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Mental Health & Well-Being > Test 2 (Chapter 6,7,8,9) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Chapter 6,7,8,9) Flashcards

1
Q

Disorders that develop after a stressful or traumatic life event

A

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

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2
Q

What are the 4 Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders?

A

Childhood attachment disorders

Adjustment disorders

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Acute stress disorder

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3
Q
  • Emotional disorder following a
    • Trauma (war)
    • Physical assault, particularly rape
    • Car accidents
    • Natural catastrophes
    • Sudden death of a loved one
  • Long-lasting severe emotional reactions
A

PTSD

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4
Q
A

PTSD

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5
Q
  • A. Occurrence of a traumatic event
    • B. Cognitive re-experiencing: Nightmares or flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, emotional and physiological reactivity
    • C. Avoidance: of the intense feelings, thoughts, memories, cues, reminders of the event
    • D. Negative mood/cognitive: loss of interest, detachment, forgetting the event, negative beliefs, blame, negative emotional state/inability to feel positive emotions
    • E. Somatic: sleep problems, irritability, concentration problems, hypervigilance, startle response, recklessness
    • 1+ months
A

PTSD

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6
Q

Which disorder?

Timing of Onset: diagnosed 1+ months after event

A

PTSD

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7
Q

Which disordeR?
Timing of onset: 3+ days and up until 30 days post-event

A

Acute stress disorder

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8
Q

What disorder is somewhat predictive of PTSD?

A

Acute Stress Disorder

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9
Q

For which Stress/Trauma Disorder?

Proximity to event predicts diagnosis

A

PTSD

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10
Q

PTSD predicts ______ attempts?

A

suicide

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11
Q

Which groups have high rates of PTSD?

A

first responders, gender minorities

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12
Q

What are some causes of PTSD?

A

intensity and severity of the trauma, no or little support system, damaged hippocampus

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13
Q

Characteristics of which disorder?

  • Affected person adopts new identities, or alters, that
    coexist simultaneously; the alters may be complete and distinct personalities or only partly independent
  • Average number of alters is 15
  • Childhood onset; affects more women than men
  • Patients often suffer from other psychological disorders simultaneously
  • Rare outside of Western cultures
A

DID (dissociative identity disorder)

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14
Q

Treatment of which disorder?

  • Long-term psychotherapy may
    reintegrate separate personalities in 25%
    of patients
  • Treatment of associated trauma similar to
    posttraumatic stress disorder; lifelong
    condition without treatment
A

DID

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15
Q

Characteristics of which disordeR?

  • Severe and frightening feelings of detachment dominate
    the person’s life
  • Affected person feels like an outside observer of his or her
    own mental or body processes
  • Causes significant distress or impairment in functioning,
    especially emotional expression and deficits in perception
  • Some symptoms are similar to those of panic disorder
  • Rare; onset usually in adolescence
A

Depersonalization

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16
Q

Treatments for which disorder?
* Psychological treatments similar to those for panic disorder may be helpful

  • Stresses associated with onset of disorder should be addressed
  • Tends to be lifelong
A

Depersonalization

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17
Q

Characteristics of which disorder?
* Memory loss accompanies an unplanned journey
* Person sometimes assumes a new identity or becomes
confused about an old identity
* Usually associated with an intolerable situation
* Fugue states usually end abruptly
* Typically adult onset

A

Dissociative FUgue

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18
Q

Treatments for which disorder?
* Usually self-correcting when current life
stress is resolved
* If needed, therapy focuses on retrieving
lost information

A

Dissociative Fugue

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19
Q

Characteristics of which disorder?
* Generalized: Inability to remember anything, including identity; comparatively rare
* Localized: Inability to remember specific events (usually traumatic); frequently occurs in war
* More common than general amnesia
* Usually adult onset for both types

A

Dissociative Amnesia

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20
Q

Treatments for which disorder?
* Usually self-correcting when current life
stress is resolved
* If needed, therapy focuses on retrieving
lost information

A

Dissociative Amnesia

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21
Q

Characteristics of which disordeR?

  • Sudden changes in personality accompany a trance or “possession”
  • Causes significant distress and/or impairment in functioning
  • Often associated with stress or trauma
  • Prevalent worldwide, usually in a religious context; rarely seen in Western cultures
  • More common in women than in men
A

Dissociative Trance

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22
Q

Characteristics of which disorder?

very seldom seeks out a caregiver for protection, support or responds to caregivers

A

Reactive attachment disorder

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23
Q

Characteristics of which disordeR?
no inhibitions whatsoever to approaching adults

A

Disinhibited social engagement disorder

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24
Q

In which kind of disorders is perception of reality skewed?

A

Dissociative disorders

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25
Q

Which disorder?

A. Persistent/recurrent depersonalization, derealization, or both
- Outside observer of own body or mind
- Unreality, detachment to surroundings
B. Reality testing remains intact

- Rare; onset follows traumatic event 

- cognitive and perceptual deficits occur 
	- perceptual change in vision 
		- i.e. tunnel vision 
	- cognitive 
		- memory, attention, ability to tend to things around them
		- easily distracted 
- mind emptiness 
	- unable to 
- deficits in emotion regulation 
- dysregulation in the HPA axis 
	- hypothalamic pituitary axis 
	- regulating emotions (emotional dysregulation)
A

Depersonalization-derealization disorder

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26
Q

WHat are the two subtypes of Dissociative Amnesia?

A

generalized

localized/selective

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27
Q

Which type of dissociative amnesia?

inability to remember anything, including identity

A

Generalized

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28
Q

Which type of dissociative amnesia?

inability to remember specific events (usually traumatic)

A

Localized/selective

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29
Q

What type of dissociative amensia?
memory loss revolves around an unexpected trip(s)

A

dissociative fugue

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30
Q

Criteria of which disorder?

A. Two+ distinct personality states; discontinuity in sense of self, agency, affect, behaviour, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, sensory-motor function

B. Recurrent gaps in memory of everyday events, personal information, traumatic events

C. Distress or impairment

D. Not a normal part of accepted cultural or religious practice

A

Dissociative identity disorder

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31
Q

instantaneous transition from one personality

A

switch

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32
Q

which identity asks for treatment?

A

host identity

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33
Q

Which disorder stats?

  • 15 average alter personalities
  • High female-to-male ratio (9:1)
  • Onset in childhood; lasts a lifetime
  • Frequency of switching diminishes with age
  • Uncertain prevalence rates
  • Highly co morbid
A

DID

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34
Q

Causes of which disorder?

Childhood abuse
- Take on different identities as escape is not possible
- Escape sought from physical and emotional pain

A

DID

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35
Q

Which model?

  • suggestible people may use dissociation as a defence against trauma
    • dissociating into different personalities
A

Autohypnotic model

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36
Q

situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external road

A

derealization

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37
Q

altering of perception that causes people to temporarily lose a sense of their own reality; most prevalent in people with dissociative disorders. There is often a feeling of being outside observers of their own behaviour.

A

depersonalization disorder

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38
Q

Dissociative disorder featuring the inability to recall personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature

A

dissociative amnesia

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39
Q

Loss of memory of all personal information, including identity.

A

generalized amnesia

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40
Q

memory loss limited to specific times and events, particularly traumatic events

A

localized/selective amnesia

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41
Q

dissociative disorder featuring sudden, unexpected travel away from home, along with an inability to recall the past, sometimes with assumption of a new identity

A

dissociative fugue

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42
Q

Altered state of consciousness in which people firmly believe they are possessed by spirits; considered a disorder only where there is distress and dysfunction.

A

dissociative trance disorder

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43
Q

Formerly known as multiple personality disorder; a disorder in which as many as 100 personalities or fragments of personalities coexist within one body and mind.

A

Dissociative identity disorder

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44
Q

severe depression or loss of interest/pleasure including cognitive symptoms
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Altered sleep patterns
- Changing appetite and weight
- Notable loss of energy
- Slowing down
- Fatigue
- Concentration problems
- Thoughts of death

A

major depressive episode

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45
Q

inability to experience pleasure

A

anhedonia

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46
Q

extreme pleasure in every activity
- Hyperactivity, rapid speech
- Flight of ideas
- Person may require hospitalization
- 7+ days

A

mania

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47
Q

a mood state characterized by a variety of different symptoms

A

mania

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48
Q

not as severe as a manic episode
- No marked impairment in social or occupational functioning
- 4+ days

A

hypomanic episode

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49
Q

mood remains at one pole of depression–mania continuum

A

Unipolar mood disorder

50
Q

mood travels between depression–elation poles

A

Bipolar mood disorder

51
Q

mix of symptom

A

mixed features

52
Q

A. 5+ of following in 2-week period; at least 1 is either (1) or (2)
- 1. Depressed mood most of the day, every day
- 2. Diminished interested or pleasure in almost all activities
- 3. Significant weight loss or weight gain or decreased/increased appetite nearly every day (more than 10% of normal weight)
- 4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
- oversleeping or under-sleeping
- 5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
- moving extremely slow
- 6. Fatigue/loss of energy
- 7. Worthlessness or excessive guilt
- guilt doesn’t always approximate the reality of the situation (excessive guilt)
- 8. Concentration problems/indecisiveness
- misdiagnosed of ADHD
- 9. Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, planning or attempt
- what would happen if I died etc.

B. No previous manic/hypomanic episode

A

major depressive disorder

53
Q
  • A. Relatively unchanged depressed mood for 2+ years
  • B. While depressed, 2+ of: poor appetite/overeating, in/hypersomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration or decision making, hopelessness
  • C. Never w/o symptoms A or B for 2+ months
  • D. Can meet MDE for 2+ years
  • time frame of this disorder is different (2 years)
  • a two year time period without loss of symptoms for more than 2 months
A

persistent depressive disorder

54
Q

Persistent depression with periods of significantly worsening mood (MDE’s)

A

double depression

55
Q

A?

A

(a) (major depression with 2 episodes)

56
Q

b?

A

persistent depressive disorder
- symptoms are milder than major depression

57
Q

C?

A

c) double depression

58
Q

d?

A

Major depression - chronix

59
Q

e?

A

e) major depressive episode that partially remits over time

60
Q

f?

A

(f) major depressive recurrent with an interspersed partial remission

61
Q

symptoms that may accompany a depressive disorder

A

specifiers

62
Q

hallucinations, delusions, somatic delusions, auditory hallucinations

A

psychotic features specifier

63
Q

absence of movement

A

catatonic features specifier

64
Q

include some of the more severe somatic symptoms

i.e., early morning awakenings, weight loss, loss of libido, inappropriate/excessive guilt, anhedonia

A

melancholic features specifier

65
Q

oversleep, overeat during depressive episodes and gain weight

A

atypical features specifier

66
Q

characteristics of which disorder?

  • Physical symptoms, severe mood swings, irritability/anger, severe depressed/anxiety during menstruation
  • recurrent and persistent incapacitation
A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

67
Q

characteristics of which disorder?

  • Chronic irritability, anger, aggression, hyperarousal, frequent temper tantrums
  • 6-18 years of age only
A

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

68
Q

level of mania: had to have 1 full manic episode

A

bipolar I disorder

69
Q
  • level of mania: had to have a hypomanic episode, does not reach threshold of manic episode
  • less likely to be hospitalized
A

Bipolar II disorder

70
Q
  • chronic alteration of mood (moving from one pole to another)
  • does not reach the severity of a full manic episode or full depressive episode
  • often chronic
  • at least 2 years
  • increased chance of developing bipolar
A

cyclothymic disorder

71
Q

A. Abnormally and persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, goal-directed activity, or energy for 1+ week

B. 3+ symptoms of following or 4 if mood is only irritable
- Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- More talkative/pressured speech
- Flight of ideas/racing thoughts
- Distractibility
- Increased goal-directed activity
- Involvement in high-risk activities

A

manic episode

72
Q
  • A. One manic episode
  • Can have depressive episodes
  • Cycle between the two
A

bipolar I

73
Q
  • A. One hypomanic episode AND one major depressive episode
  • Never full mania
A

Bipolar II

74
Q

Onset and Duration
- Average age of onset:
- Bipolar I disorder: 18 years
- Bipolar II disorder: 22 years (10%–13% progress to Bipolar I)
- Suicide risk increases with diagnosis
- 60% of cyclothymic patients are women – onset in teens

A

Bipolar disorders

75
Q
  • 2.6 million Canadians reported a mood disorder (CCHS, 2017)
    • Worldwide: 16% lifetime, 6% in preceding year
    • Lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder (11%) in transgender people (Wanta et al., 2019)
    • Prevalence decreasing over time in Canada?
    • Women 2X as likely as men to have depression but equal among bipolar I and II
A

prevalence of mood disorders

76
Q
  • Somatic -> same; subjective -> different
    - across cultures
    - subjective differences vary across cultures
    • More in individualistic cultures
    • Canadian occurrence: moderate (8% prevalence)
      • Indigenous Peoples 3x-4x higher than gen. pop.
A

culture and mood disorders

77
Q

Which hypothesis?

- Low levels of serotonin may impact mood?

- Serotonin regulates emotions?

- No test of serotonin levels in the brain

- Body serotonin does not cross the blood-brain-barrier
A

serotonin hypothesis

78
Q

Sleep and Circadian Rhythms

- REM starts sooner after falling asleep in those with depression

- Depressed experience more intense REM activity 

- Reduced slow wave sleep in depression 

- Disturbed sleep produces problems across lifespan 

- Severe sleep problems in bipolar patients
A

Biological Causes of Bipolar Disorder

79
Q

“I failed because I am no good” (an internal attribution). “I always fail” (a stable attribution). “I fail in everything” (a global attribution).

A

Learned Helplessness Theory of Depression

80
Q

What did Beck say contributes to depression?

A

depression arises from interpreting everyday events negatively

Negative cognitive styles

Cognitive Triad

81
Q

Thinking negatively about themselves, the world, and the future

A

Cognitive Triad

82
Q

Psychosocial treatment for ???
- Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)

  • Family-focused treatment combined with medication
  • CBT effective
A

bipolar

83
Q

treatment for?

  • Cognitive Therapy
    • Correcting cognitive errors
    • Realistic thinking encouraged by monitoring and logging thought processes
    • Socratic questioning and cognitive restructuring
    • Behavioural experiments and activation are encouraged
A

depression

84
Q

Treatment: Lithium

  • Effective in preventing and treating manic episodes for 50% of patients
    • Mood-stabilizing drug
A

bipolar

85
Q

TREATMENT?

  • Three basic types of antidepressant medications used:
    • Tricyclics
    • MAOIs
    • SSRIs
A

bipolar / depression

86
Q

Other treatments for?
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

depression

87
Q

Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression.

A

mood disorders

88
Q

Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.

A

major depressive episode

89
Q

period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria, associated with some mood disorders.

A

mania

90
Q

Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders.

A

hypomanic episode

91
Q

Condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode.

A

mixed manic episode or dysphoric manic episode

92
Q

Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression—recurrent) major depressive episodes.

A

major depressive disorder

93
Q

mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months

A

dysthymic disorder

94
Q

severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder

A

double depression

95
Q

Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present.

A

hallucinations

96
Q

psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

A

delusions

97
Q

Motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be “sculpted” to remain fixed for long periods.

A

catalepsy

98
Q

Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter.

A

seasonal affective disorder

99
Q

Extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation, or severe loss of weight or energy or that persists more than 2 months.

A

pathological or impacted grief reaction

100
Q

Alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)

A

bipolar II disorder

101
Q

alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

A

bipolar I disorder

102
Q

Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes.

A

cyclothymic disorder

103
Q

Hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology.

A

neurohormones

104
Q

Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality).

A

learned helplessness theory of depression

105
Q

thinking errors in depressed people negatively focused in three areas; themselves, their immediate world, and their future

A

depressive cognitive triad

106
Q

A medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that s effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood.

A

mood-stabilizing drug

107
Q

Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown.

A

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

108
Q

treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes - and, ultimately, more adaptive behaviour and coping styles.

A

cognitive therapy

109
Q

Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes, in marital conflict or forming relationships in marriage or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression.

A

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

110
Q

Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy.

A

maintenance treatment

111
Q

serious thoughts about committing suicide

A

suicidal ideation

112
Q

the formulation of a specific method of killing oneself.

A

suicidal plans

113
Q

Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death.

A

psychological autopsy

114
Q

Surgical approach to extreme obesity, usually accomplished by stapling the stomach to create a small stomach pouch or bypassing the stomach through gastric bypass surgery.

A

bariatric surgery

115
Q

Consuming a third or more of daily food intake after the evening meal and getting out of bed at least once during the night to have a high-calorie snack. In the morning, however, individuals individuals with night eating syndrome are not hungry and do not usually eat breakfast. These individuals do not binge during their night eating and seldom purge.

A

night eating syndrome

116
Q

In the eating disorder bulimia nervosa, the self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse used to compensate for excessive food ingestion.

A

purging techniques

117
Q

Excess of body fat resulting in a body mass index (BMI, a ratio of weight to height) of 30 or more.

A

obesity

118
Q

Pattern of eating involving distress-inducing binges not followed by purging behaviors; being considered as a new DSM diagnostic category

A

binge-eating disorder

119
Q

eating disorder characterized by recurrent food refusal, leading to dangerously low body weight

A

anorexia nervosa

120
Q

relatively brief episode of uncontrolled, excessive consumption, usually of food or alcohol.

A

binge

121
Q

Eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food (for example, deliberate vomiting, laxative abuse, and excessive exercise).

A

bulimia nervosa

Mental Health & Well-Being (2 decks)

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