Test 2 Flashcards
What are neurotransmitters?
An electrical impulse through the neuron stimulates its release into the synaptic cleft, which in turn determines whether another electrical impulse is generated
What are chemicals that are stored in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron?
Neurotransmitters
What are receptors?
Molecules situated on the cell membrane that are binding sites for neurotransmitters
What is reuptake?
The process of neurotransmitter inactivation by which the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron from which it had been release
What is an amino acid neurotransmitter?
Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
How do antidepressants work?
Block reuptake of neurotransmitters
How do antipsychotics work?
Block dopamine and other receptors
How do benzodiazepines work?
Facilitate transmission of GABA
How do psychostimulants work?
Increase release of neurotransmitters
What happens with schizophrenia?
There is a severe deterioration of social and occupational functioning
Complex disorder effecting: cognition, emotions, and behaviors
What are the 5 predisposing factors in schizophrenia?
1) Genetics
2) Biochemical
3) Physiological
4) Sociocultural
5) Stressful life events
What is the dopamine hypothesis?
Hyperactive dopamine transmission results in schizophrenic symptoms
What are the 4 phases of schizophrenia?
1) Pre-morbid
2) Prodromal
3) Active/psychotic
4) Residual
What is the pre-morbid phase?
The individual is started to withdraw from society
Becoming more anti-social, relationships suffer, doing poor in school, irritable
What is the prodromal phase?
Average length is 2-5 years
Not eating, showering, sleeping and no social relationships
Phase ends in psychosis (out of touch with reality)
What is the active phase?
Delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behavior
True disconnect from reality (positive and negative symptoms)
What is the residual phase?
Acute symptoms of active phase are absent
Some negative symptoms that remain - can impair role function (empathy)
What are the two symptom clusters?
Positive and negative
What are positive symptoms?
Disorganized thoughts
Altered perceptions
What are altered perceptions? +
Hallucinations and sense of self
What are the 8 negative symptoms?
Affect Apathy Anhedonia Ambivalence Anti-Social Anergia Avolition Alogia
What is affect? -
Diminished emotional expression
What is apathy? -
Disinterest in daily activities like socializing, working or going to school
What is anhedonia? -
Diminished capacity to experience pleasant emotions
What is ambivalence? -
The tendency for the schizophrenic mind to make two affective attitude of two opposite ideas interact at the same time
What is anergia? -
Chronic state of lethargy and low energy
What is avolition? -
Lack of motivation or ability to do tasks or actives that have an end goal
What is alogia? -
Disruption of the thought process that leads to a lack of speech and issues with verbal fluency
What are delusions? +
A false belief that the patients think is real
What is persecution delusion? +
When an individual is convinced that someone is mistreating, conspiring against, or planning to harm you or your loved one
What is grandeur delusion? +
A person’s belief that they are someone other than who they are, such as a supernatural figure or celebrity
What is reference delusion? +
A neutral event that is believed to have a special and personal meaning
What is control/influence delusion? +
External forces in the environment and have control over them
What is somatic delusion? +
Fixed false beliefs that one’s bodily function or appearance is grossly abnormal
What is nihilistic delusion? +
Delusional belief of being dead, decomposed, annihilated or having lost one’s internal organs
What is religiosity? +
Excessive demonstration of obsession with religious ideas and behavior
What is paranoia? +
Extreme suspiciousness of others
What is magical thinking? +
Ideas that one’s thoughts or behaviors have control over specific situations
What is perseveration? +
Persistent repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions
What is associative looseness (also called loose association)? +
A shift of ideas from one unrelated topic to another
What are neologisms? +
Made-up words that have meaning only to the person who invents them
What is concrete thinking? +
Literal interpretations of the environment
What are clang associations? +
Choice of words is governed by sound (often rhyming)
What is word salad? +
Grouping of random words that have no logical connection
What is circumstantiality? +
Delay in reaching the point of a communication because of unnecessary and tedious details
What is tangentiality? +
Inability to get to the point of communication due to introduction of many new topics
What is mutism? +
Inability or refusal to speak
What are the 5 different types of hallucinations? +
1) Auditory
2) Visual
3) Tactile
4) Olfactory
5) Gustatory
What are the perceptual changes? +
Hallucinations and illusions
What is a command hallucination? +
A hallucination commanding them to hurt themselves or someone else
What is an illusion? +
Misinterpretations of a real external stimuli
What are the two things that play into sense of self? +
Identification (unconscious) and depersonalization
What are the two feelings that fall under identification? +
Echolalia and echopraxia
What is echolalia? +
The involuntary parrotlike repetition of a word or phrase just spoken by another person
What is echopraxia? +
The involuntary movements of another person
What is depersonalization? +
A distorted view of self
What are the psychomotor behaviors? -
Posturing/waxy flexibility
Pacing and rocking
What do typical antipsychotics work best on?
Negative symptoms - hard dopamine blocking
What do atypical antipsychotics work best on?
Positive symptoms because of serotonin
What is schizoaffective disorder?
Schizophrenia and mood disorder (bipolar, mania or depression)
What is a brief psychotic disorder?
Lasts up to 1 month
Caused by physical trauma or medical condition
What is schizophreniform disorder?
Lasts 1-6 month
Same symptoms of schizophrenia but lasts but shorter
What is depression?
An alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism
Alteration is consistent for at least 14 days
Onset occurs throughout lifespan
Usual age of onset is mid-twenties
What are the 5 developmental implications of depression?
1) Childhood
2) Adolescence
3) PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder
4) Postpartum
5) Senescene
What are the childhood implications of depression?
Precipitated by a loss or trauma
What are the adolescent implications of depression?
Perceived abandonment by parents or peers
High suicide rate
Stress and conflicts with new independence
What are the senescence implications of depression?
Bereavement overload
High suicide rate
What is PMDD?
Several and disabiling extension of PMS
Sadness/hopelessness
Anxiety/tension
Extreme moodiness
What are the 6 risk factors of depression?
1) Greif
2) Diagnosed with chronic diseases
3) Addiction
4) Traumatic events
5) Lack of social support
6) Medications
What is dysthymic disorder?
Depressed for about 2 years
Igor
What is bipolar disorder?
Mood swings varying from depression to mania
Average age of onset: Mid-twenties
What is bipolar 1?
Mood swings vary from major depression to
acute mania
Depression: 2 weeks
Mania: 7 days or symptoms become so severe hospitalization is needed
What is bipolar 2?
Mood swings vary from major depression to hypomania
Major depression but don’t meet the full criteria of mania
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Mood swings vary from dysthymia to hypomania
Chronic - 2 years
What are affective symptoms of depression?
Feelings of sadness to total despair Hopelessness Helplessness Flat affect Feelings of emptiness Apathy Loneliness Anhedonia
What are behavioral symptoms of depression?
Psychomotor retardation Slumped posture Sitting in fetal position Nonexistent communication Poor hygiene Impaired social interactions
What are cognitive symptoms of depression?
Inability to concentrate
Indecisiveness
Self-deprecation
Suicidal ideations
What is delusional thinking in depression?
Persecution
Somatic
Hallucinations
What are the physiological symptoms of depression?
Constipation Urinary retention Amenorrhea Impotence Diminished libido Appetite changes (Weight loss/Weight gain) Changes in sleep pattern
What is hypothalamic amenorrhea?
Stress triggers release of cortisol, sends stop sign to ovaries, and less estrogen is produced which can lead to osteoporosis and lose periods
What are mood symptoms for bipolar disorder?
Labile Euphoria and elation to irritable, angry, sad Seeks fun and excitement Seeks gratification Develops intense attachments Poor impulse control
What are cognitive and perceptual symptoms for bipolar disorder?
Flight of ideas
Pressured speech
Disorganized thoughts and incoherent speech
Decrease ability to concentrate, distractible
Poor judgment
Psychosis (Hallucinations, Paranoid, Grandiose)
What are physical and behavioral symptoms for bipolar disorder?
Excessive activity, Endless energy Independent, self sufficient Socially and sexually uninhibited Intrusive Diminished sleep Decreased appetite Poor hygiene Bizarre dress, makeup and excessive jewelry
What is suicide?
Suicide is not a diagnosis or a disorder; it is a behavior
More than 90 percent of suicides are by individuals who have a diagnosed mental disorder
What are suicide warning signs?
Ambivalent about living or dying Suicidal for a limited time Suicide can be connected to “improvement” Inherited risk Not necessarily psychotic Consider the gravity of the threat Lethal means (gunshot, handing, suffocation, falling) Previous attempt
What are the suicide risk factors?
Relationships Gender Religion Socioeconomic status Loss Physical illness Influence Mental illness / substance abuse
What is personality?
The totality of emotional and behavioral characteristics (traits) that are particular to a specific person and that remain somewhat stable and predictable over time
What are personality disorders mistaken for?
Other mental health problems (Bipolar disorder, dysthymia (Depression), PTSD, ADHD)
Why are personality disorders under diagnosed?
They present with vague symptoms
What are personality disorder risk factors?
Marital dysfunction Child abuse Noncompliance with therapy Risky behaviors They create upset and distress in the people around them (drama)
What are 5 ways to identify a personality disorder?
- Is there perpetual repetitive upset, confusion, and conflict in a group setting?
- Do you apologize for an individual’s behavior?
- Do you feel like the “crazy one” when you are
relating to this person? - Do you feel consistent feelings of annoyance or
irritation verses empathy or collaboration? - Is the person consistently referred to by others
in demeaning term? “jerk,” “idiot,” “weirdo,” or worse….
What are cluster A personality disorders?
Odd or eccentric
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal
What are cluster B personality disorders?
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic
What are cluster C personality disorders?
Anxious or fearful
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-Compulsive
What is interpersonal therapy?
Therapist become the role model
What is psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Unconscious motivation for behaviors
What is milieu or group therapy?
Social skills
