Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Test 2: Chapters 5-8 > Flashcards

Test 2: Chapters 5-8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Neutrophil

A

Glandular; first to respond to infection

Phagocytes- eating cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Mutation caused misfolding of hemoglobin

Collapses RBCs to sickle cell shape; more likely to rupture

Pain, clotting, anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eosinophil

A

Glandular; not sure of role, increase of numbers during allergy reaction

Worm infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Basophil

A

Glandular; release histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Agrandular; responsible for specific immunity response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Monocyte

A

Agrandular; largest size; phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SCID: severe combined immunodeficiency disease

A

Missing enzyme leads to no lymphocytes

Cannot fight infections

Treat with injections or bone marrow transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of white blood cells

Overproduction but lack of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Viral infection of lymphocytes

Remains in body for rest of life and can regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood clotting

A

Steps to stop blood flow after damage

Constrict vessel
Plug hole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ventricular systole

A

The ventricles contract and AV valves close while the SL valves open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atrial Systole

A

Atria contract and ventricles relaxed and AV valves open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atrium

A

Inflow

Left-from lungs

Right-from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous sac in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Systematic circuit

A

Oxygen rich blood is sent to the body and returns depleted

Left side of the heart
Aorta
Superior and inferior vena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Venules

A

Smaller veins

Same 3 layers but much less muscle and connective tissue

Valves prevent back flow which can expand more
70% of blood in veins at one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Atrioventricular

A

Between the atria and the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The build up of plaque

Can lead to many clots
Increased blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller arteries with less elastic tissue

Control of blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body’s ability to maintain constancy of internal environment

Maintained by negative feedback mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart and blood vessels circulate blood around body in a continued loop

Heart contracts to generate movement
Vessels transport between body and heart
Lymphatic system helps by returning fluids to blood from tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Aneurysm

A

Ballooning of blood vessels

Harmful when it bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Less than 1% blood volume
Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Capillaries

A 
Very small 
Site of exchange with tissues
Only endothelium (very thin walls) 
Large branched networks or "beds" 
Control flow using pre capillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
45% blood volume
Oxygen transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets
Less than 1% blood volume
Blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Stroke

A

When blood flow to brain is blocked core arteriole ruptures and part of the brain dies from lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue with cellular elements suspended in liquid matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transport- oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
Protection- immune system and clotting
Regulation- Ph and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth lining layer to reduce friction in the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Oxygen poor blood sent to lungs and returns enriched

Right side of heart
Pulmonary artery and vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 layers of the arteries?

A

Endothelium lining
Smooth muscle with elastic tissue
Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Plasma

A

Straw colored liquid
55% of blood volume
Mostly water (91%)
Mainly solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the proteins of plasma?

A

Albumins- water balance
Globulins- transport and antibodies
Fibrinogen- clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Heart attack

A

When blood flow to heart is blocked and part of the muscle dies from lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Ventricle

A

Output
Left-to body
Right-to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

RBCs

A

Made in bone marrow

No nucleus when mature
Live 120 days(destroyed in liver and spleen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Low platelet count

A

Bleeding, bruises, nosebleeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hemophilia

A

Genetic disorder where one clotting factor deficient

Bleeding never clots
Now treat with injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Blood clots

A

Thrombus formation (stationary)
Embolus (moving)
Danger when blood flow is blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Blood types

A

Genetically determined

Glycoproteins on cell surface recognized as antigens in other bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The digestive system

A

Functions to break down ingested substances

Provides body with energy and building blocks

45
Q

The digestive tract

A

Ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, and elimination

46
Q

What are the four tissue layers of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa- inner mucous membrane layer modified according to the digestive organ
Submucosa- broad band of loose conn. tissue that contains nerves, blood, and lymphatic system
Lumen-central space
Muscularis- 2 layers of smooth muscle
Serosa-thin outer most tissue

47
Q

The mouth

A

Teeth- start digestion with tear and grind
Salivary Glands-release saliva -water, mucus, amylase enzyme
Tongue-control of food movement to swallow -taste buds

48
Q

The stomach

A

A sac with 3 layers
Functions:
Food storage, liquefaction, protein digestion

49
Q

Pharynx and esophagus

A

Voluntary and involuntary components to swallowing
Esophagus conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach
(Peristalsis)

50
Q

Stomach digestion

A

Mechanical-muscle movement

Chemical-gastric glad secretions

51
Q

Gastric glands in mucosa secrete…

A

Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Pepsin-breaks down proteins
Intrinsic factor-for later vitamin B absorption

52
Q

Chyme

A

The product of liquefaction

Released into limited amounts into small intestine

53
Q

Stomach disorders

A

Heartburn-gastric juices in esophagus

Ulcer-damage to lining by acid, bacterial cause

54
Q

Small intestine

A

Primary site of chemical digestion and absorption

3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

55
Q

Why is there large surface area in the small intestine?

A

Folded mucosa, Villa and cell projections (microvilli)

56
Q

Bile

A

Produced by liver, stored by gall bladder
Delivered to duodenum in small intestine
Breaks down fats

57
Q

How is blood carried from the intestines to the liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein

Many liver functions (glucose levels, toxin processing, urea production)

58
Q

Hepatic veins

A

Carry blood to the rest of the circulatory system

59
Q

Gallstones

A

Precipitated cholesterol from bile

60
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of liver

61
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Building up of fat, then scar tissue

Can be caused by alcoholism

62
Q

Large Intestine

A 
Parts: 
Cecum 
Colon-ascending, transverse, descending 
Rectum
Anal Canal
63
Q

Whats absorbed in the large intestine?

A

90% remaining water
Na+ and K+
Vitamins from bacteria
-K and B complex -importance of intestinal microbial community

64
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Mucosa pushes through other layers; pouched may get inflamed

65
Q

IBD

A

Inflammatory bowel disease in submusosa; diarrhea, pain, fever, weight loss

66
Q

IBS

A

Irritable bowel syndrome- pain, constipation, diarrhea associated with muscularis

67
Q

Appendicitis

A

inflammation of appendix

Complications when it ruptures

68
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Enlarged and inflamed blood vessels of anus

69
Q

Colon Cancer

A

Often caught when detect precancerous polyps with colonoscopy

70
Q

What makes a healthy diet?

A

Average 2400 calories (1900-2900)
Complex carbs (60%), Fats (25%), and Protein (15%)
Sufficient vitamins, iron, and other micro-nutrients
Sufficient water

71
Q

What kind of lipids are found in food?

A

mostly triglycerides
saturated vs. unsaturated
hydrogenation

72
Q

What are lipids needed for?

A 
Efficient energy storage 
Insulation
Cushioning 
Components of cell membranes, myelin sheath, bile, hormones
Absorption of lipid soluble vitamins
Lubrication (Skin Oil)
73
Q

Proteins

A

Essential amine acids cant be manufactured by the body

Need to eat complete proteins

74
Q

Vitamins and Minerals

A

Needed in small amounts to promote and regulate to body’s chemical reactions

  • often co-enzymes
  • health problems from deficiencies and excess
  • water soluble vs. fat soluble
75
Q

Microbes

A

Everywhere but not all cause disease

76
Q

What are the different kinds of microbes?

A

Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes
Viruses-DNA or RNA with protein coat, sometimes extra envelope
Protozoans-Single celled eukaryotes
Fungi
Worms
Prions-Infectious proteins;change protein folding

77
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Plays an important role in protecting our body from pathogens.

78
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Return excess tissue fluid to blood
Absorb fats from small intestines and deliver to blood
Produces, maintains, and distributes LYMPHOCYTES
Defense against pathogens

79
Q

What are the parts of the lymphatic system?

A

Vessels and Organs

80
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A

Capillaries
Vessels -Similar to veins in structure including valves
Ducts -empty into subclavian veins
Fluid is called LYMPH

81
Q

Lymphatic organs (Primary)

A

Primary
-red bone marrow produces blood cells (lymphocytes)
(B and T cells)
-thymus gland- hormone production and maturation of T cells

82
Q

Lymphatic organs (secondary)

A 
Spleen
-filter blood of pathogens and debris (like dead RBCs)
Lymph nodes 
-filter lymph of pathogens and debris 
-tonsils in the throat
83
Q

First line of defense- Barriers to entry

A 
Skin and Mucous Membrane 
-difficult to penetrate 
-shedding 
-Cilia 
Chemicals 
-Acidity 
-Sticky Mucous 
-Antibacterials 
-Fluids (flushing out)
Bacteria 
-Competition and chemicals released
84
Q

Second line of defense: Inflammation

A

Four Steps
Damage to capillary- release histamine and mast cells
-Dilates vessels, increase blood flow, and capillary permeability. -redness, heat, swelling -pain from pressure
-Macrophages engulf pathogens and stimulate inflammation further
-blood flow brings more WBCs
-Clot forms
block damage site and prevents blood loss

85
Q

Complement System

A 
Group of plasma proteins 
Multiple roles 
-stimulate inflammation 
-attract phagocytes 
(Complement the immune system)
86
Q

Third of defense

A 
Protection that involves detecting, destroying, and remembering particular pathogens 
Antigens-identify 
Lymphocytes-receptors bound to antigens 
2 major pathways 
B Cells (Antibody mediated)
T Cells (Cell Mediated)
87
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A

Uses B cells

Attack antigens in body fluid or on surface of cells

88
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Present antigens to helper T cells

89
Q

Plasma cells secrete…

A

Antibodies

90
Q

Antibodies

A 
Y shaped proteins that bind to specific antigens 
Cause clumping 
Promote
-inflammation
-phagocytes 
-complement system
91
Q

Cytotoxic Tcells

A

Punch holes and inject deadly chemicals
Destroy antigen-bearing cells
(cell death)

92
Q

Memory Cells

A

Immunological memory gives more rapid response if/when next exposure to the antigen

93
Q

Active Immunity

A

Antibodies made by own body (long term)

-Vaccines

94
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Antibodies from another source (Temporary)

  • Pregnancy/nursing
  • Injections
95
Q

Allergies

A

Immune responses to harmless substances

  • histamine release gives inflammation, runny nose, watery eyes.
  • constrict lungs
96
Q

Anaphylatic Shock

A

Allergy reaction that causes sudden drop in blood pressure

-can lead to unconsciousness and death

97
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A

Immune system that attacks the body’s own cells
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lupus-anti DNA antibodies
Multiple Sclerosis- T cells attack myelin sheath

98
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

HIV consists of RNA and enzymes encased in a protein coat

Sites: Immune system and Brain

99
Q

HIV enters the cell

A

Helper T cells or macrophage

-attachment, fusion, entry

100
Q

Transcription

A

Rewrites RNA as DNA (HIV/AIDS)

101
Q

Integration

A

Inserts DNA into the host chromosomes

-HIV/AIDS

102
Q

Replication of HIV/Aids

A

Biosynthesis, assembly,budding

103
Q

Acute Phase of HIV

A

Initial infection

  • some have flu like symptoms
  • 25 days to detectable
104
Q

Chronic Phase of HIV

A

Initial disease symptoms
-yeast infections, diarrhea, recurrent fever, shingles, tongue sores, coughs, swollen lymph nodes

Tcell levels drop (immune failure)

105
Q

AIDS

A

CD4 T cells drop bellow diagnosis threshold or develop AIDS

106
Q

Treatments for HIV/AIDS

A

Keep viral load low
multi-drug therapies most successful
research in progress on preventative and therapeutic vaccines

107
Q

Why is it hard to create a vaccine for HIV/AIDS

A

High mutation rates
Variety of strains
HIV targets immune system and hides there

108
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Caused by bacteria
Spread through air-borne droplets- can remain in air for several hours
affects lungs- cough, chest pain,loss of appetiite, chills, fever

109
Q

Malaria

A

Caused by a single-celled protist (plasmodium)
Mosquitoes
Infects RBCs
-flu like symptoms

Biology 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions