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NUR 140 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

An electrical impulse through the neuron stimulates its release into the synaptic cleft, which in turn determines whether another electrical impulse is generated

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2
Q

What are chemicals that are stored in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron?

A

Neurotransmitters

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3
Q

What are receptors?

A

Molecules situated on the cell membrane that are binding sites for neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What is reuptake?

A

The process of neurotransmitter inactivation by which the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron from which it had been release

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5
Q

What is an amino acid neurotransmitter?

A

Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)

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6
Q

How do antidepressants work?

A

Block reuptake of neurotransmitters

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7
Q

How do antipsychotics work?

A

Block dopamine and other receptors

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8
Q

How do benzodiazepines work?

A

Facilitate transmission of GABA

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9
Q

How do psychostimulants work?

A

Increase release of neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What happens with schizophrenia?

A

There is a severe deterioration of social and occupational functioning
Complex disorder effecting: cognition, emotions, and behaviors

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11
Q

What are the 5 predisposing factors in schizophrenia?

A

1) Genetics
2) Biochemical
3) Physiological
4) Sociocultural
5) Stressful life events

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12
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Hyperactive dopamine transmission results in schizophrenic symptoms

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13
Q

What are the 4 phases of schizophrenia?

A

1) Pre-morbid
2) Prodromal
3) Active/psychotic
4) Residual

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14
Q

What is the pre-morbid phase?

A

The individual is started to withdraw from society

Becoming more anti-social, relationships suffer, doing poor in school, irritable

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15
Q

What is the prodromal phase?

A

Average length is 2-5 years
Not eating, showering, sleeping and no social relationships
Phase ends in psychosis (out of touch with reality)

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16
Q

What is the active phase?

A

Delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behavior

True disconnect from reality (positive and negative symptoms)

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17
Q

What is the residual phase?

A

Acute symptoms of active phase are absent

Some negative symptoms that remain - can impair role function (empathy)

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18
Q

What are the two symptom clusters?

A

Positive and negative

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19
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Disorganized thoughts

Altered perceptions

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20
Q

What are altered perceptions? +

A

Hallucinations and sense of self

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21
Q

What are the 8 negative symptoms?

A 
Affect
Apathy
Anhedonia
Ambivalence
Anti-Social
Anergia
Avolition
Alogia
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22
Q

What is affect? -

A

Diminished emotional expression

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23
Q

What is apathy? -

A

Disinterest in daily activities like socializing, working or going to school

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24
Q

What is anhedonia? -

A

Diminished capacity to experience pleasant emotions

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25
What is ambivalence? -
The tendency for the schizophrenic mind to make two affective attitude of two opposite ideas interact at the same time
26
What is anergia? -
Chronic state of lethargy and low energy
27
What is avolition? -
Lack of motivation or ability to do tasks or actives that have an end goal
28
What is alogia? -
Disruption of the thought process that leads to a lack of speech and issues with verbal fluency
29
What are delusions? +
A false belief that the patients think is real
30
What is persecution delusion? +
When an individual is convinced that someone is mistreating, conspiring against, or planning to harm you or your loved one
31
What is grandeur delusion? +
A person's belief that they are someone other than who they are, such as a supernatural figure or celebrity
32
What is reference delusion? +
A neutral event that is believed to have a special and personal meaning
33
What is control/influence delusion? +
External forces in the environment and have control over them
34
What is somatic delusion? +
Fixed false beliefs that one's bodily function or appearance is grossly abnormal
35
What is nihilistic delusion? +
Delusional belief of being dead, decomposed, annihilated or having lost one's internal organs
36
What is religiosity? +
Excessive demonstration of obsession with religious ideas and behavior
37
What is paranoia? +
Extreme suspiciousness of others
38
What is magical thinking? +
Ideas that one’s thoughts or behaviors have control over specific situations
39
What is perseveration? +
Persistent repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions
40
What is associative looseness (also called loose association)? +
A shift of ideas from one unrelated topic to another
41
What are neologisms? +
Made-up words that have meaning only to the person who invents them
42
What is concrete thinking? +
Literal interpretations of the environment
43
What are clang associations? +
Choice of words is governed by sound (often rhyming)
44
What is word salad? +
Grouping of random words that have no logical connection
45
What is circumstantiality? +
Delay in reaching the point of a communication because of unnecessary and tedious details
46
What is tangentiality? +
Inability to get to the point of communication due to introduction of many new topics
47
What is mutism? +
Inability or refusal to speak
48
What are the 5 different types of hallucinations? +
1) Auditory 2) Visual 3) Tactile 4) Olfactory 5) Gustatory
49
What are the perceptual changes? +
Hallucinations and illusions
50
What is a command hallucination? +
A hallucination commanding them to hurt themselves or someone else
51
What is an illusion? +
Misinterpretations of a real external stimuli
52
What are the two things that play into sense of self? +
Identification (unconscious) and depersonalization
53
What are the two feelings that fall under identification? +
Echolalia and echopraxia
54
What is echolalia? +
The involuntary parrotlike repetition of a word or phrase just spoken by another person
55
What is echopraxia? +
The involuntary movements of another person
56
What is depersonalization? +
A distorted view of self
57
What are the psychomotor behaviors? -
Posturing/waxy flexibility | Pacing and rocking
58
What do typical antipsychotics work best on?
Negative symptoms - hard dopamine blocking
59
What do atypical antipsychotics work best on?
Positive symptoms because of serotonin
60
What is schizoaffective disorder?
Schizophrenia and mood disorder (bipolar, mania or depression)
61
What is a brief psychotic disorder?
Lasts up to 1 month | Caused by physical trauma or medical condition
62
What is schizophreniform disorder?
Lasts 1-6 month | Same symptoms of schizophrenia but lasts but shorter
63
What is depression?
An alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism Alteration is consistent for at least 14 days Onset occurs throughout lifespan Usual age of onset is mid-twenties
64
What are the 5 developmental implications of depression?
1) Childhood 2) Adolescence 3) PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder 4) Postpartum 5) Senescene
65
What are the childhood implications of depression?
Precipitated by a loss or trauma
66
What are the adolescent implications of depression?
Perceived abandonment by parents or peers High suicide rate Stress and conflicts with new independence
67
What are the senescence implications of depression?
Bereavement overload | High suicide rate
68
What is PMDD?
Several and disabiling extension of PMS Sadness/hopelessness Anxiety/tension Extreme moodiness
69
What are the 6 risk factors of depression?
1) Greif 2) Diagnosed with chronic diseases 3) Addiction 4) Traumatic events 5) Lack of social support 6) Medications
70
What is dysthymic disorder?
Depressed for about 2 years | Igor
71
What is bipolar disorder?
Mood swings varying from depression to mania | Average age of onset: Mid-twenties
72
What is bipolar 1?
Mood swings vary from major depression to acute mania Depression: 2 weeks Mania: 7 days or symptoms become so severe hospitalization is needed
73
What is bipolar 2?
Mood swings vary from major depression to hypomania | Major depression but don't meet the full criteria of mania
74
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Mood swings vary from dysthymia to hypomania | Chronic - 2 years
75
What are affective symptoms of depression?
``` Feelings of sadness to total despair Hopelessness Helplessness Flat affect Feelings of emptiness Apathy Loneliness Anhedonia ```
76
What are behavioral symptoms of depression?
``` Psychomotor retardation Slumped posture Sitting in fetal position Nonexistent communication Poor hygiene Impaired social interactions ```
77
What are cognitive symptoms of depression?
Inability to concentrate Indecisiveness Self-deprecation Suicidal ideations
78
What is delusional thinking in depression?
Persecution Somatic Hallucinations
79
What are the physiological symptoms of depression?
``` Constipation Urinary retention Amenorrhea Impotence Diminished libido Appetite changes (Weight loss/Weight gain) Changes in sleep pattern ```
80
What is hypothalamic amenorrhea?
Stress triggers release of cortisol, sends stop sign to ovaries, and less estrogen is produced which can lead to osteoporosis and lose periods
81
What are mood symptoms for bipolar disorder?
``` Labile Euphoria and elation to irritable, angry, sad Seeks fun and excitement Seeks gratification Develops intense attachments Poor impulse control ```
82
What are cognitive and perceptual symptoms for bipolar disorder?
Flight of ideas Pressured speech Disorganized thoughts and incoherent speech Decrease ability to concentrate, distractible Poor judgment Psychosis (Hallucinations, Paranoid, Grandiose)
83
What are physical and behavioral symptoms for bipolar disorder?
``` Excessive activity, Endless energy Independent, self sufficient Socially and sexually uninhibited Intrusive Diminished sleep Decreased appetite Poor hygiene Bizarre dress, makeup and excessive jewelry ```
84
What is suicide?
Suicide is not a diagnosis or a disorder; it is a behavior | More than 90 percent of suicides are by individuals who have a diagnosed mental disorder
85
What are suicide warning signs?
``` Ambivalent about living or dying Suicidal for a limited time Suicide can be connected to “improvement” Inherited risk Not necessarily psychotic Consider the gravity of the threat Lethal means (gunshot, handing, suffocation, falling) Previous attempt ```
86
What are the suicide risk factors?
``` Relationships Gender Religion Socioeconomic status Loss Physical illness Influence Mental illness / substance abuse ```
87
What is personality?
The totality of emotional and behavioral characteristics (traits) that are particular to a specific person and that remain somewhat stable and predictable over time
88
What are personality disorders mistaken for?
Other mental health problems (Bipolar disorder, dysthymia (Depression), PTSD, ADHD)
89
Why are personality disorders under diagnosed?
They present with vague symptoms
90
What are personality disorder risk factors?
``` Marital dysfunction Child abuse Noncompliance with therapy Risky behaviors They create upset and distress in the people around them (drama) ```
91
What are 5 ways to identify a personality disorder?
1. Is there perpetual repetitive upset, confusion, and conflict in a group setting? 2. Do you apologize for an individual’s behavior? 3. Do you feel like the “crazy one” when you are relating to this person? 4. Do you feel consistent feelings of annoyance or irritation verses empathy or collaboration? 5. Is the person consistently referred to by others in demeaning term? “jerk,” “idiot,” “weirdo,” or worse....
92
What are cluster A personality disorders?
Odd or eccentric Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal
93
What are cluster B personality disorders?
``` Dramatic, emotional, or erratic Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic ```
94
What are cluster C personality disorders?
Anxious or fearful Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-Compulsive
95
What is interpersonal therapy?
Therapist become the role model
96
What is psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Unconscious motivation for behaviors
97
What is milieu or group therapy?
Social skills

NUR 140 (7 decks)

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