Test 2 (Chapter 6,7,8,9) Flashcards
1
Q
Disorders that develop after a stressful or traumatic life event
A
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
2
Q
What are the 4 Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders?
A
Childhood attachment disorders
Adjustment disorders
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Acute stress disorder
3
Q
- Emotional disorder following a
- Trauma (war)
- Physical assault, particularly rape
- Car accidents
- Natural catastrophes
- Sudden death of a loved one
- Long-lasting severe emotional reactions
A
PTSD
4
Q
A
PTSD
5
Q
- A. Occurrence of a traumatic event
- B. Cognitive re-experiencing: Nightmares or flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, emotional and physiological reactivity
- C. Avoidance: of the intense feelings, thoughts, memories, cues, reminders of the event
- D. Negative mood/cognitive: loss of interest, detachment, forgetting the event, negative beliefs, blame, negative emotional state/inability to feel positive emotions
- E. Somatic: sleep problems, irritability, concentration problems, hypervigilance, startle response, recklessness
- 1+ months
A
PTSD
6
Q
Which disorder?
Timing of Onset: diagnosed 1+ months after event
A
PTSD
7
Q
Which disordeR?
Timing of onset: 3+ days and up until 30 days post-event
A
Acute stress disorder
8
Q
What disorder is somewhat predictive of PTSD?
A
Acute Stress Disorder
9
Q
For which Stress/Trauma Disorder?
Proximity to event predicts diagnosis
A
PTSD
10
Q
PTSD predicts ______ attempts?
A
suicide
11
Q
Which groups have high rates of PTSD?
A
first responders, gender minorities
12
Q
What are some causes of PTSD?
A
intensity and severity of the trauma, no or little support system, damaged hippocampus
13
Q
Characteristics of which disorder?
- Affected person adopts new identities, or alters, that
coexist simultaneously; the alters may be complete and distinct personalities or only partly independent - Average number of alters is 15
- Childhood onset; affects more women than men
- Patients often suffer from other psychological disorders simultaneously
- Rare outside of Western cultures
A
DID (dissociative identity disorder)
14
Q
Treatment of which disorder?
- Long-term psychotherapy may
reintegrate separate personalities in 25%
of patients - Treatment of associated trauma similar to
posttraumatic stress disorder; lifelong
condition without treatment
A
DID
15
Q
Characteristics of which disordeR?
- Severe and frightening feelings of detachment dominate
the person’s life - Affected person feels like an outside observer of his or her
own mental or body processes - Causes significant distress or impairment in functioning,
especially emotional expression and deficits in perception - Some symptoms are similar to those of panic disorder
- Rare; onset usually in adolescence
A
Depersonalization
16
Q
Treatments for which disorder?
* Psychological treatments similar to those for panic disorder may be helpful
- Stresses associated with onset of disorder should be addressed
- Tends to be lifelong
A
Depersonalization
17
Q
Characteristics of which disorder?
* Memory loss accompanies an unplanned journey
* Person sometimes assumes a new identity or becomes
confused about an old identity
* Usually associated with an intolerable situation
* Fugue states usually end abruptly
* Typically adult onset
A
Dissociative FUgue
18
Q
Treatments for which disorder?
* Usually self-correcting when current life
stress is resolved
* If needed, therapy focuses on retrieving
lost information
A
Dissociative Fugue
19
Q
Characteristics of which disorder?
* Generalized: Inability to remember anything, including identity; comparatively rare
* Localized: Inability to remember specific events (usually traumatic); frequently occurs in war
* More common than general amnesia
* Usually adult onset for both types
A
Dissociative Amnesia
20
Q
Treatments for which disorder?
* Usually self-correcting when current life
stress is resolved
* If needed, therapy focuses on retrieving
lost information
A
Dissociative Amnesia
21
Q
Characteristics of which disordeR?
- Sudden changes in personality accompany a trance or “possession”
- Causes significant distress and/or impairment in functioning
- Often associated with stress or trauma
- Prevalent worldwide, usually in a religious context; rarely seen in Western cultures
- More common in women than in men
A
Dissociative Trance
22
Q
Characteristics of which disorder?
very seldom seeks out a caregiver for protection, support or responds to caregivers
A
Reactive attachment disorder
23
Q
Characteristics of which disordeR?
no inhibitions whatsoever to approaching adults
A
Disinhibited social engagement disorder
24
Q
In which kind of disorders is perception of reality skewed?
A
Dissociative disorders
25
Which disorder?
A. Persistent/recurrent depersonalization, derealization, or both
- Outside observer of own body or mind
- Unreality, detachment to surroundings
B. Reality testing remains intact
- Rare; onset follows traumatic event
- cognitive and perceptual deficits occur
- perceptual change in vision
- i.e. tunnel vision
- cognitive
- memory, attention, ability to tend to things around them
- easily distracted
- mind emptiness
- unable to
- deficits in emotion regulation
- dysregulation in the HPA axis
- hypothalamic pituitary axis
- regulating emotions (emotional dysregulation)
Depersonalization-derealization disorder
26
WHat are the two subtypes of Dissociative Amnesia?
generalized
localized/selective
27
Which type of dissociative amnesia?
inability to remember anything, including identity
Generalized
28
Which type of dissociative amnesia?
inability to remember specific events (usually traumatic)
Localized/selective
29
What type of dissociative amensia?
memory loss revolves around an unexpected trip(s)
dissociative fugue
30
Criteria of which disorder?
A. Two+ distinct personality states; discontinuity in sense of self, agency, affect, behaviour, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, sensory-motor function
B. Recurrent gaps in memory of everyday events, personal information, traumatic events
C. Distress or impairment
D. Not a normal part of accepted cultural or religious practice
Dissociative identity disorder
31
instantaneous transition from one personality
switch
32
which identity asks for treatment?
host identity
33
Which disorder stats?
- 15 average alter personalities
- High female-to-male ratio (9:1)
- Onset in childhood; lasts a lifetime
- Frequency of switching diminishes with age
- Uncertain prevalence rates
- Highly co morbid
DID
34
Causes of which disorder?
Childhood abuse
- Take on different identities as escape is not possible
- Escape sought from physical and emotional pain
DID
35
Which model?
- suggestible people may use dissociation as a defence against trauma
- dissociating into different personalities
Autohypnotic model
36
situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external road
derealization
37
altering of perception that causes people to temporarily lose a sense of their own reality; most prevalent in people with dissociative disorders. There is often a feeling of being outside observers of their own behaviour.
depersonalization disorder
38
Dissociative disorder featuring the inability to recall personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature
dissociative amnesia
39
Loss of memory of all personal information, including identity.
generalized amnesia
40
memory loss limited to specific times and events, particularly traumatic events
localized/selective amnesia
41
dissociative disorder featuring sudden, unexpected travel away from home, along with an inability to recall the past, sometimes with assumption of a new identity
dissociative fugue
42
Altered state of consciousness in which people firmly believe they are possessed by spirits; considered a disorder only where there is distress and dysfunction.
dissociative trance disorder
43
Formerly known as multiple personality disorder; a disorder in which as many as 100 personalities or fragments of personalities coexist within one body and mind.
Dissociative identity disorder
44
severe depression or loss of interest/pleasure including cognitive symptoms
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Altered sleep patterns
- Changing appetite and weight
- Notable loss of energy
- Slowing down
- Fatigue
- Concentration problems
- Thoughts of death
major depressive episode
45
inability to experience pleasure
anhedonia
46
extreme pleasure in every activity
- Hyperactivity, rapid speech
- Flight of ideas
- Person may require hospitalization
- 7+ days
mania
47
a mood state characterized by a variety of different symptoms
mania
48
not as severe as a manic episode
- No marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
- 4+ days
hypomanic episode
49
mood remains at one pole of depression–mania continuum
Unipolar mood disorder
50
mood travels between depression–elation poles
Bipolar mood disorder
51
mix of symptom
mixed features
52
A. 5+ of following in 2-week period; at least 1 is either (1) or (2)
- 1. Depressed mood most of the day, every day
- 2. Diminished interested or pleasure in almost all activities
- 3. Significant weight loss or weight gain or decreased/increased appetite nearly every day (more than 10% of normal weight)
- 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
- oversleeping or under-sleeping
- 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
- moving extremely slow
- 6. Fatigue/loss of energy
- 7. Worthlessness or excessive guilt
- guilt doesn't always approximate the reality of the situation (excessive guilt)
- 8. Concentration problems/indecisiveness
- misdiagnosed of ADHD
- 9. Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, planning or attempt
- what would happen if I died etc.
B. No previous manic/hypomanic episode
major depressive disorder
53
- A. Relatively unchanged depressed mood for 2+ years
- B. While depressed, 2+ of: poor appetite/overeating, in/hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration or decision making, hopelessness
- C. Never w/o symptoms A or B for 2+ months
- D. Can meet MDE for 2+ years
- time frame of this disorder is different (2 years)
- a two year time period without loss of symptoms for more than 2 months
persistent depressive disorder
54
Persistent depression with periods of significantly worsening mood (MDE’s)
double depression
55
A?
(a) (major depression with 2 episodes)
56
b?
persistent depressive disorder
- symptoms are milder than major depression
57
C?
c) double depression
58
d?
Major depression - chronix
59
e?
e) major depressive episode that partially remits over time
60
f?
(f) major depressive recurrent with an interspersed partial remission
61
symptoms that may accompany a depressive disorder
specifiers
62
hallucinations, delusions, somatic delusions, auditory hallucinations
psychotic features specifier
63
absence of movement
catatonic features specifier
64
include some of the more severe somatic symptoms
i.e., early morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of libido, inappropriate/excessive guilt, anhedonia
melancholic features specifier
65
oversleep, overeat during depressive episodes and gain weight
atypical features specifier
66
characteristics of which disorder?
- Physical symptoms, severe mood swings, irritability/anger, severe depressed/anxiety during menstruation
- recurrent and persistent incapacitation
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
67
characteristics of which disorder?
- Chronic irritability, anger, aggression, hyperarousal, frequent temper tantrums
- 6-18 years of age only
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
68
level of mania: had to have 1 full manic episode
bipolar I disorder
69
- level of mania: had to have a hypomanic episode, does not reach threshold of manic episode
- less likely to be hospitalized
Bipolar II disorder
70
- chronic alteration of mood (moving from one pole to another)
- does not reach the severity of a full manic episode or full depressive episode
- often chronic
- at least 2 years
- increased chance of developing bipolar
cyclothymic disorder
71
A. Abnormally and persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, goal-directed activity, or energy for 1+ week
B. 3+ symptoms of following or 4 if mood is only irritable
- Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative/pressured speech
- Flight of ideas/racing thoughts
- Distractibility
- Increased goal-directed activity
- Involvement in high-risk activities
manic episode
72
- A. One manic episode
- Can have depressive episodes
- Cycle between the two
bipolar I
73
- A. One hypomanic episode AND one major depressive episode
- Never full mania
Bipolar II
74
Onset and Duration
- Average age of onset:
- Bipolar I disorder: 18 years
- Bipolar II disorder: 22 years (10%–13% progress to Bipolar I)
- Suicide risk increases with diagnosis
- 60% of cyclothymic patients are women – onset in teens
Bipolar disorders
75
- 2.6 million Canadians reported a mood disorder (CCHS, 2017)
- Worldwide: 16% lifetime, 6% in preceding year
- Lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder (11%) in transgender people (Wanta et al., 2019)
- Prevalence decreasing over time in Canada?
- Women 2X as likely as men to have depression but equal among bipolar I and II
prevalence of mood disorders
76
- Somatic -> same; subjective -> different
- across cultures
- subjective differences vary across cultures
- More in individualistic cultures
- Canadian occurrence: moderate (8% prevalence)
- Indigenous Peoples 3x-4x higher than gen. pop.
culture and mood disorders
77
Which hypothesis?
- Low levels of serotonin may impact mood?
- Serotonin regulates emotions?
- No test of serotonin levels in the brain
- Body serotonin does not cross the blood-brain-barrier
serotonin hypothesis
78
Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
- REM starts sooner after falling asleep in those with depression
- Depressed experience more intense REM activity
- Reduced slow wave sleep in depression
- Disturbed sleep produces problems across lifespan
- Severe sleep problems in bipolar patients
Biological Causes of Bipolar Disorder
79
“I failed because I am no good” (an internal attribution). “I always fail” (a stable attribution). “I fail in everything” (a global attribution).
Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression
80
What did Beck say contributes to depression?
depression arises from interpreting everyday events negatively
Negative cognitive styles
Cognitive Triad
81
Thinking negatively about themselves, the world, and the future
Cognitive Triad
82
Psychosocial treatment for ???
- Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)
- Family-focused treatment combined with medication
- CBT effective
bipolar
83
treatment for?
- Cognitive Therapy
- Correcting cognitive errors
- Realistic thinking encouraged by monitoring and logging thought processes
- Socratic questioning and cognitive restructuring
- Behavioural experiments and activation are encouraged
depression
84
Treatment: Lithium
- Effective in preventing and treating manic episodes for 50% of patients
- Mood-stabilizing drug
bipolar
85
TREATMENT?
- Three basic types of antidepressant medications used:
- Tricyclics
- MAOIs
- SSRIs
bipolar / depression
86
Other treatments for?
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
depression
87
Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression.
mood disorders
88
Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.
major depressive episode
89
period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria, associated with some mood disorders.
mania
90
Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders.
hypomanic episode
91
Condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode.
mixed manic episode or dysphoric manic episode
92
Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression—recurrent) major depressive episodes.
major depressive disorder
93
mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months
dysthymic disorder
94
severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder
double depression
95
Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present.
hallucinations
96
psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality
delusions
97
Motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be “sculpted” to remain fixed for long periods.
catalepsy
98
Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter.
seasonal affective disorder
99
Extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation, or severe loss of weight or energy or that persists more than 2 months.
pathological or impacted grief reaction
100
Alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)
bipolar II disorder
101
alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes
bipolar I disorder
102
Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes.
cyclothymic disorder
103
Hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology.
neurohormones
104
Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality).
learned helplessness theory of depression
105
thinking errors in depressed people negatively focused in three areas; themselves, their immediate world, and their future
depressive cognitive triad
106
A medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that s effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood.
mood-stabilizing drug
107
Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
108
treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes - and, ultimately, more adaptive behaviour and coping styles.
cognitive therapy
109
Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes, in marital conflict or forming relationships in marriage or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression.
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
110
Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy.
maintenance treatment
111
serious thoughts about committing suicide
suicidal ideation
112
the formulation of a specific method of killing oneself.
suicidal plans
113
Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death.
psychological autopsy
114
Surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery.
bariatric surgery
115
Consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. In the morning, however, individuals individuals with night eating syndrome are not hungry and do not usually eat breakfast. These individuals do not binge during their night eating and seldom purge.
night eating syndrome
116
In the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, the self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion.
purging techniques
117
Excess of body fat resulting in a body mass index (BMI, a ratio of weight to height) of 30 or more.
obesity
118
Pattern of eating involving distress-inducing binges not followed by purging behaviors; being considered as a new DSM diagnostic category
binge-eating disorder
119
eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight
anorexia nervosa
120
relatively brief episode of uncontrolled, excessive consumption, usually of food or alcohol.
binge
121
Eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (for example, deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, and excessive exercise).
bulimia nervosa
