Final: Morenberg whole book and Downing 1/2 book Flashcards

Question

Why is genitive more accurate than possessive?

Answer 1

Genitive is more accurate than possessive because people don’t always *actually* own the object Ex: Martha Stewart’s book. (does she own the book or is it the book she wrote? Hence poss. Vs. gen.) Genitive isn’t truly possessive; it represents a relationship rather than a simple possession

Answer 2

Not makes an aux constituent with HAVE or BE

Answer 3

Do can be a pro modal by taking the place of the modal in the sentence Ex: they did not go to the beach (instead of they can not go to the beach) Pro-verb takes the place of the main verb. Usually done to refer to a process of steps Ex: she did the dishes

Answer 4

Replace the action verb with "do" just as a pronoun is used in place of a noun Acts as a modal when asking a question or when placed with ‘not’ in an aux Do carries the tense Karen did the dishes. Michael does karate.

Answer 5

ommitting the agent can be done when the agent is unknown, unnecessary, or the speaker does not want to name them. A cake was baked. Last night a man was murdered.

Answer 6

Conjunctive adverbs like "therefore" or "however" are usually sentence modifiers and moved to the end of the sentence ex--"they're big (therefore) they eat a lot." --------------------------------------(therefore).

Answer 7

It can but it’s limited and not as direct. We only have words that imply negative connotations like ‘never’ or ‘unlikely’ or ‘anti’ We never go

Answer 8

Restrictive clauses don’t have commas (therefore are embedded in an IC) bc they are essential to the subject as they are part of the subject themselves. Adding commas changes the meaning. Ex: ‘The bus drivers who were on strike attended the meeting’ specifies that ‘the bus drivers who were on strike’ attended the meeting - not all bus drivers.

Answer 9

Ex: We hid from the neighbor in the attic Meaning is ambiguous bc were ‘we’ hiding in the attic (making it adverbial bc referring to verb) or was ‘the neighbor in the attic’ who ‘we’ were hiding from (making it adjectival bc referring to noun).

Answer 10

ex. The bus drivers, who are on strike, are meeting. Structuralist- restrictive relative clause is constituent of the NP bc of the relative pronoun Generalist- restrictive clause is not constituent of NP

Answer 11

open words: Can be added to. -NAVA Closed words: Can't be added to -Modals, prepositions, conjunctions

Answer 12

Content words: refer to actions, objects, ideas ex--chair, desk Function Words: carry out grammatical meanings ex--around, through

Answer 13

Form: inflected Structure: not inflected

Answer 14

Reflexives: can’t fill subject slots because they always refer back to the subject noun ex-- himself went to the store. ----doesn't work

Answer 15

Acts as a modal when asking a question or when placed with ‘not’ in an aux Do carries the tense Ex: Do the laundry

Answer 16

Active sentences are changed to passives by 1) moving the DO to the subject slot, 2) adding a form of BE to the Main Verb. At minimum changing the pattern to NP + AUX + VP. The agent may or may not be added to the sentence in a prep phrase. Ex: Karen baked a cake VS A cake was baked (by Karen)

Answer 17

Expletive: Lexially empty. a word that has a grammatical function in a sentence but has no meaning of its own Ex: There, It It can fill a noun phrase slot - but it’s NOT a noun or pronoun itself Expletives are placeholders - they highlight certain info Ex: There are two weeks of classes left. The argument stems from grammatical subjects vs. logical subjects

Answer 18

English forbids an unstated you. It’s a rhetorical feature, not a syntactic one

Answer 19

The conjunction is always attached to the constituent to its right Ex: I’m going to the mall or the movies

Answer 20

they would become nonrestrictive - this is how we differentiate the two - gives the sentence different meanings Restrictive clauses are necessary information - - they narrow down - - they’re part of the subject Ex: The bus drivers who are on strike are meeting today. ‘Who are on strike’ is necessary because it specifies which bus drivers - this clause is restrictive The bus drivers, who are on strike, are meeting today. WITH commas is non-restrictive. It says all bus drivers are on strike

Answer 21

that, which, who, whom

Answer 22

You can delete BE and a grammatical subject from a relative clause to create a perf part. Ex: Students who are taught phonics can sound out words. (before) Students taught phonics can sound out words. (perfective participle)

Answer 23

While they’re the same constructions, the linking verb ‘seeming’ + the progressive doesn’t make sense. Seeming is more vague than looking . Given the perception of the speaker, they are unsure of something that they would know.

Answer 24

looks/refers back EX. When Mary called Jack, she was upset. (She refers to Mary)

Answer 25

looks/refers forward EX.. When she called Jack, Mary was upset. (She refers to Mary)

Answer 26

Theme: NP: subj Rheme: VP: pred

Answer 27

With phrasal verbs, pronouns are less moveable: Emily will pick her up Emily will pick up her (sounds weird) The pronoun must split the phrasal verb Nouns are more powerful and more moveable Emily will pick Olivia up Emily will pick up Olivia

Answer 28

Assertive words: some (asserts a quantity) Non-assertive: any (suggestion of infinity) Any is connected to negativity I don’t have any money (can’t say I don’t have some money)

Answer 29

Bake: has high valency therefore it controls where other words can be in the sentence and is more powerful and prototypical. --so "bake" is highly transitive to the point that we can leave the direct object out because we know you have to bake something. Have: highly non-prototypical as a transitive verb but can be one. Low valency More prototypical usually means more valency Ex: I have a croissant.

Answer 30

With ergatives you can promote the object to the subject position without making it passive. Not all verbs can be ergative Vt with high valency might be able to. ergatives aren’t passive! Passives require a BE verb. Karen baked a cake -> A cake baked. (ergative)

Answer 31

Compliment---Janice is a nurse. - nurse is a compliment (Can't be flipped "a nurse is Janice" doesn't work) Attribute---Janice is the nurse - nurse is an attribute (bc it can flip into ‘The nurse is Janice’)

Answer 32

I don’t think she was French --Main verb has uncertainty I think she wasn’t French --Main verb doesn’t have a negative so sounds more certain verbs of an independent clause are more powerful than dependent clause verbs

Answer 33

RK: genatives are diagrammed as possessives. --- Tree: there's differentiation RK: prearticles diagrammed as prep phrases --- Tree: diagrammed as demonstrative Ex: a cup ‘of milk' in RK a prep; in Tree: ‘a cup of’ is a prearticle expressing a Measurement Also linearity of Tree VS. RK

Answer 34

Deictic determiner: Shows proximity/ relation or points to something ex---I don’t want that grammar exam. Subordinator: introduces a noun clause (a clause that functions as a noun - to test Replace the clause with ‘something’) ex---They assumed that I finished. Relative Pronoun: connect clause or phrase to noun or pronoun I bought the book that is required.

Answer 35

Deixis a rhetorical device that points to something in proximal distance. Ex: I did not have sexual relations with that woman, --------Monica Lewinsky. (creates distance between himself and ML) Ex: I want to wear these slides ----------------(puts my slides close to me syntactically :))

Answer 36

Punctuation governs syntax. --A period asserts that the previous structure is a sentence, despite whether it’s technically true in terms of standard grammatical rules. Ex: No. Not really a sentence with a subject and predicate, but the period says it is. --A comma can dictate whether a clause is restrictive or nonrestrictive, thereby changing the meaning Ex: the bus drivers sentence again

Answer 37

low ---an intransitive verb controls adverbial Prep Phrase

Answer 38

A structure that is part of a sentence but is not constituent of an independent clause, it is a constituent of the entire sentence. --Not constituent to any individual part of the sentence. --Any nonrestrictive modifier is going to be a sentence modifier EX....

Answer 39

Semiotic approach is different from that of Chomsky Semiotics= the study of signs , Systemic Functional (SF) Grammar, as a tool for exploring meaning in any language

Answer 40

Transitivity describes the verb or the clause in terms of the number of basic constituents (mostly noun phrases) that are required to make the clause grammatical. The verb determines the transitivity of the clause. Ex: "Sarah sneezed" ------only Subject and Verb: intransitive Ex: "Sarah ate an apple" -------Subject, Verb, Do: transitive

Answer 41

makes a statement

Answer 42

asks a question

Answer 43

A finite clause may stand alone as a complete sentence Independent clauses are finite only independent clauses can be indicative, interrogative, imperative, etc. --ex.... Charlie raises his hand constantly. A nonfinite clause cannot stand alone. dependent clauses are nonfinite --ex... He loves to

Answer 44

follows comparative forms of Adj/Adv –ex: The results are better than we thought.

Answer 45

The new Kindle is out of stock. Which is a pity.

Answer 46

lacks a verb and maybe a subject— EX-----Book your tickets whenever possible. ------Hands off!

Answer 47

subject + finite verb only with rest of clause ellipted because it is known -- anaphoric sense. I can’t go to the library today, can you?

Answer 48

Embedding—a kind of subordination of clauses He said that he wanted to pick up the tickets.

Answer 49

uses a coordinating conjuction FANBOYS Ex---I would like to thank you for the card you sent me.

Answer 50

joining clauses with a subordinator Thanks for the card that you sent me – that becomes DO.

Answer 51

Attributive: He is the tall repairman.. ----attributive SC since "the tall repairman" is adjectival Locative: He stayed at the airport ----locative SC since "at the airport" : adverbial prep phrase

Answer 52

for transitive verbs.... Karen baked a cake. –A cake was baked by Karen. --ADD BE VERB Or intransitive verbs Queen Victoria slept in this bed. —This bed was slept in by Queen Victoria –what happens with the PP? We can’t have "In this bed was slept by Queen Victoria." OP takes absent DO’s job to promote to subject, but PP must be split

Answer 53

She gave me a book/She gave a book to me – can be easily passivized

Answer 54

She bought me a book/ She bought a book for me —not as easily passivized

Answer 55

usually occurs right after DO – look for verbs of thought/articulation – find, make, appoint, consider, call, elect, vote, think

Answer 56

nouns (not verbals) derived from verbs: Ex----Have a taste. Take a rest. Strength of DO: I swam the English Channel vs. I swam across the English Channel. What’s the difference? Which sentence is stronger? Why? "I swam across the english channe"l is stronger because the preposition adds specific distance. "I swam the english channel" could simply refer to someone who swam in the channel.

Answer 57

these are verb chains created to form a series of actions or thoughts EX------I want to try to learn to dive.

Answer 58

‘Be able to’ is a semi-modal or at least carries a sense of modality. You can’t have more than one modal in a sentence, so coupled with ‘should’ there’s a problem.

Answer 59

AUX+NP+VP. Ex: will you leave? Will the dog be good? Did Karen bake?

Answer 60

participles are recognized in terms of form: prog/perf. Participles do not carry tense, as they derive from aspectual forms.

Answer 61

Chinese cooks claim that snake meat keeps you warm in winter. (NC) -THAT functions as the DO of the verb; it’s a subord. And introduces noun clause but has no function within it. - Chinese cooks prepare snake-meat dishes that keep you warm in winter. (RC) - THAT is a relative pronoun and functions as subject of the relative clause

Answer 62

Sometimes when that-clause functions as a subject it’s movable to the end of the sentence And the subject is filled with "it", possibly an expletive, which functions as the grammatical subject while the That-clause functions as the logical subject. Ex-- That we were poor never occurred to me. (becomes) -----It never occurred to me that we were poor.

Answer 63

A gerund is the ing form of a verb used as a noun EX--Running is good exercise