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Biology 1 > Chapter 13: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

Signal generators and conductors

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2
Q

Neuorglia

A

Support and nourish neurons

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3
Q

Neuron Types

A

Sensory, motor, and interneuron

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4
Q

Neuron Parts

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axons.

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Special neurogila cells called SCHWANN CELLS in peripheral nerves. Develops when these cells wrap themselves around an axon many times.

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6
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps where there is no myelin sheath.

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7
Q

Function of Myelin Sheath

A

Speed up signal transmission. Located on long axons

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8
Q

Nerve Signals

A

Within cell is electrical. Voltage comes from charge difference across membrane. Ions have charge and may cross membrane.

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9
Q

Steps of Nerve Impulse

A
  1. Resting cell ready to “fire”
  2. Action Potential (starts when threshold crossed)
  3. Gated channels open
  4. Depolarization
  5. Repolarization
  6. Refactory Period
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10
Q

Step one of nerve impulse: Resting neuron

A

Charge difference (inside membrane is more negative than outside), Na+ ions more outside than the inside, and K+ ions are more on the inside than the outside.

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11
Q

Step two of nerve impulse: Action potential

A

Wave of membrane depolarization followed by repolarization
Cell is stimulated
Threshold must be reached, then cell “fires”
Gated Na+ channels open
(All or nothing signal)

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12
Q

Step 3 of nerve impulse: Gated Na+ Channels open

A

Na+ enters the cell

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13
Q

Step 4 of nerve impulse: Depolarization

A

Inside of membrane becomes positively charged

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14
Q

Step 5 of nerve impulse: Repolarization

A

Returns charge difference. K+ channels open and K+ leaves cell. Causes gates to open in next channel. Signal moves as a wave down the nerve.

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15
Q

Restoration

A

Na+/ K+ pump uses energy to slowly return ions to original concentrate in and out of the cell.

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16
Q

Step 6 of nerve impulse: Refractory Period

A

Short length of time when cell cannot fire again

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17
Q

Frontal Part of the Brain

A

Primary motor area, speech, and prefrontal cortex.

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18
Q

Parietal Part of the Brain

A

Primary sensory area, taste

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19
Q

Temporal Part of the Brain

A

Language understanding, hearing, and olfaction

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20
Q

Occipital Part of the Brain

A

Vision and visual association

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21
Q

Nerve Signals

A

signals between cells are biochemical

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22
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between neurons consisting of the axon membrane, and the synaptic cleft

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23
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cleft membranes of a synapse

24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical stored at the ends of axons that is responsible for transmission across a synapse. Binds to receptors in receiving cell membrane

25
Q

Exciting

A

Open Na+ channels, increase chance of reaching action potential threshold

26
Q

Inhibiting

A

Decrease change of action potential, make resting potential even more negative charge.

27
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Integrates and coordinates all nervous functions. Brain & spinal cord
Protected by Bones, Meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (shock absorbing, support, nourishment.)

28
Q

Grey matter

A

Neurons with nonmyelinated fibers

29
Q

White Matter

A

Neurons with myelinated axons

30
Q

Outer layer of the brain

A

Cerebral Cortex

31
Q

Thalamus

A

Visual, auditory, and somatosensory information arrives here. Integrates and sends information into the appropriate parts in the cerebrum.

32
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Essential to homeostasis. Regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temperature, and water balance.

33
Q

Cerebellum

A

Sensory-motor coordination. (posture and balance)

34
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Control of automatic functions (ex: breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure)

35
Q

Pons

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord

36
Q

Lymbic System

A

Based on function not anatomy, emotional brain

37
Q

RAS (Reticular Activating System)

A

Filters sensory input, activating center for cerebral cortex

38
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Tube of neural tissue that is mostly white matter with grey in the center. Spinal nerves branch off to rest of the body

39
Q

Functions of the spinal cord

A

Transmits messages to and from the brain, reflex center.

40
Q

Reflex Center

A

Circuit faster than to brain. Receptor  sensory nerve  spinal grey matter interneuron  motor neuron  effector (e.g. muscle)

41
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves and ganglia (clusters of neurons & associated fibers) in rest of body, spinal cord and spread (groups of both sensory and motor nerves)

42
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Sensory and voluntary motor functions

43
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary, automatic functions.

44
Q

Sympathetic

A

Activation for emergency or stress

45
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Relaxed everyday functioning

46
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Many chemicals affect the Central Nervous System. Mimic, block, or promote actions of neurotransmitters.

47
Q

Alchohol

A

Depressant, short term relaxation, inhibition lowering, loss of coordination and concentration, slurred speech. Long term damage to brain and liver tissues.

48
Q

Heroin

A

Depressant, highly addictive opiate drug that blocks pain, caused euphoria, and clouds mental functions. Death by convulsions or respiratory arrest common.

49
Q

Cocaine

A

Stimulant, affects dopamine uptake, giving energy and rush. Sleeplessness, tremors, crashing, and depression, increased cardiac and respiratory arrest .

50
Q

Headaches

A

Pain in muscles (e.g. tension headache) or blood vessels & meninges (e.g. migraine)

51
Q

Stroke

A

Damage when the brain is deprived of blood

52
Q

Epilepsy

A

Seizures due to excessive and abnormal cortical nerve cell activity in the brain. Different kinds of seizures, depending on amount & part of brain affected.

53
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Progressive destruction of myelin sheath in brain & spinal cord cells. SCLEROSES – hardened scars left behind. Short circuits or prevents nerve signals.Many losses of function (e.g. paralysis e.g. loss of senses like touch or vision).

54
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Loss of cells and Acetylcholine

55
Q

Depression

A

Primary lack of serotonin. Also lack of Dopamine and Norepinephrine

56
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Loss of dopamine

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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