Test 2 Flashcards
Blast/o
germ or bud
Chrom/o
color
Chromat/o
Color
Chyl/o
Juice
Cyt/o
Cell
Hem/o
blood
Hemat/o
Blood
Immun/o
safe
Lymph/o
clear fluid
Morph/o
form
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
phag/o
eat or swallow
plas/o
formation
reticul/o
a net
splen/o
spleen
thromb/o
clot
thym/o
thymus gland
erythrocyte
red blood cell; transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
hemoglobin
the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
leukocyte
white blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances
erythropenia
an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
lymphocytopenia
an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
neutropenia
a decreased number of neutrophils
thrombocytopenia
an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood impairing the clotting process
polycythemia
increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
lymphadenopathy
enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
anemia
a condition of reduced # of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues
leukemia
chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
myelodysplasia
disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
lymphoma
any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin’s Disease
metastasis
process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the pleural form, metastases, indicates spreading to 2 or more distant sites
septicemia
systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
phlebotomy
incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
venipuncture
incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
PTT
Partial Thromboplastin TIme - test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
PT
Prothrombin time - test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
prothrombin
protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process
Hgb
Hemoglobin -a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams)
HCT
Hematocrit - a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
ESR
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma
splenectomy
removal of the spleen
Lymphadenectomy
removal of a lymph node
Plasmapheresis
removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements (e.g. platelets) followed by reinfusion (apheresis = a withdrawal)
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen
CBC
Complete Blood Count
CMP
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel
RBC
Red Blood Cell; Red Blood Count
WBC
White Blood Cell; White Blood Count
alveol/o
alveolus (air sac)
bronch/o
bronchus (airway)
bronchi/o
bronchus (airway)
bronchiol/o
bronchiole (little airway)
capn/o
carbon dioxide
carb/o
carbon dioxide
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
lob/o
lobe (a portion)
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
or/o
mouth
ox/o
oxygen
palat/o
palate
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
phren/o
diaphragm or mind
pleur/o
pleura (lining of lungs)
pneum/o
air or lung
pneumon/o
air or lung
pulmon/o
lung
sinus/o
sinus (cavity)
spir/o
breathing
~pnea
breathing
thorac/o
chest
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
tonsill/o
tonsil
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
uvul/o
uvula
Larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; containing the vocal cords
Nasopharynx
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
oropharynx
Central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
diaphragm
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and that moves upward and downward to aid in respiration
mediasteinum
partition that separates the thorax into 2 compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
parenchyma
functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
eupnea
normal breathing
bradypnea
slow breathing
tachypnea
fast breathing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
apnea
inability to breathe
orthopnea
ability to breathe only in an upright position
dysphonia
hoarseness (phon/o = voice or sound)
hemoptysis
coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs (ptysis = to spit)
hypercapnia (hypercarbia)
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno = smoke; carbo=coal)
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
obstructive lung disease
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
atelectasis
collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele = imperfect; -ectasis = expansion or dialation)
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
pneumonia
inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals
PE
Pulmonary embolism - occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
endoscopy
examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
bronchoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
pulse oximetry
noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger, used to monitor hypoxemia
pneumonectomy
removal of an entire lung
thoracentesis
puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)
thoracotomy
incision into the chest
tracheostomy
creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
ABG
Arterial Blood Gas
AP
Anterior-Posterior
CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CT
Computed Tomography
CXR
chest x-ray
PA
Posterior-Anterior
PE
pulmonary embolism
PFT
pulmonary functioning testing
TB
tuberculosis
URI
upper respiratory infection
VC
vital capacity
VQ or V/Q
ventilation-perfusion (scan)
cerebr/o
cerebrum (largest part of brain)
Cerebell/o
Cerebellum (little brain)
craini/o
skull
encephal/o
entire brain
esthesi/o
sensation
gangli/o
ganglion (knot)
gli/o
glue
gnos/o
knowing
kinesi/o
movement
lex/o
word or phrase
mening/o
meninges (membrane)
meningi/o
meninges (membrane)
myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
narc/o
stupor or sleep
neur/o
nerve
phas/o
speech
phob/o
exaggerated fear or sensitivity
phor/o
carry or bear
phren/o
mind
psych/o
mind
thym/o
mind
schiz/o
split
somat/o
body
somn/o
sleep
somn/i
sleep
hypn/o
sleep
spin/o
spine (thorn)
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra
stere/o
three-dimensional or solid
tax/o
order or coordination
thalm/o
thalmus (a room)
ton/o
tone or tension
top/o
place
ventricul/o
ventricle (belly or pouch)
cata-
down
-asthenia
weakness
-lepsy
seizure
-mania
condition of abnormal impulse toward
-paresis
slight paralysis
-plegia
paralysis
aphasia (dysphasia)
impairment because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs as a result of a stroke, head trauma, or disease
Dementia
an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion (dementi = to be mad)
Neuralgia
pain along the course of a nerve
paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of motor control
flaccid paralysis
defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
spastic paralysis
stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
hemiparesis
partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
sciatica
pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
paresthesia
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
agnosia
any of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information
asterognosis
inability to judge the form of an object by touch (e.g. a coin from a key)
CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident - damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke)
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack - brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment); often precedes a CVA
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
epilepsy
disorder affecting the central nervous system; characterized by recurren seizures
glioma
tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy
hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor
meningioma
benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges)
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
spina bifida
defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges (meningocele) or of the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele); considered to be the most common neural tube defect (spina = spine; bifida = split into two parts)
plegia
paralysis
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down
quadriplegia
paralysis of all 4 limbs
SPECT
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography brain scan - scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of the brain after the administration of radioactive isotopes
PET
Positron-Emission Tomography - technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology; used to study stroke, Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chemistry of nerve transmissions in the brain, and so on; provides greater accuracy than SPECT, but is used less often because of the cost and the limited availability of the radioisotopes
crainiotomy
incision into the skull to approach the brain
discectomy
removal of a herniated disk; often done percutaneously (per = through; cutaneous = skin)
laminectomy
excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord
spondylosyndesis
spinal fusion
analgesic
agent that relieves pain
hypnotic
agent that induces sleep
dysphoria
a restless, dissatisfied mood
mania
state of abnormal elation and increased activity
neurosis
a psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent
psychosis
a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one’s environment
hypochondriasis
a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
neuroleptic agent
drug used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
ALS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ADHD
Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder
CP
Cerebral Palsy
CSF
CerebroSpinal Fluid
DTR
Deep Tendon Reflexes
ECT
ElectroConvulsive Therapy
EEG
ElectroEncephaloGram
GAD
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
LP
Lumbar Puncture
MS
Multiple Sclerosis
NCV
Nerve Conduction Velocity
OCD
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
andr/o
male
crin/o
to secrete
dips/o
thirst
gluc/o
glucose (sugar)
glocos/o
glucose (sugar)
glyc/o
glucose (sugar)
hormon/o
hormone (an urging on)
ket/o
ketone bodies
keton/o
ketone bodies
pancreat/o
pancreas
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o
thyroid gland (shield)
thyroid/o
thyroid gland (shield)
glucocorticoids
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid
epinephrine
secreted in response to fear of physical injury; secreted by the adrenal medulla to affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response.
norepinephrine
secreted in response to hyptension and physical stress
insulin
a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin = island)
glucagon
a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar
PTH
ParaThyroid Hormone - Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Hypophysis
aka pituitary gland
located at the base of the brain; considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles; the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, leutenizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
ADH
Antidiuretic Hormone - influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
oxytocin
influences uterine contraction
thyroxin
T4 - one of the thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism
calcitonin
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
glucosuria
sugar in the urine
hypercalcemia
an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
ketosis
presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (keto = alter)
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive urination
DM
Diabetes Mellitus - metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria (diabetes = passing through; mellitus = sugar)
acromegaly
disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
aque/o
water
blephar/o
eyelid
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva (to join together)
corne/o
cornea
kerat/o
cornea
cycl/o
circle, ciliary body
ir/o
colored circle, iris
irid/o
colored circle, iris
lacrim/o
tear
dacry/o
tear
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o
eye
phac/o
lens (lentil)
phak/o
lens (lentil)
phot/o
light
presby/o
old age
retin/o
retina
scler/o
hard or sclera
vitre/o
glassy
-opia
condition of vision
conjunctiva
mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball
ciliary muscle
smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body, which contracts to assist in near vision
Palpebra
eyelid - movable, protective fold that opens and closes, covering the eye
fundus
interior surface of the eyeball, including the retina, optic disk, macula, and posterior pole (curvature at the back of the eye) (fundus=base)
lacrimal gland
gland located in the upper outer region above the eyeball that secretes tears
macula (macula lutea)
central region of the retina; responsible for central vision; yellow pigment provides its color (lutea = yellow)
diploplia
double vision
lacrimation
secretion of tears
nystagmus
involuntary, rapid, oscillating movement of the eyeball (nystagmos = a nodding)
Scotoma
blind spot in vision (skotos = darkness)
hyperopia
farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays are focused on a point behind the retina
myopia
nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects when light rays are focused on a point in front of the retina
presbyopia
impaired vision caused by old age or loss of accommodation
(accommodation = ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects
blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
ptosis
drooping of the eyelid
cataract
opaque clouding of the lens causing decreased vision
conjunctivitis
pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva
glaucoma
group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision
macular degeneration
breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula, resulting in partial or complete loss of central vision
strabismus
a condition of eye misalignment caused by intraocular muscle imbalance (strabismus = a squinting)
esotropia
right or left eye deviates inward, toward nose (eso = inward; tropo = turning)
exotropia
right or left eye deviates outward, away from nose (exo=out; tropo=turning)
