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Medical Terminology Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

MI

A

Myocardial Infarction

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2
Q

CHF

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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3
Q

MUGA

A

Multiple-Gated acquisition (scan)

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4
Q

CTA

A

Computed Tomographic Angiography

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5
Q

TEE

A

Transesophageal Echocardiogram

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6
Q

PTCA

A

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

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7
Q

CABG

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

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8
Q

ICD

A

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

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9
Q

myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is a type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histological foundation of the heart, specifically the myocardium.

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10
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells are embryologically and biologically similar to the endothelial cells

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11
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

(literally “heart muscle disease”) is the measurable deterioration of the function of the myocardium (the heart muscle) for any reason

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12
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous plaque material, or blockage, in the lining of an artery constricted by the buildup of

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13
Q

Anastomosis

A

reconnection of two streams that previously branched out
An anastomosis is a surgical connection between two structures. It usually means a connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels

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14
Q

Embolus

A

a Clot in blood stream that obstructs flow when it lodges

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15
Q

Heart Murmur

A

abnormal sound from heart due to defects in chambers or valves

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16
Q

Infarct

A

a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel

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17
Q

Ischemia (perfusion deficit)

A

decreased blood flow to tissue b/c of an occlusion;

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18
Q

occlusion

A

an obstruction or closing off; plugging

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19
Q

palpitation

A

subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heartbeats

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20
Q

stenosis

A

condition of a narrowing part

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21
Q

thrombus

A

a stationary blood clot

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22
Q

vegetation

A

to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection

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23
Q

aneurysm

A

a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness

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24
Q

saccular aneurism

A

a sac-like bulge on one side

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25
Q

fusiform aneurysm

A

a spindle-shaped bulge

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26
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

a split or tear of the vessel wall

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27
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries (angina = to choke)

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28
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls

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29
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the arterial walls

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30
Q

atheromatous plaque

A

a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)

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31
Q

claudication

A

to limp; pain in a limb (esp. the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply.

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32
Q

constriction

A

compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis)

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33
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

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34
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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35
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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36
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

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37
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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38
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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39
Q

ather/o

A

fatty (lipid) paste

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40
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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41
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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42
Q

coron/o

A

circle or crown

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43
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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44
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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45
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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46
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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47
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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48
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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49
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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50
Q

varic/o

A

swollen, twisted vein

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51
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (belly or pouch)

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52
Q

closed fracture

A

broken bone with no open wound

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53
Q

open fracture (compound fracture)

A

broken bone with an open wound

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54
Q

simple fracture

A

nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g. hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack)

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55
Q

complex fracture

A

displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

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56
Q

fracture line

A

the line of the break in a broken bone (oblique, spiral or transverse)

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57
Q

comminuted fracture

A

broken in many small pieces

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58
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in kids

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59
Q

herniated disk

A

protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

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60
Q

myeloma

A

bone marrow tumor

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61
Q

myositis

A

inflamation of muscle

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62
Q

myoma

A

muscle tumor

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63
Q

leiomyoma

A

smooth muscle tumor

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64
Q

leimyosarcoma

A

malignant smooth muscle tumor

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65
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant skeletal muscle tumor

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66
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

a category of genetically transmitted diseases charachterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common.

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67
Q

osteoma

A

bone tumor

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68
Q

osteosarcoma

A

type of malignant bone tumor

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69
Q

osteomalacia

A

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency

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70
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

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71
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of cartilage

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72
Q

epiphysitis

A

inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone

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73
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)
Degenerative Arthritis
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)

A

most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints. Characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage.

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74
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

most crippling form of arthritis. Chronic systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity

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75
Q

gouty arthritis

A

acute attacks usually in a single joint (esp. the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)

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76
Q

bony necrosis (sequestrum)

A

bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture (sequestrum = something laid aside)

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77
Q

bunion

A

swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

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78
Q

ankylosis

A

stiff joint condition

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79
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling redness warmth and limitation of motion (more than 100 types)

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80
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

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81
Q

atrophy

A

shrinking of muscle size

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82
Q

crepitation (crepitus)

A

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones

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83
Q

exostosis

A

a projection arising from bone that develops from cartilage

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84
Q

flaccid

A

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

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85
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of tissue such as muscle

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86
Q

hypotonia

A

reduced muscle tone or tension

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87
Q

myalgia (myodynia)

A

muscle pain

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88
Q

ostealgia (osteodynia)

A

bone pain

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89
Q

rigor (rigidity)

A

stiffness; stiff muscle

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90
Q

spasm

A

drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

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91
Q

spastic

A

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)

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92
Q

tetany

A

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction

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93
Q

tremor

A

shaking; rhythmic muscular movement

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94
Q

cephalic

A

superior, situated above another structure

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95
Q

caudal

A

inferior, situated below another structure or away from head

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96
Q

axis

A

imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

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97
Q

erect

A

normal standing position

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98
Q

decubitus

A

lying down, especially in bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo=to lie down)

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99
Q

recumbent

A

lying down

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100
Q

supine

A

horizontal recumbent; lying flat on back

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101
Q

ankyl/o

A

crooked or stiff

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102
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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103
Q

articul/o

A

joint

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104
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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105
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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106
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage (gristle)

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107
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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108
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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109
Q

dactyl/o

A

digit (finger or toe)

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110
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia (a band)

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111
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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112
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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113
Q

kyph/o

A

humped-back

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114
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

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115
Q

lord/o

A

bent

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116
Q

lumb/o

A

loin (lower back)

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117
Q

my/o, myos/o, muscul/o

A

muscle

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118
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow or spinal cord

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119
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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120
Q

patell/o

A

knee cap

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121
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis (basin) or hip bone

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122
Q

radi/o

A

radius

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123
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod-shapped or striated (skeletal)

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124
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

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125
Q

scoli/o

A

twisted

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126
Q

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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127
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

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128
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon (to stretch)

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129
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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130
Q

ton/o

A

tone or tension

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131
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

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132
Q

epithelium

A

layers of cells that line hollow organs and glands

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133
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layers of cells in the skin

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134
Q

Squamous Cell Layer

A

The squamous cell layer is located above the basal layer, and is also known as the stratum spinosum or “spiny layer” due to the fact that the cells are held together with spiny projections. Within this layer are the basal cells that have been pushed upward, however these maturing cells are now called squamous cells, or keratinocytes. Keratinocytes produce keratin, a tough, protective protein that makes up the majority of the structure of the skin, hair, and nails.

The squamous cell layer is the thickest layer of the epidermis, and is involved in the transfer of certain substances in and out of the body. The squamous cell layer also contains cells called Langerhans cells. These cells attach themselves to antigens that invade damaged skin and alert the immune system to their presence.

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135
Q

Basal Layer

A

The basal layer is the innermost layer of the epidermis, and contains small round cells called basal cells. The basal cells continually divide, and new cells constantly push older ones up toward the surface of the skin, where they are eventually shed. The basal cell layer is also known as the stratum germinativum due to the fact that it is constantly germinating (producing) new cells.
Illustration of the layers of the skin

The basal cell layer contains cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes produce the skin coloring or pigment known as melanin, which gives skin its tan or brown color and helps protect the deeper layers of the skin from the harmful effects of the sun. Sun exposure causes melanocytes to increase production of melanin in order to protect the skin from damaging ultraviolet rays, producing a suntan. Patches of melanin in the skin cause birthmarks, freckles and age spots. Melanoma develops when melanocytes undergo malignant transformation.

Merkel cells, which are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin, are also located in the basal layer of the epidermis.

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136
Q

Melanocyte

A

melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin’s epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea),[1] the inner ear,[2] meninges,[3] bones,[4] and heart.[5] Melanin is the pigment primarily responsible for skin color.

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137
Q

Dermis

A

The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.

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138
Q

sebaceous gland

A

The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair

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139
Q

sudoriferous gland

A

small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat.

140
Q

anhidrosis

A

a deficiency or absence of perspiration

141
Q

ecchymosis

A

a subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma, commonly, but erroneously, called a bruise

142
Q

nevus

A

sharply circumscribed and chronic lesions of the skin. These lesions are commonly named birthmarks.

143
Q

verruca

A

a wart

144
Q

erythema

A

Erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness or rash

145
Q

pruritis

A

itching

146
Q

suppuration

A

the formation or discharge of pus

147
Q

urticaria

A

hives

148
Q

xeroderma

A

a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients and/or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching and skin cracking.

149
Q

dermatitis

A

skin inflamation

150
Q

1st degree burn

A

a burn that affects the epidermis only, causing erythema without blistering

151
Q

2nd degree burn

A

a burn that affects the epidermis and the dermis, classified as superficial (involving the epidermis and the papillary dermis) or deep (extending into the reticular dermis). Called also partial thickness b.

152
Q

3rd degree burn

A

a burn that destroys both the epidermis and the dermis, often also involving the subcutaneous tissue. Called also full-thickness b.

153
Q

gangrene

A

Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies (necrosis)

154
Q

HSV-1, HSV-2

A

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2

155
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency virus

156
Q

Herpes Zoster

A

shingles, zona

157
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematousus

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus Listeni/sɪˈstɛmɪk ˈluːpəs ˌɛrɪθiːməˈtoʊsəs/, often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease (or autoimmune connective tissue disease) that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage.[1] It is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction in which antibody-immune complexes precipitate and cause a further immune response.

158
Q

SCC Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells arising in the squamous cells, which compose most of the skin’s upper layers (the epidermis). SCCs often look like scaly red patches, open sores, elevated growths with a central depression, or warts; they may crust or bleed.

159
Q

BCC Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), a skin cancer, is the most common cancer.[1] It rarely metastasizes or kills. However, because it can cause significant destruction and disfigurement by invading surrounding tissues, it is still considered malignant.[2][3]

160
Q

malignant melanoma

A

Melanocytes produce the dark pigment, melanin, which is responsible for the color of skin. These cells predominantly occur in skin, but are also found in other parts of the body, including the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). Melanoma can originate in any part of the body that contains melanocytes.

161
Q

seborrhea

A

an inflammatory[2] skin disorder affecting the scalp, face, and torso. Typically, seborrheic dermatitis presents with scaly, flaky, itchy, and red skin. It particularly affects the sebaceous-gland-rich areas of skin. In adolescents and adults, seborrhoeic dermatitis usually presents as scalp scaling similar to dandruff or as mild to marked erythema of the nasolabial fold.

162
Q

tinea

A

ringworm/athletes foot

163
Q

Bx

A

Biopsy

164
Q

electrocautery

A

an apparatus for surgical dissection and hemostasis, using heat generated by a high-voltage, high-frequency

165
Q

autograft

A

A patient’s own tissue - an autograft – can often be used for a surgical reconstruction procedure. Autograft tissue is the safest and fastest-healing tissue

166
Q

allograft

A

a graft between individuals of the same species, but of different genotypes.

167
Q

xenograft

A

a graft of tissue transplanted between animals of different species;

168
Q

debridement

A

medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue

169
Q

curettage

A

is the use of a curette (French, meaning scoop) to remove tissue by scraping or scooping

170
Q

I & D

A

Incision and Drainage

171
Q

chemotherapy

A

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo) is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs (“chemotherapeutic agents”) as part of a standardized regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent or it may aim to prolong life or to palliate symptoms

172
Q

anesthetic

A

An anesthetic (American English) (or anaesthetic, (Commonwealth English) see spelling differences) is a drug that causes anesthesia—reversible loss of sensation.

173
Q

antibiotic

A

An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria.

174
Q

antifungal

A

agent that kills fungus

175
Q

antihistamine

A

A histamine antagonist (commonly called an antihistamine) is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of histamine by either blocking its attachment to histamine receptors, or inhibiting the enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase; catalyzing the transformation of histidine into histamine (atypical antihistaminics). It is commonly used for the relief of allergies caused by intolerance of proteins.[1]

176
Q

antipruritic

A

anti itch drugs

177
Q

adip/o, lip/o

A

fat

178
Q

steat/o

A

fat

179
Q

derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o

A

skin

180
Q

erythr/o

A

red

181
Q

hidr/o

A

sweat

182
Q

hist/o, histi/o

A

tissue

183
Q

kerat/o

A

hard

184
Q

leuk/o

A

white

185
Q

melan/o

A

black

186
Q

myc/o

A

fungus

187
Q

onych/o

A

nail

188
Q

plas/o

A

formation

189
Q

purpur/o

A

purple

190
Q

scler/o

A

hard

191
Q

seb/o

A

sebum (oil)

192
Q

squam/o

A

scale

193
Q

trich/o

A

hair

194
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow

195
Q

xer/o

A

dry

196
Q

C & S

A

culture and sensitivity

197
Q

FS

A

frozen section

198
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

199
Q

SLE

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

200
Q

SCC

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

201
Q

BCC

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

202
Q

A

A

assessment

203
Q

a with a little line over it

A

before

204
Q

a.c.

A

before meals

205
Q

AD

A

Right Ear

206
Q

ad lib.

A

as desired

207
Q

a.m.

A

before noon

208
Q

amt

A

amount

209
Q

aq

A

water

210
Q

AS

A

Left Ear

211
Q

AU

A

Both Ears

212
Q

A & W

A

alive and well

213
Q

B with circle around it

A

Bilateral

214
Q

b.i.d.

A

twice a day

215
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

216
Q

BRP

A

Bathroom Privileges

217
Q

C

A

Celcius, centigrade

218
Q

c with a line over it

A

with

219
Q

cap

A

capsule

220
Q

CAT

A

Computer Axial Tomography

221
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

222
Q

CC

A

Cheif Complaint

223
Q

cc

A

Cubic Centimeter

224
Q

CCU

A

Coronary (cardiac) Care Unit

225
Q

cm

A

centimeter

226
Q

c/o

A

complains of

227
Q

CP

A

Chest Pain

228
Q

CT

A

Computer Tomography

229
Q

cu mm or mm^3

A

cubic millimeter

230
Q

d

A

day

231
Q

DC or D/C

A

discharge; discontinue

232
Q

dr

A

dram

233
Q

Dx

A

Diagnosis

234
Q

ECU

A

Emergency Care Unit

235
Q

ER

A

Emergency Room

236
Q

ETOH

A

ethyl alcohol

237
Q

F

A

Farenheit

238
Q

FH

A

Family HIstory

239
Q

fl oz

A

fluid ounce

240
Q

g or gm

A

gram

241
Q

gr

A

grain

242
Q

gt

A

drop

243
Q

gtt

A

drops

244
Q

h

A

hour

245
Q

HEENT

A

head, eyes, ears, nose and throat

246
Q

H & P

A

history and physical

247
Q

HPI

A

History of Present Illness

248
Q

h.s.

A

hour of sleep (bedtime)

249
Q

Ht

A

height

250
Q

Hx

A

History

251
Q

ICU

A

Intensive Care Unit

252
Q

ID

A

Intradermal

253
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

254
Q

IMP

A

impression

255
Q

IP

A

inpatient

256
Q

IV

A

intravenous

257
Q

JCAHO

A

Joint Commission in Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

258
Q

Kg

A

Kilogram

259
Q

L

A

Liter

260
Q

L with a circle around it

A

Left

261
Q

lb

A

pound

262
Q

L & W

A

living and well

263
Q

m with a circle around it

A

murmur

264
Q

mg

A

milligram

265
Q

mL or ml

A

milliliter

266
Q

mm

A

millimeter

267
Q

MRA

A

Magnetic Resonance Angiography

268
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

269
Q

NAD

A

no acute distress

270
Q

NKA

A

no known allergies

271
Q

NKDA

A

no known drug allergies

272
Q

noc.

A

night

273
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

274
Q

O

A

objective information

275
Q

OD

A

right eye

276
Q

OH

A

occupational history

277
Q

OP

A

outpatient

278
Q

OR

A

operating room

279
Q

OS

A

left eye

280
Q

OU

A

both eyes

281
Q

oz

A

ounce

282
Q

P

A

plan; pulse

283
Q

p with a line over it

A

after

284
Q

PACU

A

postanesthetic care unit

285
Q

p.c.

A

after meals

286
Q

PE

A

physical examination

287
Q

per

A

by or through

288
Q

PERRLA

A

pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation

289
Q

PH

A

Past HIstory

290
Q

PI

A

Present Illness

291
Q

p.m.

A

after noon

292
Q

PMH

A

past medical history

293
Q

p.o.

A

by mouth

294
Q

post-op or postop

A

after surgery

295
Q

PR

A

through rectum

296
Q

pre-op preop

A

preoperative (before surgery)

297
Q

p.r.n.

A

as needed

298
Q

pt

A

patient

299
Q

PV

A

through Vagina

300
Q

Px

A

physical

301
Q

q

A

every

302
Q

q.d.

A

every day

303
Q

qh

A

every hour

304
Q

q2h

A

every 2 hours

305
Q

q.i.d.

A

4 times per day

306
Q

q.o.d.

A

every other day

307
Q

qt

A

quart

308
Q

R

A

respiration

309
Q

R with a circle around it

A

right

310
Q

R/O

A

rule out

311
Q

ROS

A

review of symptoms

312
Q

RRR

A

regular rate and rythm

313
Q

RTC

A

return to clinic

314
Q

RTO

A

return to office

315
Q

Rx

A

recipe; prescription

316
Q

S

A

Subjective Information

317
Q

s with a line on top

A

without

318
Q

SC, SQ or sub-Q

A

subcutaneous

319
Q

SH

A

Social History

320
Q

Sig

A

label; instruction to the patient

321
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

322
Q

SR

A

systems review

323
Q

ss with a line on top

A

1/2

324
Q

STAT

A

immediately

325
Q

suppos

A

suppository

326
Q

Sx

A

symptom

327
Q

T

A

temperature

328
Q

tab

A

tablet

329
Q

t.i.d.

A

three times per day

330
Q

Tr

A

treatment

331
Q

Tx

A

Treatment; TRACTION

332
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

333
Q

UCHD

A

usual childhood diseases

334
Q

US or U/S

A

ultrasound

335
Q

VS

A

vital signs

336
Q

wa

A

while awake

337
Q

WDWN

A

well-developed and well-nourished

338
Q

wk

A

week

339
Q

WNL

A

within normal limits

340
Q

Wt

A

weight

341
Q

x

A

times or for

342
Q

x-ray or XR

A

radiology

343
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray

344
Q

y/o or y.o.

A

year old

345
Q

yr

A

year

Medical Terminology Test 1 (2 decks)

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