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Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the political climate at end of 1930s

A

FDRs administration is fixated on a world crisis and international situation. WWII is looming

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2
Q

Describe the post WWI map of Europe and it’s implications

A

Germany is much smaller, Alsace Lorraine had come over to France (gave France a dagger pointed at western Germany). East Prussia is disjointed from rest of Germany at the expanse of new Poland.

Ethnic disputes were brokered in favor of Germany’s enemies. Lots of ethnic germans living in someone else’s country.

Treaty of Versailles supposedly limited the possibility of Germany being able to menace Belgium through northern France as they did in WWI

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3
Q

Describe the post WWI government transition in Germany

A

The Keizer government collapsed and was followed by the Weimer Republic.

This was a form of democracy with many parties, but it was associated with the Treaty of Versailles

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4
Q

Describe the implications of the Weimers Republic’s association with the treaty of Versailles

A

Taints the Weimer Republic, the people aren’t sold on representative government or the idea that they lost WWI

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5
Q

Describe the policy of Coercion pre WWII, it’s evolution

A

France occupied industrial Germany, taking coal and iron ores

Eventually transitions into Dawes Plan, where Germany agreed to pay reduced reparations - somewhat stabilizes thing

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6
Q

Describe the situation in 1920s Germany. Notable agreements?

A

Fair bit of optimism. Treaty of Versailles was flawed but might be holding. Seemed to indicate a better future.

Lacardo Pact had Germany and France agree to the borders.

Kellogg Briand Pact outlaws war.

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7
Q

Describe the attitude in 1920s Italy

A

Italy had fought on the allied side and suffered 1 million casualties, they wanted to get chunk of Balkans and Austria didn’t; bitter

Their economy is on the verge of collapse

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8
Q

Benito Mussolini, description

A

Veteran of war and head of fascist party. Believes that capitalism has failed and the Great Depression is proof

Coined the term Totalitarianism, Social darwinist.

Wants a redo of the Roman Empire, it’ll get him thrown out of League of Nations but he doesn’t care

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9
Q

Rise of Benito Mussolini

A

Comes into power by coercion and threat in 1922.
Opposed the Communist party who called for nationwide strike and statewide atheism.
Used a propaganda based media driven march on Rome where he bluffs his way into power.

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10
Q

Marxism and Social Darwinism overview, comparison.

A

Marxism - historical inevitability of the working class coming to power in industrialized nations, take over means of production

Social Darwinism - Survival of the fittest, blood is essential element of human life and discourse

Both have the father of hate (race, ethnicity, nationalism vs class) and were products of desperate economic circumstances

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11
Q

What were some qualities of Marxism?

A

Worried about: Exploitation, labor strikes, slums, inequality; haves exploiting the have-nots

State enforced equality, atheism, religion is opiate of the masses that exploits people

Led to rise of communism

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12
Q

What were some qualities of Social Darwinism?

A

Melded with nationalism, racism- maybe obligated to help lesser people, maybe eugenics, maybe segregation

exploitative and violence: strong survive at expense of weak (economics and war)

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13
Q

Hitler before power

A

Born in Austria but perceives himself as German, leaves Austria for Germany to avoid the draft, reads about politics, humanity, and music.

Enthusiastic fighter
When he hears about the armistice he feels like the jews who controlled his government betrayed him

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14
Q

Hitler Nazi movement

A

Turns a glorified drinking club into a real modern party by

1) organizing people in to movement
2) being a brilliant speaker

appealed to peoples fears

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15
Q

Beer Hall Putsch

A

Failed Coup, Hitler tries to take power by force

Triad for treason and goes to prison

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16
Q

Hitler in Prison

A

A lot of the authorities sympathize with him and his anti communism anti semitism

“he went too far but his ideas are right on”

he advertises the nazi party at trial

Wrights mein Kempf - nazi bible that talks about

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17
Q

German Depression

A

massive unemployment, communist party fighting with nazi party in the street

Worry in Germany about becoming communist

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18
Q

Government system when hitler gets into power

A

Coalition government of nazis and right wing nationalist parties that are believed to keep him in check

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19
Q

Reichstag burns down, what does Hitler do

A

Hitler uses as an excuse to round up communists and socialists and put them in concentration camps

Repression against Jews steadily builds

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20
Q

Change in Germany when Hitler comes to power

A

Nazi policy and ideology come to inject themselves into everything

Now have to be politically reliable and ethnically pure

No longer listen to Treaty of Versailles

Hitler Youth

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21
Q

What does Hitler do first with military power?

A

invasion of the Rhineland -
supposed to be demilitarized by the treaty of Versailles

Hitler sends troops back at Rhineland, act as dagger towards France as to attack France or Belgium they would have to go through there

France does not respond, bloodless victory enhances Hitlers prestige

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22
Q

Why does France not respond to the invasion of the Rhineland?

A

In the middle of political chaos, left wing socialist government has no stomach for mobilizing war

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23
Q

Why does Hitler accelerate his timetable for military action?

A

He is on a treadmill - if he doesn’t continue expanding and recouping territory, population, and resources, the German economy will regress and he will lose his prestige

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24
Q

What is the conflict with his military early in Hitlers reign?

A

He meets with the generals, wanting to establish Germany as the dominant power in Europe. They tell him to wait till 43 or 44 but he wants to go quickly.

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25
Q

The first thing Hitler did was invade the Rhineland, what was the second thing he did?

A

Annex Austria. Put pressure on them to agree that when the Germans come in they will take part of northern Austria.

This is actually popular within Austria.

Creates another precedent in which Britain and France stand aside while he upsets the balance of power.

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26
Q

After invading the Rhineland and annexing Austria, what does Hitler do?

A

Tries to take the Sudetenland back from Czechoslovakia. Puts propaganda out.

Sudetenland also allows invasion of Prague.

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27
Q

What is the response to Hitlers continued actions?

A

Appeasement - Britain and France don’t want a war, presuppose that Hitler is rational and will stop

MUNICH CONFERENCE - Neville Chamberlain

Munich Conference bargains the Sudetenland in exchange for peace

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28
Q

How does Hitler respond to the Munich Conference?

A

6 Months later he takes the rest of Czechoslovakia, and the allies prepare for war

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29
Q

After Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia, what two things does he do?

A

Invades Danzig in Poland, which used to be part of the Kaisser republic

Makes Nazi Soviet Pact

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30
Q

Describe the Nazi Soviet Pact

A

Nonaggression treaty and business deal where soviet oil and timber is exchanged for engineering products

They secretly agree to divvy up portions of Eastern Europe

Ideologically they’re enemies but they don’t want to go to war - communist and social darwinist fascists both feel betrayed

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31
Q

When do the Allies declare war? What are the sides?

A

After Germany invades Poland. German allies are axis powers,

allied side is Britain, France, Poland, US

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32
Q

Describe the Invasion of Poland

A

German and Soviets invade. Campaign lasts a month, Germans conquer Warsaw while soviets conquer eastern part

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33
Q

Describe how the Germans vs Soviets oppress the Poles

A

In the German section the Jews are targeted, put into ghettos, later in the war labor and death camps. 3 million.

In the Soviet section higher class landowners, catholics, and Polish officers are taken out and executed. 20,000.

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34
Q

Early American attitude at the start of WWII

A

Similar to WWI, Roosevelt declared neutrality. Popular decision. Isolationist philosophy.

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35
Q

Why was Isolationism popular in America at the start of WWII?

A

Nye Committee - uncovered dirty laundry on American entry into WWI, made public believe we fought and died for Wall Street

Disillusioned - 70% felt that involvement in WWI was a mistake

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36
Q

What were the actions by America that helped insure isolationism?

A

Neutrality acts - outlaw arms or loans to nations in war, prohibits Americans from traveling on ships of nations in war

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37
Q

What is Roosevelts situation/opinion with regards to isolationism at the start of WWII?

A

He is very concerned about Hitler and European security but has to bow to pressure, eventually he amends neutrality acts with consent from Congress

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38
Q

First American concern surrounding WWII (pre joining)

A

First drawn to Asia, concerned about the balance of power

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39
Q

Describe the balance of power in Asia at the start of WWII

A

There is a civil war going on in China between Nationalists and Chiang Kai-shek. In Japan there is a crisis over resources, Army sees future on asian continent and Navy sees resources in Indonesia area.

Eventually the Quantung army in 1931 takes over Manchuria, which the government uses as a springboard to take over portions of China in 1937.

US government does not want Japan to be the dominant power as they pose a great naval threat.

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40
Q

Describe The Chinese Civil War, Open door policy

A

Nationalists envision an independent autonomous power, getting rid of the western presence controlling their economy -have a good relationship with US but not Europe. Led by Chiang Kai-Shek

Mao Zehdong led the Communist side, illegitimate shadow government that eventually wins.

Open door policy led to the British selling opium in china, British navy fought in Hong Kong over it

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41
Q

How does the Roosevelt administration want to shape Japanese behavior and limit the threat?

A

Sanctions. Japan is dependent on our oil, steel, etc.

Freezing Japanese assets.

He is frustrated with isolationism, only weapon is economics.

42
Q

What are the options for the Japanese after Roosevelts sanctions and freezing of assets?

A

Option 1: Withdraw from china and play nice (discarded)

Option 2: Invade Soviet Union through Manchuria (can’t get anything but timber and oil)

Option 3: Go to war against western powers, including Dutch empire, Australia, Nationalist china
(decide on this)

43
Q

Why does war start against Japan?

A

Pearl Harbor attacks

44
Q

Early US conflict with Germany pre involvement WWII (first reason why they go to war)

A

General concern over stopping Hitler changes neutrality dynamic, conquest of France stuns the world. Roosevelt sends US navy destroyers to royal navy in the “Destroyers for bases deal” for bases in the Caribbean.

45
Q

What is the biggest reason why Germany and America go to war?

A

Lend Lease Act - Supplies the allies with everything they need. Leads US navy into waters -> German submarines sink ships -> Attention

Neither side wants war but after Pearl Harbor Germany is emboldened- doesn’t think US is a huge player

46
Q

War at time of US entry in 41

A

SU and Japan are not yet at war, eventually they will at American behest

War takes up half of world’s population

47
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

Hawaii is basing a pacific fleet as a warning to Japan

Americans lose 2400 people and eight battleships

Sucker punch but doesn’t cripple the US fleet as much as they would have hoped

Hope was to force America and GB to negotiations, conquer a resource rich empire

Ultimately unites the American public

48
Q

Immediately US declared war, how did the fighting play out?

A

Agreed upon “Germany first” strategy, which recognizes Germany as biggest threat. (although they want revenge on Japan)

Japan get to dominate the pacific, getting the resources they wanted in Dutch East Indies, Singapore, Malaysia, etc while US is not yet prepared

49
Q

Early allied involvement against Japan

A

The US is unprepared for many months. American initiated campaign fly supplies from India to china to supply nationalists.

In Burma allies try and open road into china

China is tying down half of Japanese power with a poor army, civil war still going on.

American controlled Philippines are in the way of Japanese forces, Japan invades

50
Q

Philippines at time of Japanese invasion

A

On the way to independence, Macarthur helps build an armed force to defend their nation

51
Q

Macarthurs options and war plans for the defense of the Philippines

A

War plan orange - retreat army into Bataan peninsula and hold out until US navy arrives

Macarthur’s plan - defend on the coast, spread out forces

52
Q

How did Macarthur’s plan work out?

A

Terribly, bases and army was spread apart; Japanese get ashore and army is in chaos. Eventually embraces war plan orange but by the time the army is in Bataan in half or quarter rations, low resources. Macarthur is called out of Philippines but declares he will return.

53
Q

What happens to the American-Philippines army? (treatment of POWS by Japan)

A

Many don’t survive, borderline starvation, Bataan death march up 60 miles to POW camps.

Japanese don’t recognize surrender. Treatment is way worse for Chinese.

54
Q

American battle plan after Macarthur is called out of the Philippines

A

Burma campaign - get Japanese out of Burma.

Two pronged offensive to turn them back:

Macarthur in southwest pacific area

Chester Nimitz in Central pacific

55
Q

Describe Macarthurs actions as part of the Burma campaign

A

Macarthur in the southwest pacific area has US and Australian forces, goal of preventing invasion in Australian and getting across New Guinea and back to Philippines

Ground forces of US and AUS army with increasingly more naval and air forces

56
Q

Describe Nimitz actions as part of the Burma campaign

A

Island hopping campaign across pacific with the aim of getting straight at Japan

Commands the US pacific fleet, eventually the most powerful fleet commander in history by end of war

57
Q

Guadalcanal campaign

A

On the island of Guadalcanal the Japanese were building an airfield to menace the sea lines between Australia and United States

Escalation style air and sea battle, at that point deadliest battle in US navy.

58
Q

Importance of New Guinea in the pacific war

A

Struggle to end Japanese threat, Port Moresby was an important staging port for any invasion of Australia or reverse offensive towards Philippines

59
Q

New Guinea campaign.

A

Moving troops from Port Moresby over Stanley Range to secure coast. Horrible terrain, high casualties, not much naval or air support.

Japanese have dug around Buna, both are in bad shape.

Macarthur tells Eichelberger to take Buna or not come back alive.

Eichelberger heads into Buna and fixes the aimless leadership and poor supply conditions. Bit by bit crushes the Japanese offensive with his men.

First American ground victory in WWII

Once they have Buna they can begin a leap frog advance across the coast, eventually they can reinvade the Philippines

60
Q

Us plan for European fighting

A

Germany first. Liberate France as soon as possible and establish a second front that would suck in the German army and lessen the impact on the soviet front.

61
Q

Why can’t we immediately invade France?

A

We don’t control the sea or the air, don’t have landing craft, troops aren’t fully trained

62
Q

We can’t invade France, what is the suggestion?

A

British argue for Mediterranean strategy. Invasion of French Africa that presents Mussolini and hitler with another war front.

63
Q

Overview of mediterranean strategy

A

El Alamein - British Invasion

Operation Torch - American invasion of northwest Africa

64
Q

Operation torch

A

American led invasion of northwest Africa.
Presents Germans and Italians with open flank, takes germans away from bases in northern France and Norway. Ends up with stalemate in North Africa where Italians and germans set up reinforcements.

65
Q

Big meeting to rethink campaign

A

Casablanca Conference
In Morocco -
Americans push for invasion in France, once again not ready for the same reasons.

British propose doubling down on mediterranean strategy - invade Sicily

Americans agree

Unconditional surrender policy

Promise Stalin that we would not cut a separate deal with Hitler

66
Q

Battle of Atlantic

A

Germany is sinking millions of tons of allied shipping, we have to combat the threat through convoy tactics.

Convoy tactics - destroyers are very powerful and well equipped, escort carriers are also useful.

Eventually germans are losing more submarines than they can replace

Operation torch takes place in this context

US subs do to Germany what Germany hoped to do to us

67
Q

Ending of Battle in Africa

A

Eventually axis powers can only provide 25% of what they need, run out of ammo and reinforcements

Perimeter sinks down and massive axis surrender

Some Italian and German POWs end up in US, treated well and paid for voluntary labor

68
Q

Operation Husky

A

Anglo American invasion of Sicily, 3 division front

1st Division, 45th division, 82nd airborne (paratroopers)

Low opposition, the problem is the Herman Goring division counterattack

Initiated Italian Campaign

69
Q

Victory over Italy

A

After Italian Campaign the fascist party is not out of power

Italian government arrange unconditional surrender

From an Italian viewpoint the war is just starting as Italy is riven with civil war

Germans create stalemate, Rome is not liberate until a year after Sicily campaign

Italian people are in for malnutrition, destruction of homes and cities, organized crime, prostitution

70
Q

European air fighting

A

Germans had bombed British cities but the allies unleash way more on Germany

Ferocious fighting; 100,000 allied lives lost

71
Q

British and American disagreements over air fighting

A

British felt that daylight raids were suicide, Americans felt like daytime had better precision and wanted to actually hit their targets

Even with daytime fighting the bombing wasn’t particularly accurate or impactful

72
Q

Invasion of Normandy

A

Difficult objectives

Bloodiest fighting is at Omaha beach

Deadliest day for Americans in WWII, invasion is only first part of campaign
-Battle lasts the summer, grind down German capabilities over the course of months

73
Q

France Liberation

A

After the invasion of Normandy there becomes a second front, German front expends resources east and west

Invasion in both North and south France catches the germans in a vice, French soldiers join as they are liberated

Germans garrisons in port cities that hold out as long as they can before destroying

Eventually germans are overwhelmed

74
Q

Battle of the Bulge

A

German attempt to drive a bulge through the allied frontier, cut British off from Americans. Failed but causes 100,000 American casualties. Hastened the end of war

75
Q

End of the war - Germany

A

Germany is dismembered both east and west, US army still has high casualty rates via pockets of resistance

Hitler commits suicide

Unconditional surrender

76
Q

End of the war (military)- Japan

A

Capture of Mariana islands turns them into air bases with which to bomb Japan

Fire bombings

Philippines is most important part

Nuclear bombs

77
Q

Peacetime draft in 1941

A

19-26 year old single men, plan was to serve for year than go in reserve. After Pearl Harbor happens they’re in the war for as long as they’re needed.

Women are 2% of armed forces as volunteers, did not see combat but functioned as nurses, pilots.

78
Q

Biggest wartime agency

A

WPB War production board

79
Q

War Production Board

A

Enormous scope

Allocated raw materials, oversaw production, distributed defense contracts

What can we produce on civilian side and what needs to be converted to military?

Defense contractions - gave incentive for American businesses and made sure they made a profit

80
Q

Implications of industrial transition to wartime

A

Impossible to get a new automobile, 35 mile an hour speed limit, retreating old tires, Canneries make contains for rations, ammo

81
Q

Scale of war production - US

A

US produces more war materials than all allied combined. US industry really kicks in

300,000 military aircraft
86,000 tanks
-great against infantry
372,000 artillery pieces
-very effective
2.6 million machine guns
90,000 War ships

All this costs money - federal budget multiplies 10 times by end of war, defense spending multiples by 5

82
Q

Hometime Jobs

A

17 million new jobs directly related to war, not including spinoffs like laundromats, movie theaters, restaurants, department stores

Lots going to economic outsiders - women, African Americans, latinos

Farmers dealt with scarcity of labor as the labor source is in military service, although they saw really good times with tremendous international demand for food

83
Q

Organized labor benefits during WWII

A

All new jobs lend themselves to union labor, union membership rises from 9 to 15 million

84
Q

How did we pay for war?

A

War bonds, loans from American banks to government, tax increases

85
Q

Politics at home

A

FDR runs and gets in third and fourth term.

Most of the political argument was around new deal, war gave an excuse to roll back most of the new deal programs but Social Security, TVA, Wagner act survive

Eventually there is a reaction against unions as strikes during the war are considered incredibly unpatriotic and a threat to our soldiers

Republicans have Thomas Dewey, who persecuted organized crime and was a pro war internationalist republican

Truman come after FDR, reliable in new deal status, safe bet with no overt civil rights record, compromise choice

86
Q

What were the two major trends at the American Homefront?

A

Mobility and Unity

87
Q

Describe Mobility at the American home front

A

For men, leaving suburbs and farms to enter military service and go places they never would have gone, both nationally for training and internationally for the war effort.

For women, leaving farms to move into economy for war related jobs, often living independently

For African Americans, leaving hardline segregated states going north to big cities - forever changing makeup of America

Air conditioning and industry led to rise of sun belt, California becomes largest state

88
Q

Describe Unity at the American Home front

A

Entertainment - Most of America was watching patriotic, government influenced movies every week, including Movietone news

Sports - athletics continued, team pride, military teams were a big deal; Women’s professional league is created

89
Q

Describe the issue of Race at the American Home front

A

During the mobilization black leaders were envisioning a civil rights future

A Philip Randolph threatened a major march on DC in 41 if FDR didn’t do anything about discrimination in war industry

FDR wants to walk the tightrope but starts the Fair Employment Practices Commission, which oversees the mobilization to try and eliminate discrimination

Increase in employment, union membership, pay but enormous discrimination and racism

Tension in the military between black and white soldiers, soldier rights

Detroit riots 43 - 20 years of racial tension resulted in 34 deaths, soldiers called in

Japanese Americans are rounded up and put in internment camps, but it would be ridiculous to go after German and Italian Americans

90
Q

Describe the situation at end of war with the holocaust

A

At final operations to dismember Germany soldiers come face to face with holocaust. Even generals didn’t know, soldiers were clueless and unprepared. Some soldiers accidentally killed the survivors by giving them high calorie foods and water that their bodies couldn’t handle

In Japan the holocaust is as bad or worse, experiments on POWS; less systematic though

Allied armies have to transition from traditional battles to humanitarian catastrophe

91
Q

Describe Japan at the end of the war

A

Major effort by the US to lead away from famine, transform their bitter enemy

Macarthur implements new constitution, series of reforms, gender empowerment, democracy, rebuilding

Over a 2-3 year period become ally, but war criminals are not punished the way they should be

92
Q

Describe Europe at the end of the war

A

Millions uprooted, Displaced persons scattered around. A number of the jewish survivors don’t want to go home to their home countries, many want to go to Palestine but Britain resists this idea - they don’t want to offend the Saudis and Arabs because of the valuable oil

93
Q

Describe Germany at the end of the war

A

Dismembered by enemies, 4.5 million dead. Atrocities occur, especially by soviets (rapes and looting).

4 Powers jointly occupy the country with differing ideas

Enormously chaotic

94
Q

Describe US at the end of the war

A

The most powerful nation ever, first and only nuclear power

Economic and military superpower

Debt form war but good economy

Enormous prestige for defeating evil regimes, helped allies enormously, liberated millions; tremendous international sympathy

95
Q

Describe USSR at the end of the war

A

25 million dead but USSR is enormously powerful

Liberated much of Eastern Europe, major player post WWII

96
Q

Describe GB at the end of the war

A

Bankrupt, beginning of end for empire militarily, economically, and diplomatically

The idea of self determination comes in to play - no longer is there the feeling that empires have the right to expand

97
Q

Compare USSR and US ideology

A

Soviet Union is hardline communist, Stalin is dictator, no freedom of any kind but there is a tendency for equality - everyone was equally oppressed

United States has immense freedom and belief in private property, civil liberties; however the society is still white male dominated

Diametrically opposed societies

98
Q

Describe the situation in Poland after the war

A

Poland is liberated by red army and have communist regime shoved down their throat

Polish hope for representative government but not going to happen

99
Q

Describe both sides of Germany

A

4 Occupation zones (British, French, soviet, and US) become east and west Germany as we never could agree

East Germany - German Democratic Republic (German communists)

West Germany - Federal Republic of Germany (right leaning democracy)

100
Q

Describe the evolution of Japan that led to their need for resources.

A

Westerners show up uninvited to do businesses in the 1850s. Traditionalists want to reject the new technology modernists recognize the need to get on board. By late 19th century Japan needs to industrialize, an existential crisis leads Japan ending up as a fascist regime.

Modern History (3 decks)

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