Test 2 Carbohydrate Structure and Function

Question 1

Enantiomer definition

Answer 1

Look the same but not superimposable, think hands.

Question 2

Diastereomers definition

Answer 2

Pair of stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

Question 3

Epimer definition

Answer 3

Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom.

Question 4

Where is C-1 Carbon drawn in a monosaccharide?

Answer 4

On the right side.

Question 5

Anomeric Carbon

Answer 5

Former carbonyl carbon which is the new chiral center for the ring monosaccharide.

Question 6

Ring Structure formation: Aldehyde + alcohol

Answer 6

Hemiacetal Ex. Glucose

Question 7

Ring Structure formation: Ketone + alcohol

Answer 7

Hemiketal Ex. Fructose

Question 8

Anomeric hydroxyl group on opposite side of ring as CH2OH

Answer 8

Alpha conformation

Question 9

Anomeric hydroxyl group on same side of ring as CH2OH

Answer 9

Beta conformation.

Question 10

Reducing Sugar

Answer 10

• All monosaccharides are reducing sugars
  
  • When oxidized the carbonyl carbon is oxidized to a carboxyl group.
• For other sugars it depends if the sugar has 1 anomeric carbon free.

Question 11

Examples of Reducing Sugars

Answer 11

Lactose and Maltose

Question 12

Example of Non-reducing sugars?

Answer 12

Sucrose and Trehalose

Question 13

Most carbohydrates occur as what in nature?

Answer 13

Polymers

Question 14

How are Starches and glycogens similar and different

Answer 14

Both are used for storage.

Starches in plants

Glycogens in animals.

Question 15

O-linked glycoproteins?

Answer 15

Oxygen linked.

Question 16

Glycosaminoglycans

Answer 16

Contains amino sugars and uronic acids

These can be attached to proteins to form proteoglycans.

Question 17

Furanose

Answer 17

sugar with a five sided ring structrure

Question 18

Pyranose

Answer 18

Sugar with a six-sided ring structure

Question 19

Oligosaccharides definition

Answer 19

3-10 monosaccharides

Question 20

Polysaccharides

Answer 20

>10 monosaccharides

Question 21

Inulin

Answer 21

Polysaccharide of Fructose

Soluble in water

Not Digested

Filtered through kidneys and excreted in urine

Used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 22

Dextran

Answer 22

• Made by yeast and bacteria
• Made up of (a1 → 6) - linked poly-D-glucose with (a1 → 3)
• Also have (a1 → 2) and (a1 → 4) branches
• Dental plaque

Question 23

Gylcogen

Answer 23

• Structure:
  
  • similar to amylopectin
  • Has (a1 → 6) branches every 8-12 residues
• Allows higher concentration of glucose as glycogen.

Question 24

Cellulose

Answer 24

• Linear, unbranched glucose polymer
• Glucose residues have beta configuration.

Question 25

Epimer of D-Glucose

Answer 25

D-mannose (Epimer at C-2)

D-Galactose (epimer at C-4)