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Medical Terminology Test 1 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Blast/o

A

germ or bud

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2
Q

Chrom/o

A

color

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3
Q

Chromat/o

A

Color

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4
Q

Chyl/o

A

Juice

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5
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

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6
Q

Hem/o

A

blood

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7
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

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8
Q

Immun/o

A

safe

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9
Q

Lymph/o

A

clear fluid

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10
Q

Morph/o

A

form

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11
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow or spinal cord

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12
Q

phag/o

A

eat or swallow

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13
Q

plas/o

A

formation

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14
Q

reticul/o

A

a net

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15
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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16
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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17
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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18
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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19
Q

hemoglobin

A

the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances

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21
Q

erythropenia

A

an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells

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22
Q

lymphocytopenia

A

an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

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23
Q

neutropenia

A

a decreased number of neutrophils

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24
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood impairing the clotting process

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25
Q

polycythemia

A

increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

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26
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes

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27
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

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28
Q

anemia

A

a condition of reduced # of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues

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29
Q

leukemia

A

chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

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30
Q

myelodysplasia

A

disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

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31
Q

lymphoma

A

any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin’s Disease

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32
Q

metastasis

A

process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the pleural form, metastases, indicates spreading to 2 or more distant sites

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33
Q

septicemia

A

systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood

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34
Q

phlebotomy

A

incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

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35
Q

venipuncture

A

incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

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36
Q

PTT

A

Partial Thromboplastin TIme - test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders

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37
Q

PT

A

Prothrombin time - test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood

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38
Q

prothrombin

A

protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

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39
Q

Hgb

A

Hemoglobin -a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)

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40
Q

HCT

A

Hematocrit - a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood

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41
Q

ESR

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma

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42
Q

splenectomy

A

removal of the spleen

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43
Q

Lymphadenectomy

A

removal of a lymph node

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44
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (e.g. platelets) followed by reinfusion (apheresis = a withdrawal)

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45
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

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46
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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47
Q

BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

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48
Q

CBC

A

Complete Blood Count

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49
Q

CMP

A

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

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50
Q

RBC

A

Red Blood Cell; Red Blood Count

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51
Q

WBC

A

White Blood Cell; White Blood Count

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52
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus (air sac)

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53
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus (airway)

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54
Q

bronchi/o

A

bronchus (airway)

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55
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole (little airway)

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56
Q

capn/o

A

carbon dioxide

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57
Q

carb/o

A

carbon dioxide

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58
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx (voice box)

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59
Q

lob/o

A

lobe (a portion)

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60
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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61
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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62
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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63
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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64
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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65
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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66
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm or mind

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67
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura (lining of lungs)

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68
Q

pneum/o

A

air or lung

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69
Q

pneumon/o

A

air or lung

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70
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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71
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus (cavity)

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72
Q

spir/o

A

breathing

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73
Q

~pnea

A

breathing

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74
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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75
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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76
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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77
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

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78
Q

trache/o

A

trachea (windpipe)

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79
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

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80
Q

Larynx

A

voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; containing the vocal cords

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81
Q

Nasopharynx

A

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

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82
Q

oropharynx

A

Central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

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83
Q

laryngopharynx

A

lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus

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84
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration

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85
Q

mediasteinum

A

partition that separates the thorax into 2 compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

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86
Q

parenchyma

A

functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration

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87
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

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88
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing

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89
Q

tachypnea

A

fast breathing

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90
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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91
Q

apnea

A

inability to breathe

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92
Q

orthopnea

A

ability to breathe only in an upright position

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93
Q

dysphonia

A

hoarseness (phon/o = voice or sound)

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94
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs (ptysis = to spit)

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95
Q

hypercapnia (hypercarbia)

A

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno = smoke; carbo=coal)

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96
Q

hypoxemia

A

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

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97
Q

hypoxia

A

deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells

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98
Q

obstructive lung disease

A

condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

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99
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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100
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele = imperfect; -ectasis = expansion or dialation)

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101
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi

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102
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

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103
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

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104
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural cavity

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105
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural cavity

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106
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals

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107
Q

PE

A

Pulmonary embolism - occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot

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108
Q

endoscopy

A

examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes

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109
Q

bronchoscopy

A

use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways

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110
Q

pulse oximetry

A

noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger, used to monitor hypoxemia

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111
Q

pneumonectomy

A

removal of an entire lung

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112
Q

thoracentesis

A

puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)

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113
Q

thoracotomy

A

incision into the chest

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114
Q

tracheostomy

A

creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube

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115
Q

ABG

A

Arterial Blood Gas

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116
Q

AP

A

Anterior-Posterior

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117
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

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118
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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119
Q

CT

A

Computed Tomography

120
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray

121
Q

PA

A

Posterior-Anterior

122
Q

PE

A

pulmonary embolism

123
Q

PFT

A

pulmonary functioning testing

124
Q

TB

A

tuberculosis

125
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

126
Q

VC

A

vital capacity

127
Q

VQ or V/Q

A

ventilation-perfusion (scan)

128
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum (largest part of brain)

129
Q

Cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum (little brain)

130
Q

craini/o

A

skull

131
Q

encephal/o

A

entire brain

132
Q

esthesi/o

A

sensation

133
Q

gangli/o

A

ganglion (knot)

134
Q

gli/o

A

glue

135
Q

gnos/o

A

knowing

136
Q

kinesi/o

A

movement

137
Q

lex/o

A

word or phrase

138
Q

mening/o

A

meninges (membrane)

139
Q

meningi/o

A

meninges (membrane)

140
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord or bone marrow

141
Q

narc/o

A

stupor or sleep

142
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

143
Q

phas/o

A

speech

144
Q

phob/o

A

exaggerated fear or sensitivity

145
Q

phor/o

A

carry or bear

146
Q

phren/o

A

mind

147
Q

psych/o

A

mind

148
Q

thym/o

A

mind

149
Q

schiz/o

A

split

150
Q

somat/o

A

body

151
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

152
Q

somn/i

A

sleep

153
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

154
Q

spin/o

A

spine (thorn)

155
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

156
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

157
Q

stere/o

A

three-dimensional or solid

158
Q

tax/o

A

order or coordination

159
Q

thalm/o

A

thalmus (a room)

160
Q

ton/o

A

tone or tension

161
Q

top/o

A

place

162
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (belly or pouch)

163
Q

cata-

A

down

164
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

165
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

166
Q

-mania

A

condition of abnormal impulse toward

167
Q

-paresis

A

slight paralysis

168
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

169
Q

aphasia (dysphasia)

A

impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs as a result of a stroke, head trauma, or disease

170
Q

Dementia

A

an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion (dementi = to be mad)

171
Q

Neuralgia

A

pain along the course of a nerve

172
Q

paralysis

A

temporary or permanent loss of motor control

173
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion

174
Q

spastic paralysis

A

stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder

175
Q

hemiparesis

A

partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body

176
Q

sciatica

A

pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots

177
Q

hyperesthesia

A

increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain

178
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause

179
Q

agnosia

A

any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information

180
Q

asterognosis

A

inability to judge the form of an object by touch (e.g. a coin from a key)

181
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular Accident - damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke)

182
Q

TIA

A

Transient Ischemic Attack - brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment); often precedes a CVA

183
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

184
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder affecting the central nervous system; characterized by recurren seizures

185
Q

glioma

A

tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy

186
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor

187
Q

meningioma

A

benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges)

188
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

189
Q

spina bifida

A

defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges (meningocele) or of the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele); considered to be the most common neural tube defect (spina = spine; bifida = split into two parts)

190
Q

plegia

A

paralysis

191
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body

192
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis from the waist down

193
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all 4 limbs

194
Q

SPECT

A

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography brain scan - scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after the administration of radioactive isotopes

195
Q

PET

A

Positron-Emission Tomography - technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, and so on; provides greater accuracy than SPECT, but is used less often because of the cost and the limited availability of the radioisotopes

196
Q

crainiotomy

A

incision into the skull to approach the brain

197
Q

discectomy

A

removal of a herniated disk; often done percutaneously (per = through; cutaneous = skin)

198
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord

199
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

spinal fusion

200
Q

analgesic

A

agent that relieves pain

201
Q

hypnotic

A

agent that induces sleep

202
Q

dysphoria

A

a restless, dissatisfied mood

203
Q

mania

A

state of abnormal elation and increased activity

204
Q

neurosis

A

a psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent

205
Q

psychosis

A

a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one’s environment

206
Q

hypochondriasis

A

a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary

207
Q

neuroleptic agent

A

drug used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia

208
Q

ALS

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

209
Q

ADHD

A

Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder

210
Q

CP

A

Cerebral Palsy

211
Q

CSF

A

CerebroSpinal Fluid

212
Q

DTR

A

Deep Tendon Reflexes

213
Q

ECT

A

ElectroConvulsive Therapy

214
Q

EEG

A

ElectroEncephaloGram

215
Q

GAD

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

216
Q

LP

A

Lumbar Puncture

217
Q

MS

A

Multiple Sclerosis

218
Q

NCV

A

Nerve Conduction Velocity

219
Q

OCD

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

220
Q

aden/o

A

gland

221
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal gland

222
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

223
Q

andr/o

A

male

224
Q

crin/o

A

to secrete

225
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

226
Q

gluc/o

A

glucose (sugar)

227
Q

glocos/o

A

glucose (sugar)

228
Q

glyc/o

A

glucose (sugar)

229
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone (an urging on)

230
Q

ket/o

A

ketone bodies

231
Q

keton/o

A

ketone bodies

232
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

233
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

234
Q

thyr/o

A

thyroid gland (shield)

235
Q

thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland (shield)

236
Q

glucocorticoids

A

regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid

237
Q

epinephrine

A

secreted in response to fear of physical injury; secreted by the adrenal medulla to affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response.

238
Q

norepinephrine

A

secreted in response to hyptension and physical stress

239
Q

insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin = island)

240
Q

glucagon

A

a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar

241
Q

PTH

A

ParaThyroid Hormone - Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

242
Q

Hypophysis

A

aka pituitary gland
located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, leutenizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

243
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone - influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

244
Q

oxytocin

A

influences uterine contraction

245
Q

thyroxin

A

T4 - one of the thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism

246
Q

calcitonin

A

regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

247
Q

glucosuria

A

sugar in the urine

248
Q

hypercalcemia

A

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

249
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

250
Q

ketosis

A

presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter)

251
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

252
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

253
Q

DM

A

Diabetes Mellitus - metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria (diabetes = passing through; mellitus = sugar)

254
Q

acromegaly

A

disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

255
Q

aque/o

A

water

256
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

257
Q

conjunctiv/o

A

conjunctiva (to join together)

258
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

259
Q

kerat/o

A

cornea

260
Q

cycl/o

A

circle, ciliary body

261
Q

ir/o

A

colored circle, iris

262
Q

irid/o

A

colored circle, iris

263
Q

lacrim/o

A

tear

264
Q

dacry/o

A

tear

265
Q

ocul/o

A

eye

266
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye

267
Q

opt/o

A

eye

268
Q

phac/o

A

lens (lentil)

269
Q

phak/o

A

lens (lentil)

270
Q

phot/o

A

light

271
Q

presby/o

A

old age

272
Q

retin/o

A

retina

273
Q

scler/o

A

hard or sclera

274
Q

vitre/o

A

glassy

275
Q

-opia

A

condition of vision

276
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball

277
Q

ciliary muscle

A

smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body, which contracts to assist in near vision

278
Q

Palpebra

A

eyelid - movable, protective fold that opens and closes, covering the eye

279
Q

fundus

A

interior surface of the eyeball, including the retina, optic disk, macula, and posterior pole (curvature at the back of the eye) (fundus=base)

280
Q

lacrimal gland

A

gland located in the upper outer region above the eyeball that secretes tears

281
Q

macula (macula lutea)

A

central region of the retina; responsible for central vision; yellow pigment provides its color (lutea = yellow)

282
Q

diploplia

A

double vision

283
Q

lacrimation

A

secretion of tears

284
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary, rapid, oscillating movement of the eyeball (nystagmos = a nodding)

285
Q

Scotoma

A

blind spot in vision (skotos = darkness)

286
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays are focused on a point behind the retina

287
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects when light rays are focused on a point in front of the retina

288
Q

presbyopia

A

impaired vision caused by old age or loss of accommodation

(accommodation = ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects

289
Q

blepharitis

A

inflammation of the eyelid

290
Q

ptosis

A

drooping of the eyelid

291
Q

cataract

A

opaque clouding of the lens causing decreased vision

292
Q

conjunctivitis

A

pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva

293
Q

glaucoma

A

group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision

294
Q

macular degeneration

A

breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula, resulting in partial or complete loss of central vision

295
Q

strabismus

A

a condition of eye misalignment caused by intraocular muscle imbalance (strabismus = a squinting)

296
Q

esotropia

A

right or left eye deviates inward, toward nose (eso = inward; tropo = turning)

297
Q

exotropia

A

right or left eye deviates outward, away from nose (exo=out; tropo=turning)

Medical Terminology Test 1 (2 decks)

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