting sexuality occur in both genders. Both the female climacteric, which includes menopause, and the male climacteric seem to have physical and perhaps psychological symptoms.
Describe the health of the average person in middle adulthood.
In general, middle adulthood is a period of good health, al though susceptibility to chronic diseases, such as arthritis, diabetes, and hypertension, increases. Stress continues to have a significant impact on health in middle adulthood, causing direct physiological effects, unhealthy lifestyle choices, and indirect effects on health-related behavior.
Describe risk factors and preventive measures for heart disease and cancer in middle adulthood.
Heart disease is a risk for middle-aged adults. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to heart disease, including the Type A behavior pattern. The precise causes of cancer are still unknown, but the process by which it spreads is clear. Therapies such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery can successfully treat cancer.
Analyze changes in the nature and use of intelligence in middle adulthood.
The question of whether intelligence declines in middle adulthood is complicated by limitations in cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. Intelligence appears to be divided into components, some of which decline, whereas others hold steady or even improve. In general, cogni tive competence in middle adulthood holds fairly steady despite declines in some areas of intellectual functioning. Many people develop strategies to optimize their intellec tual performance as they age, often concentrating on par ticular skill areas to make up for declines in other areas, a process called selective optimization with compensation. Expertise-the skill or knowledge acquired in a particular area-develops as people devote attention and practice to a subject or skill and, in so doing, gain experience.
Describe how aging affects memory and how memory can be improved.
long-term memory deficits are probably as a result of ineffective strategies of storage and retrieval. These formal strategies include getting organized, visualizing, rehearsing, paying attention, and using the encoding specificity phenomenon.
Explain varied perspectives on personality development during middle adulthood.
In normative-crisis models, people pass through age-related stages of development; life events models focus on how people change in response to various life events.
Analyze whether personality is stable or changes
over the life span.
Broad, basic personality characteristics are relatively stable. Specific aspects of personality do seem to change in response to life events. In general, people’s level of happiness remains relatively stable throughout life.
Analyze the effects and significance of changes
in family patterns in middle adulthood.
Family changes in middle adulthood include the departure of children. In recent years, the phenomenon of “boomerang children” has emerged. Middle-aged adults often have increasing responsibilities for their aging parents “Sandwich generation”.
Describe causes and characteristics of family violence
Abuse is more likely to occur in large families who are experiencing financial strain and for whom verbal aggression is common. Adults who experienced family violence as children are also more likely to be violent themselves. Marital violence tends to pass through three stages: tension building, an acute battering incident, and loving contrition.
Describe the myths and realities of aging.
Older people are often subject to ageism-prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age. Not all cultures view aging negatively. Elderly people are revered in Asian and Native American societies.
Summarize the physical changes that occur in old age.
Old age brings many physical transitions and internal changes. Outwardly, the hair may gray and thin. People may lose a few inches of height as the cartilage in the disks of the spine grows thinner. Internally, the respiratory and digestive systems grow less efficient. The brain shrinks and uses less oxygen, but the number of cells in the cortex may only drop minimally if at all. Reaction time slows with aging.
Explain how aging affects the senses.
Old age brings declines in vision, hearing, taste, and smell. The declines in the senses can have major psychological consequences.
Summarize the health problems elderly people experience, and list the factors that influence the state of a person’s health.
Most illnesses and diseases of late adulthood are not peculiar to old age; however, incidents of cancer and heart disease rise with age. People in late adulthood are also more prone to develop arthritis, hypertension, major neurocognitive disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Discuss the different theories of aging, and summarize the research to increase life expectancy.
Whether death is caused by genetic programming or by general physical wear and tear is an unresolved question. Life expectancy, which has risen for centuries, varies with gender, race, and ethnicity. New approaches to increasing life expectancy include telomere therapy, reducing free radicals through antioxidant drugs, restricting caloric intake, and replacing worn-out organs.
Identify the learning opportunities available to older adults, and describe their value to cognitive functioning.
Many public colleges also encourage senior citizens to enroll in classes. Exercising cognitive skills may help people keep their intellectual functioning sharp in late adulthood.
Define wisdom, and describe how it is associated with age.
Wisdom reflects the accumulation of knowledge related to human behavior. Because it is gathered through experience, it appears to be correlated with age.
