Test 1 Flashcards
MI
Myocardial Infarction
CHF
Congestive Heart Failure
MUGA
Multiple-Gated acquisition (scan)
CTA
Computed Tomographic Angiography
TEE
Transesophageal Echocardiogram
PTCA
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
CABG
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
ICD
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
myocardium
Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is a type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histological foundation of the heart, specifically the myocardium.
endocardium
innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells are embryologically and biologically similar to the endothelial cells
Cardiomyopathy
(literally “heart muscle disease”) is the measurable deterioration of the function of the myocardium (the heart muscle) for any reason
Endarterectomy
Surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous plaque material, or blockage, in the lining of an artery constricted by the buildup of
Anastomosis
reconnection of two streams that previously branched out
An anastomosis is a surgical connection between two structures. It usually means a connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels
Embolus
a Clot in blood stream that obstructs flow when it lodges
Heart Murmur
abnormal sound from heart due to defects in chambers or valves
Infarct
a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
Ischemia (perfusion deficit)
decreased blood flow to tissue b/c of an occlusion;
occlusion
an obstruction or closing off; plugging
palpitation
subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heartbeats
stenosis
condition of a narrowing part
thrombus
a stationary blood clot
vegetation
to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection
aneurysm
a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness
saccular aneurism
a sac-like bulge on one side
fusiform aneurysm
a spindle-shaped bulge
dissecting aneurysm
a split or tear of the vessel wall
angina pectoris
chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle; often caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries (angina = to choke)
arteriosclerosis
thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls
atherosclerosis
a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the arterial walls
atheromatous plaque
a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids)
claudication
to limp; pain in a limb (esp. the calf) while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply.
constriction
compression of a part that causes narrowing (stenosis)
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
angi/o
vessel
vas/o
vessel
vascul/o
vessel
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery
ather/o
fatty (lipid) paste
atri/o
atrium
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
circle or crown
my/o
muscle
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
sphygm/o
pulse
thromb/o
clot
ven/o
vein
phleb/o
vein
varic/o
swollen, twisted vein
ventricul/o
ventricle (belly or pouch)
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
open fracture (compound fracture)
broken bone with an open wound
simple fracture
nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g. hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack)
complex fracture
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
fracture line
the line of the break in a broken bone (oblique, spiral or transverse)
comminuted fracture
broken in many small pieces
greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in kids
herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
myeloma
bone marrow tumor
myositis
inflamation of muscle
myoma
muscle tumor
leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor
leimyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
muscular dystrophy
a category of genetically transmitted diseases charachterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common.
osteoma
bone tumor
osteosarcoma
type of malignant bone tumor
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
chondromalacia
softening of cartilage
epiphysitis
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Degenerative Arthritis
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints. Characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
most crippling form of arthritis. Chronic systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity
gouty arthritis
acute attacks usually in a single joint (esp. the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)
bony necrosis (sequestrum)
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture (sequestrum = something laid aside)
bunion
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
ankylosis
stiff joint condition
arthritis
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling redness warmth and limitation of motion (more than 100 types)
arthralgia
joint pain
atrophy
shrinking of muscle size
crepitation (crepitus)
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
exostosis
a projection arising from bone that develops from cartilage
flaccid
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
hypertrophy
increase in the size of tissue such as muscle
hypotonia
reduced muscle tone or tension
myalgia (myodynia)
muscle pain
ostealgia (osteodynia)
bone pain
rigor (rigidity)
stiffness; stiff muscle
spasm
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
spastic
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)
tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
tremor
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
cephalic
superior, situated above another structure
caudal
inferior, situated below another structure or away from head
axis
imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
erect
normal standing position
decubitus
lying down, especially in bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo=to lie down)
recumbent
lying down
supine
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on back
ankyl/o
crooked or stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
brachi/o
arm
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage (gristle)
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
dactyl/o
digit (finger or toe)
fasci/o
fascia (a band)
femor/o
femur
fibr/o
fiber
kyph/o
humped-back
lei/o
smooth
lord/o
bent
lumb/o
loin (lower back)
my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
muscle
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
oste/o
bone
patell/o
knee cap
pelv/i
pelvis (basin) or hip bone
radi/o
radius
rhabd/o
rod-shapped or striated (skeletal)
sarc/o
flesh
scoli/o
twisted
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon (to stretch)
thorac/o
chest
ton/o
tone or tension
uln/o
ulna
epithelium
layers of cells that line hollow organs and glands
epidermis
outermost layers of cells in the skin
Squamous Cell Layer
The squamous cell layer is located above the basal layer, and is also known as the stratum spinosum or “spiny layer” due to the fact that the cells are held together with spiny projections. Within this layer are the basal cells that have been pushed upward, however these maturing cells are now called squamous cells, or keratinocytes. Keratinocytes produce keratin, a tough, protective protein that makes up the majority of the structure of the skin, hair, and nails.
The squamous cell layer is the thickest layer of the epidermis, and is involved in the transfer of certain substances in and out of the body. The squamous cell layer also contains cells called Langerhans cells. These cells attach themselves to antigens that invade damaged skin and alert the immune system to their presence.
Basal Layer
The basal layer is the innermost layer of the epidermis, and contains small round cells called basal cells. The basal cells continually divide, and new cells constantly push older ones up toward the surface of the skin, where they are eventually shed. The basal cell layer is also known as the stratum germinativum due to the fact that it is constantly germinating (producing) new cells.
Illustration of the layers of the skin
The basal cell layer contains cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes produce the skin coloring or pigment known as melanin, which gives skin its tan or brown color and helps protect the deeper layers of the skin from the harmful effects of the sun. Sun exposure causes melanocytes to increase production of melanin in order to protect the skin from damaging ultraviolet rays, producing a suntan. Patches of melanin in the skin cause birthmarks, freckles and age spots. Melanoma develops when melanocytes undergo malignant transformation.
Merkel cells, which are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin, are also located in the basal layer of the epidermis.
Melanocyte
melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin’s epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea),[1] the inner ear,[2] meninges,[3] bones,[4] and heart.[5] Melanin is the pigment primarily responsible for skin color.
Dermis
The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.
sebaceous gland
The sebaceous glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete an oily/waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
sudoriferous gland
small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat.
anhidrosis
a deficiency or absence of perspiration
ecchymosis
a subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma, commonly, but erroneously, called a bruise
nevus
sharply circumscribed and chronic lesions of the skin. These lesions are commonly named birthmarks.
verruca
a wart
erythema
Erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness or rash
pruritis
itching
suppuration
the formation or discharge of pus
urticaria
hives
xeroderma
a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients and/or moisturizers. Xeroderma occurs most commonly on the scalp, lower legs, arms, the knuckles, the sides of the abdomen and thighs. Symptoms most associated with xeroderma are scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching and skin cracking.
dermatitis
skin inflamation
1st degree burn
a burn that affects the epidermis only, causing erythema without blistering
2nd degree burn
a burn that affects the epidermis and the dermis, classified as superficial (involving the epidermis and the papillary dermis) or deep (extending into the reticular dermis). Called also partial thickness b.
3rd degree burn
a burn that destroys both the epidermis and the dermis, often also involving the subcutaneous tissue. Called also full-thickness b.
gangrene
Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies (necrosis)
HSV-1, HSV-2
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency virus
Herpes Zoster
shingles, zona
Systemic Lupus Erythematousus
Systemic lupus erythematosus Listeni/sɪˈstɛmɪk ˈluːpəs ˌɛrɪθiːməˈtoʊsəs/, often abbreviated to SLE or lupus, is a systemic autoimmune disease (or autoimmune connective tissue disease) that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage.[1] It is a Type III hypersensitivity reaction in which antibody-immune complexes precipitate and cause a further immune response.
SCC Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells arising in the squamous cells, which compose most of the skin’s upper layers (the epidermis). SCCs often look like scaly red patches, open sores, elevated growths with a central depression, or warts; they may crust or bleed.
BCC Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal-cell carcinoma (BCC), a skin cancer, is the most common cancer.[1] It rarely metastasizes or kills. However, because it can cause significant destruction and disfigurement by invading surrounding tissues, it is still considered malignant.[2][3]
malignant melanoma
Melanocytes produce the dark pigment, melanin, which is responsible for the color of skin. These cells predominantly occur in skin, but are also found in other parts of the body, including the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). Melanoma can originate in any part of the body that contains melanocytes.
seborrhea
an inflammatory[2] skin disorder affecting the scalp, face, and torso. Typically, seborrheic dermatitis presents with scaly, flaky, itchy, and red skin. It particularly affects the sebaceous-gland-rich areas of skin. In adolescents and adults, seborrhoeic dermatitis usually presents as scalp scaling similar to dandruff or as mild to marked erythema of the nasolabial fold.
tinea
ringworm/athletes foot
Bx
Biopsy
electrocautery
an apparatus for surgical dissection and hemostasis, using heat generated by a high-voltage, high-frequency
autograft
A patient’s own tissue - an autograft – can often be used for a surgical reconstruction procedure. Autograft tissue is the safest and fastest-healing tissue
allograft
a graft between individuals of the same species, but of different genotypes.
xenograft
a graft of tissue transplanted between animals of different species;
debridement
medical removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue
curettage
is the use of a curette (French, meaning scoop) to remove tissue by scraping or scooping
I & D
Incision and Drainage
chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo) is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs (“chemotherapeutic agents”) as part of a standardized regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent or it may aim to prolong life or to palliate symptoms
anesthetic
An anesthetic (American English) (or anaesthetic, (Commonwealth English) see spelling differences) is a drug that causes anesthesia—reversible loss of sensation.
antibiotic
An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria.
antifungal
agent that kills fungus
antihistamine
A histamine antagonist (commonly called an antihistamine) is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits the action of histamine by either blocking its attachment to histamine receptors, or inhibiting the enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase; catalyzing the transformation of histidine into histamine (atypical antihistaminics). It is commonly used for the relief of allergies caused by intolerance of proteins.[1]
antipruritic
anti itch drugs
adip/o, lip/o
fat
steat/o
fat
derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o
skin
erythr/o
red
hidr/o
sweat
hist/o, histi/o
tissue
kerat/o
hard
leuk/o
white
melan/o
black
myc/o
fungus
onych/o
nail
plas/o
formation
purpur/o
purple
scler/o
hard
seb/o
sebum (oil)
squam/o
scale
trich/o
hair
xanth/o
yellow
xer/o
dry
C & S
culture and sensitivity
FS
frozen section
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
SCC
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
BCC
Basal Cell Carcinoma
A
assessment
a with a little line over it
before
a.c.
before meals
AD
Right Ear
ad lib.
as desired
a.m.
before noon
amt
amount
aq
water
AS
Left Ear
AU
Both Ears
A & W
alive and well
B with circle around it
Bilateral
b.i.d.
twice a day
BP
blood pressure
BRP
Bathroom Privileges
C
Celcius, centigrade
c with a line over it
with
cap
capsule
CAT
Computer Axial Tomography
CBC
complete blood count
CC
Cheif Complaint
cc
Cubic Centimeter
CCU
Coronary (cardiac) Care Unit
cm
centimeter
c/o
complains of
CP
Chest Pain
CT
Computer Tomography
cu mm or mm^3
cubic millimeter
d
day
DC or D/C
discharge; discontinue
dr
dram
Dx
Diagnosis
ECU
Emergency Care Unit
ER
Emergency Room
ETOH
ethyl alcohol
F
Farenheit
FH
Family HIstory
fl oz
fluid ounce
g or gm
gram
gr
grain
gt
drop
gtt
drops
h
hour
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose and throat
H & P
history and physical
HPI
History of Present Illness
h.s.
hour of sleep (bedtime)
Ht
height
Hx
History
ICU
Intensive Care Unit
ID
Intradermal
IM
intramuscular
IMP
impression
IP
inpatient
IV
intravenous
JCAHO
Joint Commission in Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
Kg
Kilogram
L
Liter
L with a circle around it
Left
lb
pound
L & W
living and well
m with a circle around it
murmur
mg
milligram
mL or ml
milliliter
mm
millimeter
MRA
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NAD
no acute distress
NKA
no known allergies
NKDA
no known drug allergies
noc.
night
NPO
nothing by mouth
O
objective information
OD
right eye
OH
occupational history
OP
outpatient
OR
operating room
OS
left eye
OU
both eyes
oz
ounce
P
plan; pulse
p with a line over it
after
PACU
postanesthetic care unit
p.c.
after meals
PE
physical examination
per
by or through
PERRLA
pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation
PH
Past HIstory
PI
Present Illness
p.m.
after noon
PMH
past medical history
p.o.
by mouth
post-op or postop
after surgery
PR
through rectum
pre-op preop
preoperative (before surgery)
p.r.n.
as needed
pt
patient
PV
through Vagina
Px
physical
q
every
q.d.
every day
qh
every hour
q2h
every 2 hours
q.i.d.
4 times per day
q.o.d.
every other day
qt
quart
R
respiration
R with a circle around it
right
R/O
rule out
ROS
review of symptoms
RRR
regular rate and rythm
RTC
return to clinic
RTO
return to office
Rx
recipe; prescription
S
Subjective Information
s with a line on top
without
SC, SQ or sub-Q
subcutaneous
SH
Social History
Sig
label; instruction to the patient
SOB
shortness of breath
SR
systems review
ss with a line on top
1/2
STAT
immediately
suppos
suppository
Sx
symptom
T
temperature
tab
tablet
t.i.d.
three times per day
Tr
treatment
Tx
Treatment; TRACTION
UA
urinalysis
UCHD
usual childhood diseases
US or U/S
ultrasound
VS
vital signs
wa
while awake
WDWN
well-developed and well-nourished
wk
week
WNL
within normal limits
Wt
weight
x
times or for
x-ray or XR
radiology
CXR
chest x-ray
y/o or y.o.
year old
yr
year
