Test 2: Chapters 4,5,6 Flashcards

1
Q

The greatest health risk for preschoolers

A

an injury or illness

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2
Q

Making the environment safe for preschoolers

A

by removing (not just hiding) weapons such as guns, razors, scissors, medication, and other potentially dangerous items.

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3
Q

When does handedness show in a child

A

Preschool period: age 3-6 years old but can start favoring one hand at 7 months.

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4
Q

What is Piaget’s stage of cognitive development for preschoolers called?

A

Preoperational stage: Stage from 2-7 years old in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows mental reasoning emerges and the use of concepts increase.

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5
Q

According to Piaget, what is a preschool child’s major advancement (having to do with symbols)?

A

Preoperational stage: the stage from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.

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6
Q

Egocentric thought:

A

Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others

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7
Q

Centration:

A

The process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects.

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8
Q

Conservation

A

The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of object.

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9
Q

Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky)

A

Zone of Proximal Development is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent.
Scaffolding is the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth

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10
Q

Private Speech

A

Speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

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11
Q

Fast-Mapping

A

Instance in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter.

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12
Q

How much time per week do preschools watch TV?

A

21 hours

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13
Q

What % of preschoolers (between 4 and 6 years old) have used a computer?

A

70%

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14
Q

TV and young preschoolers (up to 2 years old)- how much TV watching is recommended?

A

It is recommended that children up to 2 years old want no television.

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15
Q

Erikson’s name for the preschool-aged child’s stage of development?

A

They move from the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage to the initiative-versus-guilt stage.

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16
Q

Collectivists orientation

A

a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence. Individuals tend to regard themselves as part of a large social network, in which they are interconnected with and responsible to others.

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17
Q

Individualists orientation

A

A philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual. Emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual, seeing themselves as self contained and autonomos, in competition with others for scarce resources.

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18
Q

Gender Identity

A

the perception of oneself as male or female.

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19
Q

Gender Schema

A

a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender.

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20
Q

Authoritarian parents

A

Parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. They value stricts, unquestion-ing obedience from their children and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement.

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21
Q

Permissive parents

A

parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children

22
Q

Authoritative parents

A

parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way.

23
Q

How are most 5 – 9 yr olds killed?

A

Automobile accidents

24
Q

How many kids have psychological disorders that impact their lives?

A

One in five children and adolescents have a psychological disorder.

25
Q

What is the most common speech problem?

A

Stuttering

26
Q

What is a Learning Disability

A

difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities.

27
Q

ADHD

A

A learning disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity.

28
Q

Piaget’s term for cognitive development between 7 and 12

A

Concrete operational stage: the period of cognitive development; which is characterized by the active and appropriate and use of logic

29
Q

Decentration

A

The ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account.

30
Q

Reversibility

A

The notion that transformations to a stimulus can be reversed.

31
Q

Working Memory

A

Working memory is also known as short-term memory

32
Q

IQ

A

Intelligence quotient (IQ) score: a score that accounts for a student’s mental and chronological age.

33
Q

The term for Erikson’s stage of development for 6 - 12 year olds

A

The industry-versus-inferiority stage

34
Q

Children’s self-esteem and parenting style (can you improve a child’s self-esteem by using a specific type of parenting style?)

A

Having an authoritative parenting style can help improve a child’s self esteem.

35
Q

Kolberg’s moral development

A

It has a three-level sequence and further subdivided into six stages.
The lowest level, preconventional morality(stage 1and 2): People follow rigid rules based on punishments or rewards
The next level, conventional morality(stage 3 and 4), people approach moral problems as good, responsible members of society.
The final level is using postconventional morality (stage 5and 6) invoke universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of their particular society.
Kohlberg’s theory proposes that people more through the stages in a fixed order and are unable to reach the highest stages until adolescence because of deficits in cognitive development before then.

36
Q

Age Growth spurt in girls vs boys

A

Growth spurts in girls start at age 10 and boys start at age 12.

37
Q

Primary vs secondary sex characteristics

A

primary sex characteristics are characteristics associated with the development of the organs and strucutres of the body that directly relate to reproducation where secondary sex charateristics are the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs.

38
Q

Bulimia

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives.

39
Q

Anorexia

A

A severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance, which may become skeletal, are out of the ordinary.

40
Q

How much sleep do teens need?

A

9 hours

41
Q

What is Piaget’s cognitive developmental stage for teens?

A

Formal Operational Stage: the period at which people develop the ability to think abstractly.

42
Q

Egocentrism

A

a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one’s own point of view

43
Q

Personal Fable

A

The view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.

44
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

An adolescents’s belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of others’ attention and concerns.

45
Q

What is Erickson’s stage of development called for teens?

A

identity-versus-identity-confusion: The period during which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves.

46
Q

James Marcia’s stages of Identity formation

A

Identity achievement
Identity foreclosure
Moratorium
Identity diffusion

47
Q

Identity achievement

A

The status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives.

48
Q

Identity foreclosure

A

The statues of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequate exploring alternatives.

49
Q

Moratorium

A

The states of adolescents who may have explored variou identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves.

50
Q

Identity diffusion

A

the status of adolescents who consider identity options in any conscious way.

51
Q

Teen suicide

A

in the United States has tripled in the last 30 years. One teenage suicide occurs every 90 minutes, for an annual rate of 12.2 suicides per 100,00 adolescents.