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Advanced Grammar > Final: Morenberg whole book and Downing 1/2 book > Flashcards

Final: Morenberg whole book and Downing 1/2 book Flashcards

1
Q

why are Indirect Objects almost always animate?

Can you provide an IO that is inanimate?

Can you provide one that doesn’t use give?

A

The IO tells to whom or for whom something is done.

She gave me a gift

It would be difficult to find an inanimate IO for this reason.

He rewarded the car with new tires.

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2
Q

Why are Vc verbs usually verbs of thought or articulation?

A

You have to be able to think or articulate to ‘consider’ something
They have to have an object compliment

I find coffee essential.
They appointed him President.

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3
Q

What is the LV test?

A

LV Test - test to see if a verb is a linking verb by substituting it with BE or SEEM. If it still makes sense, it’s a linking verb.

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4
Q

What are NAVA words?

A

noun, adjective, verb, adverb

“Content words” major category open class - word class that can have new words added

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5
Q

Why is the common notion of POS unreliable? Why does the list vary?

A

Words don’t always fit into one category
Ex; Paint can be a noun or verb

-that is a nice coat of paint (noun)

-Paint me. (verb)
And they’re often debated. For some, interjections are a POS; for others, interjections are
a function

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6
Q

Explain determiners.

A

words that specify something about a noun -

ex) the, a, an

5 Categories:
articles
demonstratives
possessive pronouns
numbers
prearticles
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7
Q

What is the difference between determiners and adjectives?

A

they both provide information about nouns

adjectives –describe the qualities or attributes of nouns regardless of the speaker

determiners– express the references or positions of nouns to the speaker

adjectives are open class, content words
determiners are closed class, function words

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8
Q

Rhetorically, how are definite and indefinite articles useful?

A

they serve to differentiate whether an NP expresses SHARED INFO.

Definite indicates that the speaker/writer and listener/reader share information

indefinite do not share info

Def: Will you bring the chair?
Indef: Will you bring a chair?

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9
Q

How are prearticles confused with prepositions?

A

prearticles contain words like of, making it confusing to identify a PP.

confusing to identify a PP.

A BOWL OF strawberries, NOT A bowl of strawberries.

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10
Q

Demonstratives contain deictics - explain.

A

deictics = pointing] because demonstratives this, that, these, and those share old information, they are “pointing” deictically to the object.

That chair, those Pringles.

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11
Q

Sentence

A

string of words with at least one independent clause ending in a period

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12
Q

Clause

A

String of words that contain a subject verb relationship

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13
Q

Noun

A

can be inflected for plural, genetive, and can take an article

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14
Q

Verb

A

a word that can be inflected by using tense, modality, and aspect (when an action has been completed or is progressing)

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15
Q

Prepositions can never be alone. How can we find them alone in SE sentences?

A

Prepositions can occur at the end of phrases

ex: “this is the book I was talking about”

“that is the shop I live beside”

They’ve been separated from the noun they refer to.

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16
Q

Explain constituency and hierarchy in sentence structure

A

constituency refers to membership in a hierarchical syntactic structure.

words phrases clauses and sentences make up the grammatical heirarchy that shows how each works together to form meaning

Ex: the water supply in flint, michigan contains too much lead.

The branches in the tree diagram refer to hierarchy

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17
Q

explain heads and attributes in phrases

A

a headword is a word in a phrase to which all other words depend on

an attribute qualifies another word

head of noun phrase is the noun

attributes cluster around the head (any word around the noun)

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18
Q

what are phrasal verbs?

A

A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition or verb +adverb) that when used together, usually take on a different meaning to that of the original verb

karen had been baking

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19
Q

what are verb particles?

A

A word that is locked onto a verb to constitute another meaning

look up something

Ex: She gave up. She didn’t literally give ‘up’ anything. It’s just a VP to complete the verb.

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20
Q

How are verb particles different from prepositions?

A

A particle combined with a verb produces a new meaning different from the verb’s meaning by itself

—He looked up the word.

Prepositions do not change the meanings of their preceding verbs and are independent of them.

—He looked up the tree.

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21
Q

tense, modality and aspect

A

Modality: (verbs of attitude); have to be put in a clause to figure out what type: epistemic or deontic

I MAY go.

Two tenses: present and past
————time of a verb’s action or state of being

I was there.

Four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, perfect-progressive —(aspect discusses the status of the verb as completed or not)

He is trying. (present progressive, trying has the prog. aspect)

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22
Q

what is the difference between epistemic and deontic modals?

A

Epistemic–Knowledge, speculation, ability

—-Ex: Can I go to the bathroom? (speculation question)

Deontic– obligation permission

—Ex: May I go to the bathroom? (Permission question)

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23
Q

Explain the difference between finite and nonfinite verbs.

A

Finite has tense

nonfinite does not.

Ex: I am going to do the laundry

. ‘Am’ is present tense and therefore finite.

‘Going’ is a nonfinite verb but doesn’t have tense.

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24
Q

Independent possessive pronouns are not determiners

A

Ind poss pronouns stand alone and aren’t determiners.
Commonly at the end of clauses or phrases

Ex: the locker is HERS.

—MY phone is dead, pass me YOURS.

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25
Q

Why is genitive more accurate than possessive?

A

Genitive is more accurate than possessive because people don’t always actually own the object

Ex: Martha Stewart’s book.

(does she own the book or is it the book she wrote? Hence poss. Vs. gen.)

Genitive isn’t truly possessive; it represents a relationship rather than a simple possession

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26
Q

Not becomes an attribute of AUX.

A

Not makes an aux constituent with HAVE or BE

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27
Q

how can do act as a modal? Does it carry the

conditional component of modal verbs? If not, what is its function?

A

Do can be a pro modal by taking the place of the modal in the sentence

Ex: they did not go to the beach (instead of they can not go to the beach)

Pro-verb takes the place of the main verb. Usually done to refer to a process of steps
Ex: she did the dishes

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28
Q

How can do become a proverb?

A

Replace the action verb with “do” just as a pronoun is used in place of a noun

Acts as a modal when asking a question or when placed with ‘not’ in an aux

Do carries the tense

Karen did the dishes.

Michael does karate.

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29
Q

What are agentless passives? Are they ever useful?

A

ommitting the agent can be done when the agent is unknown, unnecessary, or the speaker does not want to name them.

A cake was baked.

Last night a man was murdered.

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30
Q

Are conjunctive adverbs sentence modifiers? How do you diagram them?

A

Conjunctive adverbs like “therefore” or “however” are usually sentence modifiers and moved to the end of the sentence

ex–“they’re big (therefore) they eat a lot.”
————————————–(therefore).

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31
Q

Can Verb + Tense carry a negative outside of not? Are there limits?

A

It can but it’s limited and not as direct.

We only have words that imply negative
connotations like ‘never’ or ‘unlikely’ or ‘anti’

We never go

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32
Q

Explain how restrictive relative clauses embed in independent clauses. They are
always constituents of NPs – and become adjective clauses.

A

Restrictive clauses don’t have commas (therefore are embedded in an IC) bc they are
essential to the subject as they are part of the subject themselves.

Adding commas changes the meaning.

Ex: ‘The bus drivers who were on strike attended the meeting’

specifies that ‘the bus drivers who were on strike’ attended the meeting - not all bus drivers.

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33
Q

Constituency determines whether a prepositional phrase functions as an adjective or an adverb.” Explain.

A

Ex: We hid from the neighbor in the attic
Meaning is ambiguous bc were ‘we’ hiding in the attic (making it adverbial bc referring to verb) or was ‘the neighbor in the attic’ who ‘we’ were hiding from (making it adjectival bc referring to noun).

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34
Q

How do structuralists and generalists see restrictive relative clauses? take a position and defend it

A

ex. The bus drivers, who are on strike, are meeting.

Structuralist- restrictive relative clause is constituent of the NP bc of the relative pronoun

Generalist- restrictive clause is not constituent of NP

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35
Q

open/closed,

A

open words: Can be added to.

               -NAVA

Closed words: Can’t be added to

                -Modals, prepositions, conjunctions
36
Q

Content / Function

A

Content words: refer to actions, objects, ideas

ex–chair, desk

Function Words: carry out grammatical meanings

ex–around, through

37
Q

Form / Structure

A

Form: inflected

Structure: not inflected

38
Q

Why can’t reflexives fill subject slots?

A

Reflexives: can’t fill subject slots because they always refer back to the subject noun

ex–

himself went to the store.

—-doesn’t work

39
Q

how can do act as a modal? Does it carry the

conditional component of modal verbs? If not, what is its function?

A

Acts as a modal when asking a question or when placed with ‘not’ in an aux
Do carries the tense
Ex: Do the laundry

40
Q

Explain how the default active pattern NP+VP+NP changes to passive. Diagram
examples and pay attention to MV labeling.

A

Active sentences are changed to passives by

1) moving the DO to the subject slot,
2) adding a form of BE to the Main Verb.

At minimum changing the pattern to NP + AUX + VP.

The agent may or may not be added to the sentence in a prep phrase.

Ex: Karen baked a cake VS A cake was baked (by Karen)

41
Q

Explain why English has expletives, particularly expletive subjects. Explain how
they are subjects, although structuralists tell us to diagram “the underlying
Pattern.”

A

Expletive: Lexially empty. a word that has a grammatical function in a sentence but has no meaning of its own

Ex: There, It

It can fill a noun phrase slot - but it’s NOT a noun or pronoun itself

Expletives are placeholders - they highlight certain info

Ex: There are two weeks of classes left.

The argument stems from grammatical subjects vs. logical subjects

42
Q

Why is an unstated you not part of imperatives?

A

English forbids an unstated you. It’s a rhetorical feature, not a syntactic one

43
Q

When diagramming compounds, where do you attach/diagram the conjunction in a
single constituent?

A

The conjunction is always attached to the constituent to its right

Ex: I’m going to the mall or the movies

44
Q

Why don’t we punctuate restrictive relative clauses?

A

they would become nonrestrictive -

this is how we differentiate the two - gives the sentence different meanings

Restrictive clauses are necessary information

    • they narrow down
    • they’re part of the subject

Ex: The bus drivers who are on strike are meeting today.
‘Who are on strike’ is necessary because it specifies which bus drivers - this clause is restrictive

The bus drivers, who are on strike, are meeting today.
WITH commas is non-restrictive. It says all bus drivers are on strike

45
Q

Relative Pronouns

A

that, which, who, whom

46
Q

how do we derive perfective participles?

A

You can delete BE and a grammatical subject from a relative clause to create a perf part.

Ex: Students who are taught phonics can sound out words. (before)

Students taught phonics can sound out words.
(perfective participle)

47
Q

What’s the problem here: They are seeming smart. vs. They are looking smart.

A

While they’re the same constructions, the linking verb ‘seeming’ + the progressive
doesn’t make sense.

Seeming is more vague than looking .

Given the perception of the speaker, they are unsure of something that they would know.

48
Q

Anaphora

A

looks/refers back

EX. When Mary called Jack, she was upset.

(She refers to Mary)

49
Q

Cataphora:

A

looks/refers forward

EX.. When she called Jack, Mary was upset.

(She refers to Mary)

50
Q

Ways of interpreting sentence structure

A

Theme: NP: subj

Rheme: VP: pred

51
Q

what happens when phrasal verbs work with nouns/pronouns?

A

With phrasal verbs, pronouns are less moveable:

    Emily will pick her up
Emily will pick up her (sounds weird)

The pronoun must split the phrasal verb

Nouns are more powerful and more moveable

    Emily will pick Olivia up
Emily will pick up Olivia
52
Q

some/any as assertive/non-assertive words – do the non-assertives contain a shade of negativity or no?

A

Assertive words: some (asserts a quantity)

Non-assertive: any (suggestion of infinity)

Any is connected to negativity

I don’t have any money (can’t say I don’t have some money)

53
Q

prototypical vs. non-prototypical words – “baked” is more transitive than “ran” or “have;”

A

Bake: has high valency therefore it controls where other words can be in the sentence and is more powerful and prototypical.

–so “bake” is highly transitive to the point that we can leave the direct object out because we know you have to bake something.

Have: highly non-prototypical as a transitive verb but can be one. Low valency

More prototypical usually means more valency

Ex: I have a croissant.

54
Q

ergative verbs – what do they do? Can all verbs be ergative?

A

With ergatives you can promote the
object to the subject position without making it passive.

Not all verbs can be ergative

Vt with high valency might be able to.

ergatives aren’t passive! Passives require a BE verb.

Karen baked a cake -> A cake baked. (ergative)

55
Q

Complement /attribute

A

Compliment—Janice is a nurse. - nurse is a compliment (Can’t be flipped “a nurse is Janice” doesn’t work)

Attribute—Janice is the nurse - nurse is an attribute (bc it can flip into ‘The nurse is Janice’)

56
Q

Transferred Negation

A

I don’t think she was French

–Main verb has uncertainty

I think she wasn’t French

–Main verb doesn’t have a negative so sounds more certain

verbs of an independent clause are more powerful than dependent clause verbs

57
Q

Explain the most important differences between the RK diagrams of structural grammar and the Tree diagrams of generative grammar.

A

RK: genatives are diagrammed as possessives.

— Tree: there’s differentiation

RK: prearticles diagrammed as prep phrases

— Tree: diagrammed as demonstrative

Ex: a cup ‘of milk' in RK a prep;

    in Tree:  ‘a cup of’ is a prearticle expressing a Measurement

Also linearity of Tree VS. RK

58
Q

Explain the many uses of that, and provide examples for each.

A

Deictic determiner: Shows proximity/ relation or points to something

ex—I don’t want that grammar exam.

Subordinator: introduces a noun clause (a clause that functions as a noun - to test
Replace the clause with ‘something’)

ex—They assumed that I finished.

Relative Pronoun: connect clause or phrase to noun or pronoun

I bought the book that is required.

59
Q

Explain what we mean by deixis and provide at least two specific examples to support your answer. How is this rhetorically useful?

A

Deixis a rhetorical device that points to something in proximal distance.

Ex: I did not have sexual relations with that woman,

——–Monica Lewinsky. (creates distance between himself and ML)

Ex: I want to wear these slides

—————-(puts my slides close to me syntactically :))

60
Q

Explain the relationship between syntax and punctuation, and provide at least two specific examples to support your answer.

A

Punctuation governs syntax.

–A period asserts that the previous structure is a sentence, despite whether it’s technically true in terms of standard grammatical rules.

Ex: No.

Not really a sentence with a subject and predicate, but the period says it is.

–A comma can dictate whether a clause is restrictive or nonrestrictive, thereby changing the meaning

Ex: the bus drivers sentence again

61
Q

Intransitive verbs have _____ valency

A

low

—an intransitive verb controls adverbial Prep Phrase

62
Q

Sentence Modifier

A

A structure that is part of a sentence but is not constituent of an independent clause, it is a constituent of the entire sentence.

–Not constituent to any individual part of the sentence.

–Any nonrestrictive modifier is going to be a sentence modifier

EX….

63
Q

Systemic Functional Grammar

A

Semiotic approach is different from that of Chomsky

Semiotics= the study of signs

, Systemic Functional (SF) Grammar, as a tool for exploring meaning in any language

64
Q

transitivity

A

Transitivity describes the verb or the clause in terms of the number of basic constituents (mostly noun phrases) that are required to make the clause grammatical. The verb determines the transitivity of the clause.

Ex: “Sarah sneezed”

——only Subject and Verb: intransitive

Ex: “Sarah ate an apple”

——-Subject, Verb, Do: transitive

65
Q

indicative mood

A

makes a statement

66
Q

interrogative mood

A

asks a question

67
Q

finite and nonfinite clauses

A

A finite clause may stand alone as a complete sentence
Independent clauses are finite

only independent clauses can be indicative, interrogative, imperative, etc.

–ex…. Charlie raises his hand constantly.

A nonfinite clause cannot stand alone.
dependent clauses are nonfinite

–ex… He loves to

68
Q

Comparative (noun clause)

A

follows comparative forms of Adj/Adv

–ex: The results are better than we thought.

69
Q

Supplementive units (noun clause)

A

The new Kindle is out of stock. Which is a pity.

70
Q

Verbless clause (noun clause)

A

lacks a verb and maybe a subject—

EX—–Book your tickets whenever possible.

——Hands off!

71
Q

Abbreviated clauses (noun clause)

A

subject + finite verb only with rest of clause ellipted because it is known – anaphoric sense.

I can’t go to the library today, can you?

72
Q

embedding

A

Embedding—a kind of subordination of clauses

He said that he wanted to pick up the tickets.

73
Q

Coordination

A

uses a coordinating conjuction

FANBOYS

Ex—I would like to thank you for the card you sent me.

74
Q

Subordination

A

joining clauses with a subordinator

Thanks for the card that you sent me – that becomes DO.

75
Q

difference between verbs with attributive/locative complements:

A

Attributive: He is the tall repairman..

—-attributive SC since “the tall repairman” is adjectival

Locative: He stayed at the airport

—-locative SC since “at the airport” : adverbial prep phrase

76
Q

Ability to become the subject—

Passivization with promotion to Subject

A

for transitive verbs….

Karen baked a cake. –A cake was baked by Karen.

–ADD BE VERB

Or intransitive verbs

Queen Victoria slept in this bed.

—This bed was slept in by Queen Victoria –what happens with the PP?

We can’t have “In this bed was slept by Queen Victoria.”

OP takes absent DO’s job to promote to subject, but PP must be split

77
Q

recipient Indirect object

A

She gave me a book/She gave a book to me

– can be easily passivized

78
Q

Beneficiary Indirect Object

A

She bought me a book/ She bought a book for me

—not as easily passivized

79
Q

Object Complements

A

usually occurs right after DO

– look for verbs of thought/articulation – find, make, appoint, consider, call, elect, vote, think

80
Q

Deverbal noun

A

nouns (not verbals) derived from verbs:

Ex—-Have a taste. Take a rest.

Strength of DO: I swam the English Channel vs. I swam across the English Channel.

What’s the difference? Which sentence is stronger? Why?

“I swam across the english channe”l is stronger because the preposition adds specific distance.

“I swam the english channel” could simply refer to someone who swam in the channel.

81
Q

Catenative verb

A

these are verb chains created to form a series of actions or thoughts

EX——I want to try to learn to dive.

82
Q

Explain the ‘semi-modal’ problem in this sentence: Jimmy Fallon should be able to judge Best in Show at the next Winchester Kennel Club competition at Madison Square Garden.

A

‘Be able to’ is a semi-modal or at least carries a sense of modality.

You can’t have more than one modal in a sentence, so coupled with ‘should’ there’s a problem.

83
Q

Yes/No questions

A

AUX+NP+VP.

Ex: will you leave? Will the dog be good? Did Karen bake?

84
Q

Participles and tense

A

participles are recognized in terms of form: prog/perf.

Participles do not carry
tense, as they derive from aspectual forms.

85
Q

Look at the two “Chinese cooks” sentences, what’s the difference?

A

Chinese cooks claim that snake meat keeps you warm in winter. (NC)

-THAT functions as the DO of the verb; it’s a subord. And introduces noun clause but has
no function within it.

  • Chinese cooks prepare snake-meat dishes that keep you warm in winter. (RC)
    • THAT is a relative pronoun and functions as subject of the relative clause
86
Q

Explain how we extrapose that-clauses

A

Sometimes when that-clause functions as a subject it’s movable to the end of the sentence

And the subject is filled with “it”, possibly an expletive, which functions as the grammatical subject while the
That-clause functions as the logical subject.

Ex– That we were poor never occurred to me.

(becomes) —–It never occurred to me that we were poor.

87
Q

Gerunds fill noun slots

A

A gerund is the ing form of a verb used as a noun

EX–Running is good exercise

Advanced Grammar (3 decks)

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