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Advanced Grammar > Test 2 (Chapters 1-6) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapters 1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the notion of parts of speech unreliable?

A

We can’t memorize the specific parts of speech categories because they change based on usage.

“Look UP a word”

Run UP the hill”

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2
Q

Why is the list of parts of speech variable?

A

It varies because people come to the language from different backgrounds.

“To fire someone”

“Start a fire”

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3
Q

Finite vs. Nonfinite

A

A finite verb carries tense, a nonfinite verb does not.

In the sentence, “Austin has carried books before”

“Has” is finite

“Carried”is nonfinite

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4
Q

Differentiate between a verb phrase and a verb particle

A

A verb phrase is a sequence of words that occur together to form 1 verb function

ex– Karen (has been baking) cakes all day.

A verb particle is a word that is locked into another word to constitute another meaning

ex–(look up) something

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5
Q

How do prepositions appear alone?

A

They appear alone in phrases.

“this is the book I was talking about”

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6
Q

Deontic modals

A

obligation, permission

“You must leave now”

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7
Q

Epistemic modals

A

ability, speculation, knowledge

“I can run a six minute mile”

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8
Q

Constituency

A

refers to membership in a hierarchical syntactic group

Prep Phrase constituent of NP Subject

DO constituent of a VP Predicate

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9
Q

Intensifier

A

constituent of a verb

“too much”

“very little”

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10
Q

Intransitive Verb

A

Action verb with no direct object

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11
Q

Linking Verb

A

If you can substitute the word for “seems” it is a linking verb

“The president LOOKED weary.

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12
Q

Transitive Verbs

A

action verbs with a direct object

“The boy swatted the fly”

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13
Q

Vg Verbs

A

Transitive verbs that can be replaced with the word “give”

must have a DO and IO

Don BOUGHT Mary a rose.

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14
Q

Vc Verbs

A

Transitive verb that can be replaced with the word “consider”

Many people BELIEVE vanilla to be the best flavor.

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15
Q

BE Verbs

A

am is are was were be being been

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16
Q

Adverbs

A

characterize the conditions or circumstances of actions or events

Adverb of Manner- tells how

Adverb of Duration- tells how long

Adverb of Reason- Explains why

Adverb of Cause- shows motive

Adverb of time- shows when

Adverb of instrument- tells with what

Adverb of agency- tells by who

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17
Q

Tense

A

two forms- past and present

first word in the main verb only carries the tense

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18
Q

Modality

A

refers to the purpose of the sentence

-statement, question, order, etc.

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19
Q

Aspect

A

refers to whether or not the action of a verb is completed or ongoing

-perfect—completed

and progressive—continuous

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20
Q

Past tense

A

played

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21
Q

Modal Auxiliaries

A

Words like “may” “should” or “must” that are added to make sentences conditional

-makes the Main Verb either “past conditional” or “present conditional”

past- could, should, would, might, must

present– can, shall, will, may

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22
Q

Perfect Aspect

A

indicates that the action of a verb is completed

“the astronomer had predicted”

Past Perfect- verb has been completed in the past

Present perfect- verbs are completed in the present

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23
Q

Past Participle

A

form of a verb that can follow “have”

have predicted

had driven

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24
Q

Progressive Aspect

A

denotes continuing action

Past progressive- Travolta was dancing

present progressive- beth is crying

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25
Q

Present particple

A

always the -ing form of a verb

26
Q

Determiners

A

closed class of words that give information about the noun they precede

numbers
articles
prearticles
possessive pronouns
demonstratives

EX—–the hat (def art = the = determiner)

27
Q

demonstratives

A

this that these those

28
Q

prearticles

Why / how are they confused with Prep Phrases?

Consider how they would be diagrammed differently in RK

A

attributes ofdeterminers

Prearticles are confused with prep phrases because they can contain words like “of”

–ex….”A cup of” —-prearticle showing measurement

In an RK diagram: prearticles are diagrammed as prepositional phrases

29
Q

Post noun modifiers

A

“all” and “both”

when they occur after a noun

-“The kennedy’s all drove”

30
Q

why is genitive more accurate than possessive?

A

Genitive is more accurate than possessive because people don’t always ACTUALLY own whatever is being referenced

EX—Martha Stewart’s book

———Martha owns the book = possessive

——–Martha wrote the book = genitive

-Genitive represents a relationship rather than possession

31
Q

Why can’t Reflexive Pronouns fill subject slots?

A

Because they always refer back to the subject noun

EX—— Himself went to the airport. (doesn’t work)

32
Q

Indefinite Pronouns

A

somebody, someone
anybody, anyone
everyone, everything
nothing, no one

33
Q

Negatives

A

changes the meaning of the sentence by inserting the word “not” into the auxiliary component of the main verb

“Voters are NOT supporting the proposal”

considered an aux

34
Q

Do

A

functions as an aux

Does
Did
Didn’t
Doesn’t

Also labeled as aux

35
Q

Turning yes/ no questions into core sentences for diagramming

A

you must move the part of the main verb or the modal to the appropriate place in the sentence that makes it not a question. You do this by drawing a line underneath the diagram and them diagramming the sentence from there.

"”Have social problems affected police work?”

Becomes:

“Social problems have affected police work.

36
Q

Turning Wh- questions into core sentences for diagramming

A

You must move the part of the main verb or the modal to the appropriate place in the sentence that makes it not a question by drawing a line underneath the sentence. Then you must move the Wh- question word to likely the end of the sentence, or wherever it fits and diagram it as it would be from there.

“what had the officers worried about”

Becomes

“The officers had worried about what.”

37
Q

Changing active to passive

A

Introduce BE verb into aux
add prep phrase
change verb to past participle
move both subject and object noun phrase

“Congress funded the clean up”

becomes

“The clean up was funded by congress”

-only transitive verbs can be made passive

38
Q

Diagramming imperatives

A

you do not need to add a subject to an imperative sentence.

The VP: Pred line will extend across the entire sentence

Above the type of verb (VT, VI, VG, VC) you will put MV: Imp

39
Q

Coordinating conjunctions

A 
For 
And 
Nor
But 
Or
Yet 
So
40
Q

Correlative Conjunctions

A

both…and…
Either…or….
Neither…nor…
not only….but also…

to diagram correlative conjunctions, the first conjunction word must be moved in front of the second one in the sentence by drawing a line under the sentence.

“She went either to the bed or to the field

When diagrammed, would look like:

“She went to the bed either or the field.”

41
Q

Certain core sentences with BE verbs can be rearranged into……

A

“Existential there” sentences

42
Q

Diagramming passive voice

A

be wary of diagramming passive. A passive verb must be labeled as such next to MV in the diagram

“the jaguar is called an XJR.”

“is called” is a present passive

43
Q

Diagramming interrogative sentences

A

In an interrogative sentence, the verb must be diagrammed as “Int” next to the MV

“why do school buildings sit?”

“do sit” is a Present interrogative, or PresInt

44
Q

Diagramming imperative sentences

A

in an imperative sentence, MV must have Imp next to it

“Bake the cake”

Bake : Imp

45
Q

Restrictive Relative Clauses

A

dependent clauses that function as adjectives within noun phrases.

Start with relative pronouns

“the soccer team who went to state is in town”

46
Q

Relative Pronouns

A

Who
Whom
Which
that

47
Q

What is the difference between determiners and adjectives?

A

Adjectives are an Open Class, can be inflected, more can be added

The tall man met a fat woman.

tall and fat are adjectives

Determiners are a Closed Class, not inflected, you cant make up new determiners.

The man took her Porsche.

her– Possessive Pronoun–determiner

48
Q

Deixis

how is it rhetorically useful?

A

rhetorical device that points, or shows proximity or distance.

it can align a speaker to something, or show separation from something.

“I did not have relations with that woman” (distance)

“i love this guy” (close)

49
Q

Rhetorically, how are definite and indefinite articles useful

A

Definite Article– expresses shared information, one specific thing. Only “the”

Ex----The chair (Specific)

Indefinite Article– doesn’t express any shared information

Ex— A chair (nonspecific)

50
Q

Independent Possessive Pronouns

A

Stand Alone and are not determiners

—the locker is HERS

51
Q

NOT becomes an attribute of AUX

A

NOT makes an aux constituent with HAVE or BE

52
Q

How can DO act as a modal?

Does it carry the conditional component of modal verbs?

A

DO acts as a modal when asking a question or when placed with NOT in an aux

DO carries the tense

EX—Do the dishes.

53
Q

How can DO be considered a proverb?

A

Used in place of many other action verbs just as a pronoun is used in place of a noun

-EX…..Karen did the dishes

54
Q

Explain how the default active pattern NP+VP+NP changes to passive

A

1) D.O. moves to the subject slot
2) Add a form of BE to the main verb
3) at minimum, the pattern must change to NP + AUX + VP
- the agent may or may not be added via prep phrase

EX———- Karen baked a cake —–»> A cake was baked (by Karen)

55
Q

agentless passives

when are they useful?

A

No agent “doing” the verb

EX—-A cake was baked.

     Last night a man was murdered

useful when the agent is unnecessary, unknown or purposefully withheld

56
Q

Explain expletives

A

Expletives = Lexically empty. Has a grammatical function in a sentence but no meaning of its own

Ex. There are two days left.

Can fill a noun phrase slot– but it is NOT a noun or pronoun

Expletives are placeholders– point out certain info

The argument stems from grammatical subjects vs. logical subjects

57
Q

Why is an unstated YOU not part of imperatives?

A

English forbids an unstated YOU. It is a rhetorical feature, not a syntactic one

58
Q

When diagramming compounds, where do you attach the conjunction in a single constituent?

A

Conjunctions are always attached to the constituent on their right

EX——I’m going to the mall or the movies.

59
Q

Can VERB + TENSE carry a negative?

are there limits?

A

it can, but it is limited and not as direct

Prefixes are commonly used, but if a prefix or “not” aren’t used, the tense changes.

We only have words that imply negativity

–Never, unlikely, anti

-EX—–She never goes.

60
Q

Explain how restrictive relative clauses embed in independent clauses

—They are always constituents of NP’s

—and become adjective clauses

A

Restrictive clauses are separated by commas, they are embedded in the Independent Clause by using a subordinator.

Adding commas makes restrictive clauses nonrestrictive

EX—-The bus drivers who were on strike attended the meeting.

    specifies that not all bus drivers are on strike

    "who" -- functions as a subordinator in the sentence
61
Q

Why don’t we punctuate restrictive relative clauses?

A

It would make them nonrestrictive and change the meaning

commas are how we distinguish between restrictive & nonrestrictive

Restrictive clauses contain necessary info

                            - narrow down
                            - are part of the subject

EX— Bus driver sentence again

Advanced Grammar (3 decks)

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