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NUR 140 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

An electrical impulse through the neuron stimulates its release into the synaptic cleft, which in turn determines whether another electrical impulse is generated

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2
Q

What are chemicals that are stored in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron?

A

Neurotransmitters

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3
Q

What are receptors?

A

Molecules situated on the cell membrane that are binding sites for neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What is reuptake?

A

The process of neurotransmitter inactivation by which the neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron from which it had been release

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5
Q

What is an amino acid neurotransmitter?

A

Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)

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6
Q

How do antidepressants work?

A

Block reuptake of neurotransmitters

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7
Q

How do antipsychotics work?

A

Block dopamine and other receptors

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8
Q

How do benzodiazepines work?

A

Facilitate transmission of GABA

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9
Q

How do psychostimulants work?

A

Increase release of neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What happens with schizophrenia?

A

There is a severe deterioration of social and occupational functioning
Complex disorder effecting: cognition, emotions, and behaviors

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11
Q

What are the 5 predisposing factors in schizophrenia?

A

1) Genetics
2) Biochemical
3) Physiological
4) Sociocultural
5) Stressful life events

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12
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Hyperactive dopamine transmission results in schizophrenic symptoms

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13
Q

What are the 4 phases of schizophrenia?

A

1) Pre-morbid
2) Prodromal
3) Active/psychotic
4) Residual

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14
Q

What is the pre-morbid phase?

A

The individual is started to withdraw from society

Becoming more anti-social, relationships suffer, doing poor in school, irritable

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15
Q

What is the prodromal phase?

A

Average length is 2-5 years
Not eating, showering, sleeping and no social relationships
Phase ends in psychosis (out of touch with reality)

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16
Q

What is the active phase?

A

Delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behavior

True disconnect from reality (positive and negative symptoms)

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17
Q

What is the residual phase?

A

Acute symptoms of active phase are absent

Some negative symptoms that remain - can impair role function (empathy)

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18
Q

What are the two symptom clusters?

A

Positive and negative

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19
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Disorganized thoughts

Altered perceptions

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20
Q

What are altered perceptions? +

A

Hallucinations and sense of self

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21
Q

What are the 8 negative symptoms?

A 
Affect
Apathy
Anhedonia
Ambivalence
Anti-Social
Anergia
Avolition
Alogia
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22
Q

What is affect? -

A

Diminished emotional expression

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23
Q

What is apathy? -

A

Disinterest in daily activities like socializing, working or going to school

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24
Q

What is anhedonia? -

A

Diminished capacity to experience pleasant emotions

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25
Q

What is ambivalence? -

A

The tendency for the schizophrenic mind to make two affective attitude of two opposite ideas interact at the same time

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26
Q

What is anergia? -

A

Chronic state of lethargy and low energy

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27
Q

What is avolition? -

A

Lack of motivation or ability to do tasks or actives that have an end goal

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28
Q

What is alogia? -

A

Disruption of the thought process that leads to a lack of speech and issues with verbal fluency

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29
Q

What are delusions? +

A

A false belief that the patients think is real

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30
Q

What is persecution delusion? +

A

When an individual is convinced that someone is mistreating, conspiring against, or planning to harm you or your loved one

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31
Q

What is grandeur delusion? +

A

A person’s belief that they are someone other than who they are, such as a supernatural figure or celebrity

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32
Q

What is reference delusion? +

A

A neutral event that is believed to have a special and personal meaning

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33
Q

What is control/influence delusion? +

A

External forces in the environment and have control over them

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34
Q

What is somatic delusion? +

A

Fixed false beliefs that one’s bodily function or appearance is grossly abnormal

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35
Q

What is nihilistic delusion? +

A

Delusional belief of being dead, decomposed, annihilated or having lost one’s internal organs

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36
Q

What is religiosity? +

A

Excessive demonstration of obsession with religious ideas and behavior

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37
Q

What is paranoia? +

A

Extreme suspiciousness of others

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38
Q

What is magical thinking? +

A

Ideas that one’s thoughts or behaviors have control over specific situations

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39
Q

What is perseveration? +

A

Persistent repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions

40
Q

What is associative looseness (also called loose association)? +

A

A shift of ideas from one unrelated topic to another

41
Q

What are neologisms? +

A

Made-up words that have meaning only to the person who invents them

42
Q

What is concrete thinking? +

A

Literal interpretations of the environment

43
Q

What are clang associations? +

A

Choice of words is governed by sound (often rhyming)

44
Q

What is word salad? +

A

Grouping of random words that have no logical connection

45
Q

What is circumstantiality? +

A

Delay in reaching the point of a communication because of unnecessary and tedious details

46
Q

What is tangentiality? +

A

Inability to get to the point of communication due to introduction of many new topics

47
Q

What is mutism? +

A

Inability or refusal to speak

48
Q

What are the 5 different types of hallucinations? +

A

1) Auditory
2) Visual
3) Tactile
4) Olfactory
5) Gustatory

49
Q

What are the perceptual changes? +

A

Hallucinations and illusions

50
Q

What is a command hallucination? +

A

A hallucination commanding them to hurt themselves or someone else

51
Q

What is an illusion? +

A

Misinterpretations of a real external stimuli

52
Q

What are the two things that play into sense of self? +

A

Identification (unconscious) and depersonalization

53
Q

What are the two feelings that fall under identification? +

A

Echolalia and echopraxia

54
Q

What is echolalia? +

A

The involuntary parrotlike repetition of a word or phrase just spoken by another person

55
Q

What is echopraxia? +

A

The involuntary movements of another person

56
Q

What is depersonalization? +

A

A distorted view of self

57
Q

What are the psychomotor behaviors? -

A

Posturing/waxy flexibility

Pacing and rocking

58
Q

What do typical antipsychotics work best on?

A

Negative symptoms - hard dopamine blocking

59
Q

What do atypical antipsychotics work best on?

A

Positive symptoms because of serotonin

60
Q

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A

Schizophrenia and mood disorder (bipolar, mania or depression)

61
Q

What is a brief psychotic disorder?

A

Lasts up to 1 month

Caused by physical trauma or medical condition

62
Q

What is schizophreniform disorder?

A

Lasts 1-6 month

Same symptoms of schizophrenia but lasts but shorter

63
Q

What is depression?

A

An alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism
Alteration is consistent for at least 14 days
Onset occurs throughout lifespan
Usual age of onset is mid-twenties

64
Q

What are the 5 developmental implications of depression?

A

1) Childhood
2) Adolescence
3) PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder
4) Postpartum
5) Senescene

65
Q

What are the childhood implications of depression?

A

Precipitated by a loss or trauma

66
Q

What are the adolescent implications of depression?

A

Perceived abandonment by parents or peers
High suicide rate
Stress and conflicts with new independence

67
Q

What are the senescence implications of depression?

A

Bereavement overload

High suicide rate

68
Q

What is PMDD?

A

Several and disabiling extension of PMS
Sadness/hopelessness
Anxiety/tension
Extreme moodiness

69
Q

What are the 6 risk factors of depression?

A

1) Greif
2) Diagnosed with chronic diseases
3) Addiction
4) Traumatic events
5) Lack of social support
6) Medications

70
Q

What is dysthymic disorder?

A

Depressed for about 2 years

Igor

71
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

Mood swings varying from depression to mania

Average age of onset: Mid-twenties

72
Q

What is bipolar 1?

A

Mood swings vary from major depression to
acute mania
Depression: 2 weeks
Mania: 7 days or symptoms become so severe hospitalization is needed

73
Q

What is bipolar 2?

A

Mood swings vary from major depression to hypomania

Major depression but don’t meet the full criteria of mania

74
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A

Mood swings vary from dysthymia to hypomania

Chronic - 2 years

75
Q

What are affective symptoms of depression?

A 
Feelings of sadness to total despair
Hopelessness
Helplessness
Flat affect
Feelings of emptiness
Apathy
Loneliness
Anhedonia
76
Q

What are behavioral symptoms of depression?

A 
Psychomotor retardation
Slumped posture
Sitting in fetal position
Nonexistent communication
Poor hygiene
Impaired social interactions
77
Q

What are cognitive symptoms of depression?

A

Inability to concentrate
Indecisiveness
Self-deprecation
Suicidal ideations

78
Q

What is delusional thinking in depression?

A

Persecution
Somatic
Hallucinations

79
Q

What are the physiological symptoms of depression?

A 
Constipation
Urinary retention 
Amenorrhea
Impotence
Diminished libido 
Appetite changes (Weight loss/Weight gain)
Changes in sleep pattern
80
Q

What is hypothalamic amenorrhea?

A

Stress triggers release of cortisol, sends stop sign to ovaries, and less estrogen is produced which can lead to osteoporosis and lose periods

81
Q

What are mood symptoms for bipolar disorder?

A 
Labile
Euphoria and elation to irritable, angry, sad
Seeks fun and excitement
Seeks gratification
Develops intense attachments
Poor impulse control
82
Q

What are cognitive and perceptual symptoms for bipolar disorder?

A

Flight of ideas
Pressured speech
Disorganized thoughts and incoherent speech
Decrease ability to concentrate, distractible
Poor judgment
Psychosis (Hallucinations, Paranoid, Grandiose)

83
Q

What are physical and behavioral symptoms for bipolar disorder?

A 
Excessive activity, Endless energy
Independent, self sufficient
Socially and sexually uninhibited
Intrusive
Diminished sleep
Decreased appetite
Poor hygiene
Bizarre dress, makeup and excessive jewelry
84
Q

What is suicide?

A

Suicide is not a diagnosis or a disorder; it is a behavior

More than 90 percent of suicides are by individuals who have a diagnosed mental disorder

85
Q

What are suicide warning signs?

A 
Ambivalent about living or dying
Suicidal for a limited time
Suicide can be connected to “improvement” 
Inherited risk
Not necessarily psychotic
Consider the gravity of the threat
Lethal means (gunshot, handing, suffocation, falling) 
Previous attempt
86
Q

What are the suicide risk factors?

A 
Relationships
Gender
Religion
Socioeconomic status
Loss
Physical illness
Influence
Mental illness / substance abuse
87
Q

What is personality?

A

The totality of emotional and behavioral characteristics (traits) that are particular to a specific person and that remain somewhat stable and predictable over time

88
Q

What are personality disorders mistaken for?

A

Other mental health problems (Bipolar disorder, dysthymia (Depression), PTSD, ADHD)

89
Q

Why are personality disorders under diagnosed?

A

They present with vague symptoms

90
Q

What are personality disorder risk factors?

A 
Marital dysfunction
Child abuse
Noncompliance with therapy
Risky behaviors
They create upset and distress in the people around them (drama)
91
Q

What are 5 ways to identify a personality disorder?

A
  1. Is there perpetual repetitive upset, confusion, and conflict in a group setting?
  2. Do you apologize for an individual’s behavior?
  3. Do you feel like the “crazy one” when you are
    relating to this person?
  4. Do you feel consistent feelings of annoyance or
    irritation verses empathy or collaboration?
  5. Is the person consistently referred to by others
    in demeaning term? “jerk,” “idiot,” “weirdo,” or worse….
92
Q

What are cluster A personality disorders?

A

Odd or eccentric
Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal

93
Q

What are cluster B personality disorders?

A 
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
94
Q

What are cluster C personality disorders?

A

Anxious or fearful
Avoidant
Dependent
Obsessive-Compulsive

95
Q

What is interpersonal therapy?

A

Therapist become the role model

96
Q

What is psychoanalytic psychotherapy?

A

Unconscious motivation for behaviors

97
Q

What is milieu or group therapy?

A

Social skills

NUR 140 (7 decks)

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