Exam 1 (Chapter 1,2,5,6)

Question 1

psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

Answer 1

psychological disorder

Question 2

breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioural functioning

Answer 2

criteria for a psychological disorder

Question 3

significant distress / impairment

Answer 3

criteria for a psychological disorder

Question 4

• not merely a deviation for the mean/average behaviour

Answer 4

criteria for a psychological disorder

Question 5

• classified as significant impairment, moderate impairment, mild impairment

Answer 5

criteria for a psychological disorder

Question 6

• clinical disorder: impairment or REALLY significant distress is occurring

Answer 6

criteria for a psychological disorder

Question 7

the scientific study of psychological disorders

Answer 7

psychopathology

Question 8

• can assess, treat, diagnose, and research
• College of Psychologists regulated
  Clinical -> severe psychological problems

Answer 8

Clinical psychologists - Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) OR Psy.D. (Doctor of Psychology)

Question 9

1. Evidence-based practice: keep up with scientific developments and use best empirical evidence
2. evaluate assessments or treatment procedures
3. conduct research that produces new information about disorders or treatment

Answer 9

functions of the scientist-practitioner model

Question 10

presenting problem, predisposing factors, precipitating factors, perpetuating factors, protective factors

Answer 10

5 P’s

Question 11

concerns that clients find difficult to manage

Answer 11

presenting problem

Question 12

biological, environmental, or personality considerations that may put clients at risk

Answer 12

predisposing factors

Question 13

bring the problem about; significant events preceding the onset of the disorder

Answer 13

precipitating factors

Question 14

sustain and possibly reinforce clients’ problems - why isn’t someone getting better, why is the disorder or problem staying around

Answer 14

perpetuating factors

Question 15

help to moderate or diffuse the problem

Answer 15

protective factors

Question 16

presents to a practitioner with a set of problems (the description of the concern someone is coming to tell you about)

Answer 16

presenting problem

Question 17

of people in a population who have the disorder

Answer 17

prevalence

Question 18

of new cases occurring per year

Answer 18

incidence

Question 19

typical age to begin experiencing symptoms

Answer 19

age of onset

Question 20

characterization of how the disorder will occur in individuals

Answer 20

course

Question 21

acute or insidious

Answer 21

onset

Question 22

fast and intense onset

Answer 22

acute

Question 23

slower onset

Answer 23

insidious

Question 24

the forecast or likely course of a disorder

Answer 24

prognosis

Question 25

why a disorder begins

Answer 25

etiology

Question 26

3 important models of behaviour

Answer 26

supernatural, biological, psychological

Question 27

psychological disorders understood as being possessed , deviant/bad/undesirable behaviour -> the battle of good and evil

Answer 27

the supernatural model of behaviour

Question 28

exorcism, witch hunts, shackling people to church

Answer 28

treatments (supernatural model of behaviour)

Question 29

Which model of behaviour ?

Hippocrates: brain is the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion

Galen: humoral theory (4 humors) (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
- too much of these led to disease
- black bile = depression

Answer 29

the biological model of behaviour

Question 30

which model of treatment?

• electric shock
• brain surgery
• pharmacological treatments (tranquillizers) reduced hallucinations, delusions, aggressive behaviour
• benzodiazepines

Answer 30

biological treatments

Question 31

which ST-disease?

advanced stages: cognitive and behavioural symptoms

penicillin was a cure

Answer 31

syphilis

Question 32

Which model of behaviour?

Plato: maladaptive behaviour stemmed from social and cultural influences

insane asylums and moral therapy

Answer 32

the psychological model of behaviour

Question 33

Id, Ego, Superego

Answer 33

structure of the mind (3 parts)
Freud

Question 34

unconscious level

• basic impulses (sex and gratification); irrational and impulsive; seeking immediate gratification, operates at unconscious level

Answer 34

Id

Question 35

Operates mostly at preconscious level

-ideals and morals; striving for perfection; incorporated from parents; becoming a person’s conscience.

Answer 35

Superego

Question 36

Operates mostly at conscious level but also at preconscious level

• executive mediating between id impulses and superego inhibitions; testing reality; rational

Answer 36

ego

Question 37

to uncover unconscious mental processes is the purpose of which therapy?

Answer 37

psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Question 38

free association and dream analysis is associated with which therapy?

Answer 38

psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Question 39

feelings about past relationships redirected unconsciously to the therapist

Answer 39

transference (psychoanalytic psychotherapy)

Question 40

therapists project own personal issues or feelings onto the patient

Answer 40

countertransference (psychoanalytic psychotherapy)

Question 41

focusing on unconscious = early childhood experiences

Answer 41

psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Question 42

the hierarchy of needs (what theory?)

Answer 42

humanistic theory

Question 43

self-actualization
esteem
love/belonging
safety
physiological

Answer 43

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 44

we can reach our best potential if the conditions are right

Answer 44

self-actualization

Question 45

person centered therapy (what theory?)

Answer 45

Humanistic theory

Question 46

unconditional positive regard, empathy vs. sympathy, genuineness

Answer 46

3 conditions for growth in person-centred therapy

Question 47

• almost unqualified acceptance of most of the client’s feelings and actions

Answer 47

unconditional positive regard

Question 48

emphasized the positive, optimistic side of human nature

Answer 48

Jung and Adler

Question 49

portrayed life as a battleground where we are constantly in danger of being overwhelmed by our darkest forces.

Answer 49

Freud

Question 50

the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible

Answer 50

person-centered therapy

Question 51

the sympathetic understanding of an individuals particular view of the world

Answer 51

empathy

Question 52

being who you are, the most true version of yourself

Answer 52

genuineness

Question 53

a new model formed as a reaction to psychoanalysis

Answer 53

the behavioural model

Question 54

behaviour strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences

Answer 54

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Question 55

the new, scientific method, systematic desensitization, reinforcement vs. punishment

Answer 55

the behavioural model

Question 56

(1) a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is (2) associated with distress or impairment
in functioning and (3) a response that is not typical
or culturally expected. All three basic criteria must be met; no one criterion alone has yet been identified that defines the essence of abnormality.

Answer 56

A psychological disorder

Question 57

concerned with the scientific
study of psychological disorders.

Answer 57

psychopathology

Question 58

keep up with latest findings, use scientific data to evaluate own work, conduct research within clinics/hospitals

Answer 58

scientist-practitioner

Question 59

description, causation, and treatment/outcomes

Answer 59

three basic categories of research about psychological disorders

Question 60

abnormal behavior is attributed to agents outside our bodies or social environment, such as demons, spirits, or the influence of the moon and stars;

Answer 60

the supernatural tradition

Question 61

disorders are attributed to disease or biochemical imbalances;

Answer 61

biological tradition

Question 62

abnormal behaviour is attributed to faulty psychological development and to social context

Answer 62

psychological tradition

Question 63

emphasize physical care and the
search for medical cures, especially drugs.

Answer 63

biological treatments

Question 64

use psychosocial treatments, beginning with moral
therapy and including modern psychotherapy.

Answer 64

psychological approaches

Question 65

genetic contributions, nervous system, behavioural and cognitive processes, emotional influences, social and interpersonal influences and developmental factors

Answer 65

multidimensional integrative approach to the causes of psychological disorders

Question 66

influences much of our development and most of our behaviour, personality, and even IQ score (polygenic)

Answer 66

genetic influence

Question 67

influenced by many genes

Answer 67

polygenic

Question 68

individuals are assumed to inherit certain vulnerabilites that make them susceptible to a disorder when the right kind of stressor comes along

Answer 68

Diathesis-stress model

Question 69

the individual’s genetic vulnerability toward a certain disorder may make it more likely that the person will experience the stressor that triggers the genetic vulnerability and thus the disorder

Answer 69

gene-environment correlation model

Question 70

inherited tendency for vulnerability to a disorder

Answer 70

diathesis

Question 71

circumstance that creates stress and elicits development of a disorder

Answer 71

stressor

Question 72

without stressor occurring in the environment, the disorder may have never developed

Answer 72

diathesis-stress model

Question 73

genes may increase probability of experiencing stressful events

Answer 73

the gene-environment correlation model

Question 74

people may impact their environment through their genes - E.g., someone with depression may be genetically predisposed to seek out situations/relationships that lead to depression

Answer 74

the gene-environment correlation model

Question 75

excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 75

glutamate

Question 76

turns on many different neurons, leading to action potential

Answer 76

Glutamate

Question 77

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 77

GABA

Question 78

regulates transmission of information and action potentials

Answer 78

GABA

Question 79

approximately 6 major circuits of this neurotransmitter

Answer 79

serotonin

Question 80

contributes to regulation of our behaviour, moods, and thought processes

Answer 80

serotonin

Question 81

low activity of this neurotransmitter may lead to problematic behaviour without directly causing it

Answer 81

Serotonin

Question 82

SSRI’s act on this neurotransmitter to treat anxiety, mood, and eating disorders by blocking reuptake

Answer 82

serotonin

Question 83

also known as noradrenaline

Answer 83

norepinephrine

Question 84

many circuits of this neurotransmitter in the CNS

Answer 84

norepinephrine

Question 85

drugs can block receptors so response to this neurotransmitter is reduced

Answer 85

norepinephrine

Question 86

may be connected to panic

Answer 86

norepinephrine

Question 87

a major neurotransmitter in the monoamine class

Answer 87

dopamine

Question 88

implicated in schizophrenia and addiction

Answer 88

dopamine

Question 89

may play a role in depression and ADHD

Answer 89

dopamine

Question 90

a theory on dopamine that needs updating

Answer 90

dopamine hypothesis

Question 91

______ lead to positive psychological expectations

Answer 91

placebos

Question 92

brief ______________ therapy can change brain function dramatically

Answer 92

exposure-relateed

Question 93

psychosocial influences: OCD treatment

Answer 93

exposure and response prevention

Question 94

how we acquire and process information
and how we store and ultimately retrieve it

Answer 94

cognitive science

Question 95

complex cognitive, as well as emotional, processing of information is involved when conditioning occurs, even in animals

Answer 95

cognitive influences on behaviour

Question 96

when rats or other animals encounter conditions over which they have no control

Answer 96

learned helplessness

Question 97

if animals learn their behaviour has no effect on their environment, they give up attempting to cope and seem to develop the animal equivalent of depression

Answer 97

learned helplessness

Question 98

learning from observing others or situations

Answer 98

modeling/observed learning

Question 99

Social learning theory experiment?

Answer 99

Bobo Doll Experiment

Question 100

1. noticing the model’s behaviour (attention),
2. remembering the model’s behaviour (retention),
3. exhibiting the model’s behaviour (reproduction).

Answer 100

steps of social learning

Question 101

noticing the model’s behaviour

Answer 101

attention

Question 102

remembering the model’s behaviour

Answer 102

retention

Question 103

exhibiting the model’s behaviour

Answer 103

reproduction

Question 104

More likely to reproduce behaviours that have been rewarded vs. those that have been punished

Answer 104

social learning theory

Question 105

targets automatic thoughts, attitudes, behaviours that maintain anxiety, depression, problems

Answer 105

cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 106

negative views about the world -> negative views about the future -> negative views about oneself -> neg view about world ……

Answer 106

the cognitive triad

Question 107

hardwired into us (e.g., fight or flight)

Answer 107

emotions

Question 108

great behaviour motivators

Answer 108

emotions

Question 109

behaviour, physiology, cognition

Answer 109

3 components of emotions

Question 110

a persistent period of emotionality

Answer 110

mood

Question 111

consider all the various paths to a particular outcome, not just the result (multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology)

Answer 111

equifinality

Question 112

we have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of a species

Answer 112

prepared learning

Question 113

states that behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one, such as Pavlov’s dogs hearing a bell (neutral) and expecting food (positive). The learned behavior is called a conditioned response.

Answer 113

classical conditioning

Question 114

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.

behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, and behavior that is punished will rarely occur.

Answer 114

operant conditioning

Question 115

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 115

autonomic nervous system

Question 116

autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

Answer 116

peripheral nervous system

Question 117

The primary duties of this system are to regulate the cardiovascular system (for example, the heart and blood vessels) and the endocrine system (for example, the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal glands) and to perform various other functions, including aiding digestion and regulating body temperature

Answer 117

Autonomic nervous system

Question 118

This nervous system controls the muscles, so
damage in this area might make it diffi cult for us to engage in any voluntary movement, including talking

Answer 118

somatic nervous system

Question 119

this system is closely related to the immune system (which is also implicated in a variety of disorders)

Answer 119

endocrine system

Question 120

each endocrine gland produces its own chemical messenger: called a _______

Answer 120

hormone

Question 121

the adrenal glands produce this neurotransmitter

Answer 121

epinephrine (AKA Adrenaline)

Question 122

the area of the frontal lobe that is the area responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, as well as long-term memory

Answer 122

prefrontal cortex

Question 123

areas of the brain that researchers focus on in psychopathology

Answer 123

frontal lobe, limbic system, and the basal ganglia

Question 124

lobe associated with recognizing various sights and sounds, and long-term memory storage

Answer 124

temporal lobe

Question 125

lobe associated with recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning

Answer 125

parietal lobe

Question 126

lobe associated with integrating and making sense of various visual inputs

Answer 126

occipital lobe

Question 127

which 3 lobes located towards the posterior of the brain, work together to process sight, touch, hearing, and other signals from our senses

Answer 127

temporal, occipital, parietal

Question 128

system at the base of the forebrain, just above the hypothalamus and thalamus

Answer 128

limbic system

Question 129

limbic system structures

Answer 129

hippocampus, congulate gyrus, septum, amygdala

Question 130

this system helps regulate our emotional experiences and expressions, and, to some extent, our ability to learn and to control our impulses

Answer 130

limbic system

Question 131

this system is involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst

Answer 131

limbic system

Question 132

a system of brain structures at the base of the forebrain that includes the caudate (tailed) nucleus

Answer 132

basal ganglia

Question 133

system that is believed to control motor activity

Answer 133

basal ganglia

Question 134

largest part of the forebrain containing more than 80% of all neurons within the CNS

Answer 134

cerebral cortex

Question 135

this part of the brain provides us with our distinctly human qualities, allowing us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create

Answer 135

cerebral cortex

Question 136

cerebral area that is divided into two hemispheres

Answer 136

cerebral cortex

Question 137

hemisphere that is responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes

Answer 137

left cerebral hemisphere

Question 138

the hemisphere that is better at perceiving the world around us and creating images

Answer 138

right cerebral hemisphere

Question 139

the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another

Answer 139

synaptic cleft

Question 140

biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron

Answer 140

neurotransmitters

Question 141

the brain uses an average of 140 billion nerve cells, called ______, to control every thought and action

Answer 141

neurons

Question 142

_______ transmit information throughout the nervous system

Answer 142

neurons

Question 143

the typical neuron contains a central cell body, called a _____

Answer 143

soma

Question 144

______ have numerous receptors that receive messages in the form of chemical impulses from other nerve cells

Answer 144

dendrite

Question 145

dendrites have numerous ________ that receive messages in the form of chemical impulses from other nerve cells, which are converted into electrical impulses

Answer 145

receptors

Question 146

an _____ transmits these impulses to other neurons

Answer 146

axon

Question 147

which division of the parasympathetic nervous system controls voluntary muscles?

Answer 147

autonomic nervous system

Question 148

expends energy

Answer 148

sympathetic nervous system

Question 149

conserves energy

Answer 149

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 150

controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system

Answer 150

somatic nervous system

Question 151

brain and spinal cord

Answer 151

central nervous system

Question 152

usually short-lived, temporary states lasting from
several minutes to several hours

Answer 152

emotions

Question 153

refers to the momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do; can also be used more generally to summarize commonalities
among emotional states characteristic of an individual.

Answer 153

affect

Question 154

someone who tends to be fearful, anxious, and depressed (affect)

Answer 154

experiencing negative affect

Question 155

tendencies to be pleasant, joyful, excited (affect)

Answer 155

experiencing positive affect

Question 156

Appraisals, attributions, and other ways of processing the world around you that are fundamental to
emotional experience.

Answer 156

cognitive aspects of emotion

Question 157

Emotion is a brain function involving (generally) the more primitive brain areas.

Direct connection between these areas and the eyes may allow emotional processing to bypass the influence of higher cognitive processes.

Answer 157

physiology of emotion

Question 158

Basic patterns of emotional behavior (freeze, escape,
approach, attack) that differ in fundamental ways.

Emotional behavior is a means of communication.

Answer 158

emotion and behaviour

Question 159

The emotion of ______ is a subjective feeling of terror, a strong motivation for behavior (escaping or fighting), and a complex physiological or arousal response.

Answer 159

fear

Question 160

an action tendency

Answer 160

emotion

Question 161

more social relationships and contacts equals ________

Answer 161

longer lifespan expectation

Question 162

relationships protect against ___________ & __________ disorders

Answer 162

physical and psychological

Question 163

social isolation increases the risk of ______ as much as smoking and more than physical inactivity or obesity

Answer 163

death

Question 164

mood state characterized by physical tension and apprehension about the future

Answer 164

ANXIETY

Question 165

includes a subjective state, behaviours, and physiological responses

Answer 165

anxiety

Question 166

an immediate alarm reaction to danger

Answer 166

fear

Question 167

a future-oriented mood state, characterized by apprehension because we cannot predict or control upcoming events.

an immediate emotional reaction to current danger characterized by strong escapist action tendencies and often a surge in the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer 167

anxiety vs. fear

Question 168

an abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms that usually include heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, and possibly, dizziness

Answer 168

Panic Attack

Question 169

we inherit a tendency to be tense, uptight, and anxious

Answer 169

biological explanations of anxiety

Question 170

associated with specific brain circuits and neurotransmitter systems

Answer 170

biological explanations of anxiety

Question 171

the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system and the amygdala’s role in anxiety

Answer 171

biological explanations of anxiety

Question 172

the area of the brain most often associated with anxiety

Answer 172

the limbic system

Question 173

______________ system is activated by signals from the brain stem of unexpected events, such as major changes in body functioning that might signal danger

Answer 173

the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

Question 174

When stimulated in animals, this circuit produces an immediate alarm-and-escape response that looks very much like panic in humans

Answer 174

Fight/flight system

Question 175

__________ ______________ thought anxiety was the product of early classical conditioning, modeling, or other forms of learning

Answer 175

Behavioral theorists

Question 176

the actions of parents in early childhood seem to do a lot to foster this sense of control or a sense of uncontrollability

Answer 176

psychological explanations of anxiety

Question 177

parents who are overprotective and overintrusive and who “clear the way” for their children, never letting them experience any adversity, create a situation in which children never learn how to cope with adversity when it comes along. These children don’t learn that they can control their environment

Answer 177

psychological explanations of anxiety

Question 178

These cues, or conditioned stimuli, provoke the fear response and an assumption of danger, even if the danger is not actually present

Answer 178

psychological explanations of anxiety

Question 179

places or situations similar to the one where the initial panic attack occurred

Answer 179

external cues

Question 180

increases in heart rate or respiration that were associated with the initial panic attack (even if they are normal changes such as exercise)

Answer 180

internal cues

Question 181

the first vulnerability or diathesis (a generalized biological vulnerability)
the second vulnerability ( a generalized psychological vulnerability)
the third vulnerability ( a specific psychological vulnerability)

Answer 181

the triple vulnerability theory

Question 182

a tendency to be uptight or high strung might be inherited. A generalized biological vulnerability to develop anxiety is not sufficient to produce anxiety itself

Answer 182

The first vulnerability theory (or diathesis) is a generalized biological vulnerability

Question 183

You might also grow up believing the world is dangerous and out of control and you might t not be able to cope when things go wrong based on your early experiences. If this perception is strong you have…..

Answer 183

The second vulnerability ( a generalized psychological vulnerability)

Question 184

you learn from early experiences, such as being taught by your parents, that some situations or objects are fraught with danger (even if they really aren’t)

Answer 184

the third vulnerability (a specific psychological vulnerability)

Question 185

heritable contribution to negative affect

Answer 185

biological vulnerability

Question 186

the third vulnerability (e.g.,
physical sensations are
potentially dangerous)

Answer 186

specific psychological vulnerability

Question 187

the sense that events are uncontrollable/unpredictable

Answer 187

generalized psychological vulnerability

Question 188

If individuals possess all three, the odds are greatly increased that they will develop an anxiety disorder
after experiencing a stressful situation.

Answer 188

the three vulnerabilities that contribute to the development of anxiety disorders

Question 189

disorders of _________ often co-occur

Answer 189

anxiety

Question 190

by far, the most common additional diagnosis for all anxiety disorders was ________ ____________

Answer 190

major depression

Question 191

_______ is equally as common among anxiety disorders and depression

Answer 191

suicide

Question 192

diagnosis of an ________ disorder increases chances of suicidal ideation or suicide attempts

Answer 192

anxiety

Question 193

anxiety disorders and depression combine to make the risk of ________ significantly greater than the risk of someone with depression alone

Answer 193

suicide

Question 194

worry is useful as what?

Answer 194

motivation

Question 195

excessive worry?

Answer 195

severe impairment

Question 196

catastrophizing, worst-case scenario, predicting negative outcomes, black and white thinking

Answer 196

Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms

Question 197

A. Excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about many events or activities.

B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry

C. Three of:
1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.
2. Being easily fatigued.
3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.
4. Irritability.
5. Muscle tension.
6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep).

Answer 197

Criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Question 198

runs in families

Answer 198

genetic causes of GAD

Question 199

1. Intolerance of uncertainty
2. Positive beliefs about worry
3. Poor problem orientation
4. Cognitive avoidance

heightened sensitivity to threats

Answer 199

four cognitive characteristics of people diagnosed with GAD

Question 200

for which disorder is psychological treatment effective in short-term AND better in long-term than medication?

Answer 200

GAD

Question 201

CBT: approach rather than avoid threats

mindfulness and ACT effective

Answer 201

GAD psychological treatments

Question 202

benzodiazepines, antidepressants effective with fewer side effects

Answer 202

GAD psychopharmacological treatments

Question 203

come on within seconds, minutes

physiological symptoms and fears like dying or losing control

fear occurring at inappropriate times

own disorder or specified for other disorders

Answer 203

Panic attack

Question 204

A. Recurrent unexpected panic attacks – plus 4 of the following: (SEE PICTURE)

B. At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month+ of one or both of the following:

1. Persistent concern or worry about additional panic attacks or their consequences.
2. A significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks

Answer 204

Panic disorder criteria

Question 205

• always provokes fear or anxiety
• active avoidance, need a companion, or are endured with intense fear or anxiety
• fear/anxiety out of proportion to the actual danger posed
• 6+ months

Answer 205

agoraphobia criteria

Question 206

A. Marked fear/anxiety about 2+ of following:
1. Using public transportation
2. Being in open spaces
3. Being in enclosed places
4. Standing in line or being in a crowd.
5. Being outside of the home alone.

B. Avoids situations because of thoughts that escape might be difficult or help might not be available if panic-like symptoms/other incapacitating/ embarrassing symptoms arise

Answer 206

agoraphobia

Question 207

avoidance of internal physical sensations that may resemble a panic attack starting

Answer 207

interoceptive avoidance

Question 208

after an unexpected panic attack or like sensations, vulnerable to anxiety about the possibility of another panic attack, normal body sensations interpreted catastrophically

Answer 208

panic and agoraphobia causes

Question 209

panic control treatment (PCT)

interoceptive exposure

exposure-based interventions

Answer 209

psychological intervention for panic and agoraphobia

Question 210

stepped care approach

Answer 210

combined psychological and drug treatments for panic and agoraphobia

Question 211

benzodiazepines, SSRIs, SNRIs

Answer 211

medication treatments for panic and agoraphobia

Question 212

This is the criteria for which disorder?

A. Anxiety about a specific object or situation

B. Almost always provokes immediate anxiety

C. Actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety

D. Out of proportion to the actual danger posed

• 6+ months

Answer 212

specific phobia

Question 213

for which disorder do are these contributing factors: traumatic experiences, vicarious experiences, panic attack, social and cultural factors impact, higher rates in women

Answer 213

specific phobia

Question 214

exposure-based exercises
- modify neural pathways in amygdala, insula, cingulate cortex

virtual reality exposure therapy

Answer 214

specific phobia treatments

Question 215

A. Marked fear or anxiety about 1+ social situations where scrutiny by others possible.

B. Fears show anxiety symptoms or being negatively evaluated.

Almost always provoke fear or anxiety.
Avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety.
Out of proportion to the actual threat.
6+ months

Answer 215

social anxiety disorder (social phobia) criteria

Question 216

• Biological vulnerability
• Biological tendency to social inhibition
• Conditioned panic attack in a social situation
• Experience of a difficult social experience

Answer 216

causes of social anxiety disorder

Question 217

• Cognitive-behavioural group therapy (CBGT)
• Virtual reality therapy
• SSRIs??

Answer 217

treatment of social anxiety disorder

Question 218

*A. 1+ somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life

*B. Excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviours related to somatic symptoms or health concerns as manifested by at least 1 of: 

		*1. Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of symptoms. 
		*2. Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms. 
		*3. Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns. 

*C. Although any one somatic symptom may not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent (typically 6+ months).

Answer 218

somatic symptom disorder (and other related disorders) criteria

Question 219

• Severe pain exacerbated by psychological factors
  
  • Leads to anxiety and distress
    
    • May not be a clear physical reason for pain
• DSM-5 emphasizes psychological symptoms

Answer 219

somatic symptom disorder clinical description

Question 220

• Formerly known as “hypochondriasis”
• Physical symptoms are absent or mild
• Concern is “idea” of being sick
• Reassurance from physicians is not helpful

Answer 220

illness anxiety disorder

Question 221

A. Preoccupation with having/acquiring serious illness.

B. Somatic symptoms are not present or are mild if present. The preoccupation is clearly excessive or disproportionate.

C. There is a high level of anxiety about health, easily alarmed about personal health status.

D. Performs excessive health-related behaviours or exhibits maladaptive avoidance.

E. Illness preoccupation present for 6+ months

Answer 221

illness anxiety disorder crteria

Question 222

The following are causes of which two disorders?

• Enhanced perceptual sensitivity to illness cues
  • Interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening
  • Genetic causes
  • Negative life events
  • “Attention seeking” through illness

Answer 222

somatic symptom disorder

illness anxiety disorder

Question 223

• hard to treat
  • CBT
    
    • reduce stress
  • minimize help-seeking behaviours
  • relating to others

Answer 223

treatment of somatic symptom and illness anxiety disorder

Question 224

• Unconscious conflicts expressed through (converted to) physical symptoms
  • Way to deal with extreme stress
  • “Functional”: Severe physical dysfunction without an organic cause
  • Not common
  • AKA Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder

Answer 224

conversion disorder

Question 225

A. 1+ symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function.

B. Clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions.

C. The symptom or deficit is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder.

Answer 225

conversion disorder criteria

Question 226

• Malingering (i.e., faking)
  - Factitious disorders
  - Factitious disorder imposed on another

Answer 226

Closely related disorders to conversion disorder

Question 227

A. Presence of obsessions, compulsions or both:
Obsessions are defined by (1) and (2):
- 1. Recurrent/persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive and cause marked anxiety or distress
- 2. Attempts to ignore/suppress/neutralize such thoughts, impulses, or images with some by performing a compulsion
*
Compulsions are defined by (1) and (2):
- 1. Repetitive behaviors or mental acts driven to perform in response to obsession or rigid rules
- 2. Behaviors/mental acts used to prevent/reduce distress, or a dreaded event or situation; however, they either are not realistically connected with what they are designed to neutralize or are clearly excessive.
B. Obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g., 1+ hours per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment

Answer 227

OCD Criteria

Question 228

Answer 228

the vicious cycle of OCD

Question 229

Answer 229

the avoidance peak

Question 230

• Symmetry/exactness/“just right”
• Checking
• Forbidden thoughts or actions (harm, sexual, scrupulosity)
• Cleaning/contamination
• Hoarding

Answer 230

common types of obsessions and compulsions

Question 231

• 1.6%–2.3 %: lifetime prevalence of OCD
  • Continuum arrangement
  • Male-to-female ratio is 1:1; in childhood, more boys than girls
  • Gender minorities 4-6x more likely to be treated for OCD (Pinciotti et al., 2022)
  • Onset in early adolescence to mid-20s
  • Chronic when develops

Answer 231

OCD

Question 232

• Thoughts regulated by brain circuits
  • Early experiences
    
    • “thought-action fusion”
  • Thought suppression leads to compulsions

Answer 232

causes of OCD

Question 233

• Exposure and Response Prevention
• SSRIs
• Should not be treated with anxiolytics

Answer 233

treatment of OCD

Question 234

• Preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance
• “Imagined ugliness”
• Repeated looking in mirrors
• Co-occurs with OCD, maybe on continuum

Answer 234

body dysmorphic disorder

Question 235

A. Preoccupation with 1+ defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others.

B. At some point, the individual performs repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, reassurance seeking) or mental acts (e.g., comparing appearance with others) in response to the appearance concerns.

Answer 235

body dysmorphic disorder criteria

Question 236

• Insufficient information on psychological or biological predisposing factors
• SSRIs
• CBT: Exposure and response prevention

Answer 236

causes and treatments of body dysmorphic disorder

Question 236

• Insufficient information on psychological or biological predisposing factors
• SSRIs
• CBT: Exposure and response prevention

Answer 236

causes and treatments of body dysmorphic disorder

Question 237

• Skin treatments most sought
• Many patients of plastic surgeons return for additional surgery
• 8%–25% who request plastic surgery have BDD

Answer 237

medical “treatments” for body dysmorphic disorder

Question 238

• Appears as a separate disorder in DSM-5
• Hoarding starts early in life; chronic and progressive
• Can be hazardous
• Patients come for treatment after age 50

Answer 238

hoarding disorder

Question 239

CBT treatment

Answer 239

hoarding disorder

Question 240

• Disorder has severe social consequences
• 1%–5% college students: more in females

Answer 240

trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

Question 241

• Afflicts 1%–5% of general population
• Scabs, scars, open wounds common

Answer 241

excoriation (skin-picking disorder)

Question 242

Treatment: habit reversal training

Answer 242

for both trichotillomania and excoriation

Question 243

severe anxiety focused on the possibility of having a serious disease, reassurance from physicians does not help

Answer 243

hypochondriasis

Question 244

focuses on avoiding frightening or repulsive intrusive thoughts (obsessions) or neutralizing these thoughts through the use of ritualistic behaviour (compulsions)

Answer 244

OCD

Question 245

a process whereby the rituals are actively prevented and the patient is systematically and gradually exposed to feared thoughts or situations

Answer 245

exposure and ritual prevention (ERP)

Question 246

what is the average age when people come for treatment (after many years of hoarding)?

Answer 246

50