Test 1 (CHP 1-5) Flashcards
Use practice questions from these chapters and key terms
Define lifespan development?
the field of study that examines pat terns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span
What are the different age ranges and titles?
prenatal- conception to birth
infancy to toddler-birth to age 3
preschool period to early childhood- 3 to 6
middle childhood-6 to 12
adolescence-12 to 20
young adulthood-20 to 40
middle adulthood-40 to 60
late adulthood-60 to death
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
Race focuses on someones biological background. Whereas ethnicity focuses on culture, background, language etc.
Explain the role theories and hypotheses play in the study of development.
Theories are systematically derived explanations of facts or phenomena. Theories suggest hypotheses, which are predic tions that can be tested.
Contrast correlational and experimental research.
Correlational research seeks to identify an association or relationship between two factors. Experimental research is designed to discover causal relationships between vari ous factors. In experimental research, researchers deliber ately introduce a change in a carefully structured situation to see the consequences of that change.
Explain the types of studies and methods used in correlational research.
Correlational studies examine the relationship, or correla tion, between two factors without demonstrating causal ity. Correlational methods include naturalistic observation, ethnography, case studies, survey research, and psycho physiological methods.
- To make a prediction in such a way that permits it to be tested, one must make a(n) _____
a. theory
b. hypothesis
c. analysis
d. judgment
hypothesis
- A researcher stands near an intersection and writes down the time it takes for the lead driver to start up after the light turns green. The researcher records the gender and approximate age of the driver. This re- searcher is most likely engaged in ____
a. a case study
b. naturalistic observation
c. an ethnography
d. survey research
Case study
- In a(n) _______ , an investigator devises two conditions (treatment or control) and compares the out comes of the participants exposed to those two different conditions to see how behavior is affected.
a. experiment
b. correlational study
c. interview
d. naturalistic observation
correlational study
- In a research study, researchers are interested in measuring change in a single group of subjects over time.
a. correlational
b. cross-sectional
c. longitudinal
d. sequential
longitudinal
- The process that allows established neurons to build stronger networks and reduces unnecessary neurons during the first 2 years of life is called _____
a. hierarchical integration
b. independent plasticity
c. cephalocaudal modification
d. synaptic pruning
synaptic pruning
_____is the physical stimulation of the sense organs.
a. Perception
b. Crying
c. Crawling
d. Sensation
sensation
According to Piaget, children can move from one cognitive stage to another only when a child ____ and is exposed to relevant experiences.
a. is adequately nourished
b. is born with a genetic predisposition for learning
c. has constructed a mental sense of the world
d. reaches an appropriate level of physical maturation
has constructed a mental sense of the world
One theory, the ______ approach suggests that genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.
a. nativist
b. universal
c. learning theory
d. evolutionary
evolutionary
. When Darius bumped his knee on the table, he gazed at his mother to look at her reaction. When he saw that she was alarmed, he began crying. This is an example of ____
a. fear
b. anxiety
c. social referencing
d. self-awareness
social referencing
One way mothers can improve the likelihood of secure attachment in their children is to respond to their needs appropriately. Another name for this communication in which mothers and children match emotional states is ____
a. emotional matching
b. goodness of fit
c. interactional synchrony
d. environmental assessment
interactional synchrony
Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring in an individual are known as an individual’s ____
a. goodness-of-fit
b. temperament
c. personality
d. mood
temperment
During the preschool years, the two halves of the brain become more specialized in a process called ____
a. homogeneity
b. myelination
c. brain fusion
d. lateralization
lateralization
A major reason that motor skills develop so rapidly during the preschool years is that myelination of neurons increases in areas of the brain related to ____
a. balance and coordination
b. sensory perception
c. strength and endurance
d. cognitive growth
balance and coordination
One example of a fine motor skill is ____
a. hopping on one foot
b. cutting with scissors
c. throwing a ball accurately
d. climbing a ladder
cutting with scissors
According to Piaget, although preschool-age children begin to use symbolic thinking, they are not capable of or organized, logical mental processes that characterize school children.
a. operations
c. egocentric thought
b. transcendence
d. social interaction
operations
According to the information processing approach, memories of particular events occurring in one’s own life are known as ____
a. personal memory
b. explicit memory
c. autobiographical memory
d. cultural memory
autobiographical memory
Preschoolers are able to learn the meaning of words after only a brief encounter. This is known as
a. grammar
b. fast mapping
c. syntax
d. social speech
fast mapping
Montessori preschools are designed to create an environment that promotes ______ development.
a. social and cultural
b. cognitive and memory
c. artistic and creative
d. sensory, motor, and language
sensory, motor and language
According to Erikson, during the preschool years children face a key conflict relating to psychosocial development that involves the development of _____
a. morality
b. identity
c. initiative
d. trust
initiative
Five-year-old Kayla has been practicing her jump roping skills for the past 6 weeks so she can enter a contest at her school. After one afternoon of practice she tells her mother, “I am a terrific jump roper.” This statement is an example of Kayla’s increasing development of her ____
a. independence
b. self-concept
c. competitiveness
d. narcissism
self-concept
Which of the following characteristics is typical of a child who has permissive parents?
a. low self-control
b. independence
c. amiability
d. cooperativeness
low self control
According to theory, the factor that increases the likelihood that a preschooler will engage in prosocial behavior is his or her environment.
a. cognitive-behavioral
b. social learning
c. psychoanalytic
d. humanistic
psychoanalytic theory
One explanation for the advances in fine motor skills during middle school involves the increase in the amount of in the brain.
a. myelin
b. neurons
c. genes
d. gray matter
gray matter
When it comes to school-age children and injuries associated with accidents, which of the following statements is true?
a. The number of accidents occurring in the school age years is significantly fewer than in earlier years. b. There is no relationship between gender and the
prevalence of injuries associated with accidents.
c. Drowning is the most frequent cause of accidental death.
d. Boys are significantly more likely than girls to be injured.
boys are significantly more likely than girls to be injured
_______, the most common speech impairment, involves a substantial disruption in the rhythm and flu ency of speech.
a. Telegraphic speech
b. Stuttering
c. Protracted speech
d. Slow mapping
stuttering
Vygotsky proposed that cognitive advances take place when children are exposed to information within their
a. sphere of logic
b. zone of proximal development
c. region of metamemory
d. domain of control strategies
zone of proximal development
According to the ______ approach to reading,
reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills underlying reading. Examples include phonics and how letters and words are combined to make words.
a . whole-language
b. linguistic
c. code-based
d. dynamic
code-based approach
According to Steinberg’s triarchic theory of intelli gence, the three aspects of information processing are
a. contextual, referential, and crystallization
b. developmental, componential, and structural
c. experiential, experimental, and judgmental
d. componential, experiential, and contextual
componential, experiential and contextual
For children whose intelligence falls below the normal range, the recommendation from the Education for All Handicapped Children Act is that they be educated in
______environment.
a. a separate but equal
b. the most restrictive
c. the least restrictive
d. a needs-oriented
the least restrictive environment
As children develop a better self-understanding in middle childhood, they begin to view themselves less in terms of physical attributes and more in terms of their ____
a. familial relationships
b. psychological traits
c. environmental characteristics
d. motor skills
psychological traits
According to ______ , people pass through a series of six stages as their sense of justice and their level of reasoning evolves with age and cognitive development.
a. Freud c. Kohlberg b. Piaget d. Skinner
Kohlberg
A child’s response to divorce many include _____
a. schizophrenia, violent outbursts,and academic failure
b. increased anxiety, sleep disturbances, and depression
c. phobias, schizophrenia, and gender confusion
d. violent outbursts, depression, and self-mutilation
increased anxiety, sleep disturbances, and depression
Describe Piagets 6 stages of cognitive development?
Stage 1 (0-1 month): Simple reflex development like sucking, curling toes, smiling
Stage 2 (1-4 months): integrative actions, grabbing, staring, and touching.
Stage 3 (4-8 months): cognition outside of self, interacting with different items or people and examining different sounds, and sensory input.
Stage 4 (8-12 months): calculated actions, object permanence acquired, may push one toy out of the way for a different toy.
Stage 5 (12-18 months): desirable consequence, observe world around to see which actions gains the best result. Repeating action to get the most desirable result multiple times.
Stage 6 (18 months-2 years): beginning of thought, symbolic thought is developed, children can plot multiple trajectories in their head.
Describe Vygotsky’s theory on zones of proximal development and sociocultural theory?
Vygotsky saw children as apprentices, learning cognitive strategies and other skills from adult and peer mentors who not only present new ways of doing things, but also provide assistance, instruction, and motivation. Consequently, he focused on the child’s social and cultural world as the source of cognitive development.
A zone of proximal development refers to the level at which a child can almost, but not
fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent
Describe Erikson’s 8 stages to psychosocial development?
12-18 months: trust vs mistrust
18 months-3 years: autonomy vs. shame
3-5 years: initiative vs. guilt
6-12 years: industry vs. inferiority
13-18 years: identity vs. role diffusion
early adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation
middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
late adulthood: ego-integrity vs. despair
These develop during critical stages of life.
What is operant conditioning and behaviour modification?
Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.
Behaviour modification refers to a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
What is theory of the mind and development of self awareness?
their knowledge and beliefs about how the mind operates. Using their theory of mind, preschool children increasingly see the world from others’ per spectives. As this developes children are able to perceive themselves in the world around them and better identify what makes them who they are.
Explain the four styles of parenting and briefly describe them?
authoritarian parents:
parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is Jaw. They value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement
permissive parents:
parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children
authoritative parents:
parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way
uninvolved parents:
parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior
What is a hypothesis and why is it important for research?
hypothesis
a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.
Briefly describe how nature and nurture effect the developing fetus?
Summarize development in infancy
infants grow quickly in height, and weight. Infants cognitively develop based on nutrition, environment, and sensory input. Infants develop fine gross and motor skills to promote survival and bond with parents.
Summarize development in preschool years
Height and weight continue to increase rapidly. The brain grows larger, neural interconnections
continue to develop, and lateralization emerges.
Children show egocentric thinking (viewing world from their own perspective) and “centration,” a focus on only one aspect of a stimulus.
Memory, attention span, and symbolic thinking improve, and intuitive thought begins.
Language (sentence length, vocabulary, syntax, and grammar) improves rapidly.
Play becomes more constructive and cooperative,
and social skills become important.
Children develop self-concepts, which may be exaggerated.
Summarize development in middle childhood
Growth becomes slow and steady. Muscles develop, and “baby fat” is lost.
Gross motor skills (biking, swimming, skating, ball handling) and fine motor skills (writing, typing, fastening buttons) continue to improve. Children refer to psychological traits to define themselves. Sense of self becomes differentiated.
Children approach moral problems intent on maintaining social respect and accepting what society defines as right. Children apply logical operations to problems. Children can “decenter”-take multiple perspectives into account.
Memory encoding, storage, and retrieval improve, and control strategies (meta-memory) develop.
What is piagets theory on moral development?
moral development
the changes in people’s sense ofjus tice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues. Piaget proposed that moral development occurs in 2 stages.
5-10: heteronomous stage
11-12: autonomous stage
List the four attachment styles and briefly describe?
secure attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they be come upset and go to her as soon as she returns
avoidant attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior
ambivalent attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers
disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern
a style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often
contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her
