Test 2: Chapters 4,5,6

Question 1

The greatest health risk for preschoolers

Answer 1

an injury or illness

Question 2

Making the environment safe for preschoolers

Answer 2

by removing (not just hiding) weapons such as guns, razors, scissors, medication, and other potentially dangerous items.

Question 3

When does handedness show in a child

Answer 3

Preschool period: age 3-6 years old but can start favoring one hand at 7 months.

Question 4

What is Piaget’s stage of cognitive development for preschoolers called?

Answer 4

Preoperational stage: Stage from 2-7 years old in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows mental reasoning emerges and the use of concepts increase.

Question 5

According to Piaget, what is a preschool child’s major advancement (having to do with symbols)?

Answer 5

Preoperational stage: the stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.

Question 6

Egocentric thought:

Answer 6

Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others

Question 7

Centration:

Answer 7

The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects.

Question 8

Conservation

Answer 8

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of object.

Question 9

Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

Answer 9

Zone of Proximal Development is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.
Scaffolding is the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

Question 10

Private Speech

Answer 10

Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

Question 11

Fast-Mapping

Answer 11

Instance in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.

Question 12

How much time per week do preschools watch TV?

Answer 12

21 hours

Question 13

What % of preschoolers (between 4 and 6 years old) have used a computer?

Answer 13

70%

Question 14

TV and young preschoolers (up to 2 years old)- how much TV watching is recommended?

Answer 14

It is recommended that children up to 2 years old want no television.

Question 15

Erikson’s name for the preschool-aged child’s stage of development?

Answer 15

They move from the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage to the initiative-versus-guilt stage.

Question 16

Collectivists orientation

Answer 16

a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence. Individuals tend to regard themselves as part of a large social network, in which they are interconnected with and responsible to others.

Question 17

Individualists orientation

Answer 17

A philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. Emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual, seeing themselves as self contained and autonomos, in competition with others for scarce resources.

Question 18

Gender Identity

Answer 18

the perception of oneself as male or female.

Question 19

Gender Schema

Answer 19

a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender.

Question 20

Authoritarian parents

Answer 20

Parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. They value stricts, unquestion-ing obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement.

Question 21

Permissive parents

Answer 21

parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children

Question 22

Authoritative parents

Answer 22

parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way.

Question 23

How are most 5 – 9 yr olds killed?

Answer 23

Automobile accidents

Question 24

How many kids have psychological disorders that impact their lives?

Answer 24

One in five children and adolescents have a psychological disorder.

Question 25

What is the most common speech problem?

Answer 25

Stuttering

Question 26

What is a Learning Disability

Answer 26

difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities.

Question 27

ADHD

Answer 27

A learning disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity.

Question 28

Piaget’s term for cognitive development between 7 and 12

Answer 28

Concrete operational stage: the period of cognitive development; which is characterized by the active and appropriate and use of logic

Question 29

Decentration

Answer 29

The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account.

Question 30

Reversibility

Answer 30

The notion that transformations to a stimulus can be reversed.

Question 31

Working Memory

Answer 31

Working memory is also known as short-term memory

Question 32

IQ

Answer 32

Intelligence quotient (IQ) score: a score that accounts for a student’s mental and chronological age.

Question 33

The term for Erikson’s stage of development for 6 - 12 year olds

Answer 33

The industry-versus-inferiority stage

Question 34

Children’s self-esteem and parenting style (can you improve a child’s self-esteem by using a specific type of parenting style?)

Answer 34

Having an authoritative parenting style can help improve a child’s self esteem.

Question 35

Kolberg’s moral development

Answer 35

It has a three-level sequence and further subdivided into six stages.
The lowest level, preconventional morality(stage 1and 2): People follow rigid rules based on punishments or rewards
The next level, conventional morality(stage 3 and 4), people approach moral problems as good, responsible members of society.
The final level is using postconventional morality (stage 5and 6) invoke universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of their particular society.
Kohlberg’s theory proposes that people more through the stages in a fixed order and are unable to reach the highest stages until adolescence because of deficits in cognitive development before then.

Question 36

Age Growth spurt in girls vs boys

Answer 36

Growth spurts in girls start at age 10 and boys start at age 12.

Question 37

Primary vs secondary sex characteristics

Answer 37

primary sex characteristics are characteristics associated with the development of the organs and strucutres of the body that directly relate to reproducation where secondary sex charateristics are the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs.

Question 38

Bulimia

Answer 38

an eating disorder characterized by binge on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives.

Question 39

Anorexia

Answer 39

A severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary.

Question 40

How much sleep do teens need?

Answer 40

9 hours

Question 41

What is Piaget’s cognitive developmental stage for teens?

Answer 41

Formal Operational Stage: the period at which people develop the ability to think abstractly.

Question 42

Egocentrism

Answer 42

a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one’s own point of view

Question 43

Personal Fable

Answer 43

The view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.

Question 44

Imaginary Audience

Answer 44

An adolescents’s belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of others’ attention and concerns.

Question 45

What is Erickson’s stage of development called for teens?

Answer 45

identity-versus-identity-confusion: The period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves.

Question 46

James Marcia’s stages of Identity formation

Answer 46

Identity achievement
Identity foreclosure
Moratorium
Identity diffusion

Question 47

Identity achievement

Answer 47

The status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives.

Question 48

Identity foreclosure

Answer 48

The statues of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequate exploring alternatives.

Question 49

Moratorium

Answer 49

The states of adolescents who may have explored variou identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves.

Question 50

Identity diffusion

Answer 50

the status of adolescents who consider identity options in any conscious way.

Question 51

Teen suicide

Answer 51

in the United States has tripled in the last 30 years. One teenage suicide occurs every 90 minutes, for an annual rate of 12.2 suicides per 100,00 adolescents.