Test 2 Additional questions Flashcards
What is meant by Thrust fault?
When layers of rock collide and one layer is “thrusted” over the other resulting in the exposure of very old rock at the surface.
What is meant by melange?
Term describing disruption of rock at subduction zone where one peice of crust is consumed by another
How was the omnicea formed?
Result of a plate collision where high pressures metamorphosed huge masses of granite and igneous rock.
whats a fault?
Where tectonic plates collide
Which reacts more violently to acid? Limestone or DOLOMITE?
limestone
What is meant by aphanitic?
Fine grained
What is meant by phaneritic?
coarse grain
What is meant by poryphyritic
Large crystals locked together with smaller crystals
What is meant by pyroclastic?
Composites of ejected volcanic fragments
What two groups are sedimentary rocks separated into?
explain the basis of differentiation
Clastic - composed of fragments from pre-existing material
Chemical Precipitate - minerals Precipitate out of water and settle to the bottom
What are the two types of micas?
Biotite - ferro magnesium
Muscovite - non ferro magnesium
Form at cooler temperatures
What are the two types of feldspar?
Differentiate
Orthoclase - Pink colour - non striated
Plagioclase - light or dark - striated
What is the texture of extrusive rocks?
What about intrusive?
Extrusive - Aphanitic
Intrusive - Phaneritic
What are the macro nutrients that come from the atmosphere?
Rocks?
H,C,O,N
P,K,Ca,Mg,S
Name some micro nutrients
Cl, B, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo
What is andesite?
- Fine grain
- Igneous Extrusive
- Mainly plagioclase with other minerals like hornblende/pyroxine/biotite
What is Rhyolite?
- Light coloured
- igneous extrusive
- Similar to granite in composition (Quartz+Feldspar)
What is Basalt?
- Igneous extrusive
- Fine grain
- Dark colour
- Formed by quick cooling of magma at surface of earth
- Similar to Gabbro in composition (plagioclase/pyroxine/olivine)
What is Obsidian?
- Igneous extrusive
- forms when molten rock cools so rapidly that atoms do not have time to arrange themselves into crystal structure
What is Gabbro?
- Igneous intrusive
- black/dark green
- similar composition to basalt but forms deeper (Plagioclase/augite/olivine)
What is Granite?
- Igneous intrusive
- Mainly quartz and feldspar
- Slow cooling of lava beneath earths crust
What is Diorite?
- Igneous intrusive
- light colour
- similar to andesite but formed deeper in the earth
- (plagioclase/biotite/hornblende)
What is limestone?
- Clastic sedimentary
- Formed primarily from the organic accumulation of shell and coral debris
What is conglomerate?
- Clastic sedimentary
- Composed of compacted/lithified gravel size fragments of weathered material
What is Dolomite?
- Sedimentary chemical precipitate
- Similar to limestone but less reactive to acid
- Light colour
- reacts with acid
What is sandstone?
- Clastic sedimentary
- accumulation and lithification of sand sized particles
What is Shale?
- Clastic sedimentary
- Accumulation and lithification of clay sizes weathering debris
- generally dark colour
What is siltstone?
- Clastic sedimentary
- accumulation and lithification of silt sized weathering debris
Differentiate conglomerate and breccia
conglomerate has rounded fragments
breccia has angular fragments
-Both clastic sedimentary
What are metamorphic rocks?
Igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been subjected to intense heat and pressure by tectonic activity or contact with lava
What two groups can metamorphic rocks be split into?
foliated and non foliated foliated -slate -phyllite -schist -Gneiss Non foliated -quartzite -marble -metaconglomerate
What is gneiss?
- foliated metamorphic
- metamorphosed granite (feldspar/quartz)
What is quartzite?
- non foliated metamorphic
- metamorphosed sandstone
What is marble?
- non foliated metamorphic rock
- metamorphosed limestone
What is schist?
- Foliated metamorphic
- metamorphosed from basalt or shale
What is slate?
- foliated metamorphic
- metamorphosed shale
What groups are silicate rfms separated into?
Ferro-magnesium -olivine -pyroxine(augite) -Hornblende(amphibole) -biotite Non Ferro magnesium -Muscovite -orthoclase -plagioclase -quartz
What does hardness refer to?
a measure of the mohs scale from 1-7
-measure of resistance to abrasion
What are optical properties?
refers to the way that light passes through an object
- Opaque - light does not pass through
- Translucent - light passes through with low clarity
- Transparent - light passes through clearly
What is specific gravity?
ratio of mineral mass to equal mass of water
What are the 5 RFM groups?
give examples if possible
Silicates - pyroxine, hornblende, biotite Oxides - hematite, magnetite Sulfides - pyrite, galena Sulphates - Gypsum Carbonates - Calcite
What is Bowens Reaction Series?
Bowens reaction series is a chart that refers to the specific temperatures that minerals will precipitate from magma.
- Calcic - hottest
- Plagioclase - medium
- Sodic - coolest
What are 5 essential mineral characteristics?
- Naturally occurring
- Non organic
- Solid
- Definite atomic structure
- Definite chemical composition
What is cleavage?
Refers to how a crystal will separate based on internal planes of weakness
- either basal (perpendicular) or prismatic (parralell) to face of crystal.
- not all have cleavage
What is a streak plate made of?
white porcelain
What is lustre?
most common?
Refers to the way that light reflects off an object
-vitreous (glasslike) is most common
