Test 1 Flashcards
What were the five phases of the Industrial Revolution?
Resources, Inventions, Transportation, Labor, Friendly Federal Government
What were the main resources of the industrial revolution?
Coal, Oil, Iron Ore, Electricity
What was the influence of Coal in the industrial revolution?
Allowed for steam, heat, and steel production
There was a mining revolution, coal comes from Appalachia
What was the influence of Oil in the industrial revolution?
“Blood of industrial revolution”
Source of fuel for engines and ships
Came from Texas, Kansas, Alaska, Oklahoma
Rockefeller Tycoon
What was the influence of Iron Ore in the industrial revolution?
Steel was the most important product of this age for use in skyscrapers and ships
Andrew Carnegie Tycoon
Was was the influence of Electricity in the industrial revolution?
Light, revolutionized lifestyle, “conquered the night”
What were major inventions of the industrial revolution?
Vulcanized rubber by goodyear
Telegraph/gram by Samuel Morse
Typewriter
Automobile
What was the influence of vulcanized rubber during the industrial revolution?
Reinvented the wheel
What was the influence of the telegraph/gram during the industrial revolution?
Railway industry, shipping; telephone by Alexander graham bell
What was the influence of the typewriter during the industrial revolution?
Book publishing
What was the influence of the automobile during the industrial revolution?
Not very influential then, but would become very popular
What was the major transportation aspect of the industrial revolution?
led to time zones, life no longer centers around the harvest now centers on the amount of time you give your employer
very expensive
Public ownership of stock
public accountability, separation of ownership and management
How did the expansion of the PA railroad affect the industrial revolution?
led to time zones, life no longer centers around the harvest now centers on the amount of time you give your employer
Public ownership of stock, separation of ownership and management
Who was Jay Gould?
ruthless railroad owner, financial strongarm people
What did the labor shift look like in the industrial revolution?
Rural to Urban shift
Lifestyle change, technology change allowed less people in farms
Native born americans leaving farms, and millions of european and jewish immigrants
How did the federal government influence the industrial revolution?
Would adopt a laissez faire policy expect for occasionally helping and investing in businesses, like the railroads
Define Laissez faire policy and the general economic outlook of the industrial revolution.
Separation of government from a private sector
Southern Property owners expected a ruling class that would control slaves, but this didn’t happen
Access to wealth is free and unfederated
The negatives of capitalism would later cause massive social issues (don’t care about anything but the dollar)
The general population could afford to participate in economy through stocks
What was the book Hands Off by Adams Smith?
book on Laissez faire economics, a reaction to his era
used to be called mercantilism which was built upon the development of riches for the king, transition to capitalism, property owners, and wealthy individuals
What were the major societal consequences of the industrial revolution?
Mass production, consumer productions, greater standard of living
Eventual exhaustion, weren’t living up to american ideals
How did mass production of consumer products influence society in the industrial revolution?
Brands became powerful, consumer orientated products
Brand Loyalship
Sort of democracy
Expectation of abundance
Cutthroat competition and advertisement
List some popular brands during the industrial revolution.
Ivory Soap, Quaker Oats, Kodak Film, Coca Cola, Budweiser, Ketchup
What caused eventual societal exhaustion from the industrial revolution?
Losing freedom as becoming more modern, social policy and morality was not keeping up with modernization
1: Laissez faire gov could not control for poor capitalist conditions
Poor industrial situations, question if business regulation was needed
2: Individualism was threatened by growth of corporations
US Steel, Railroads monopoly
List the things that caused the progressive movement to grow.
Grew out of a response to
1: Industrialization and social consequence
2: Immigration
3: Concentration of corporate power
4: Widening of class divisions
Describe early progressives.
Reformers- not revolutionaries but felt the american system was going the wrong way
Not a united movement
White, Native born, middle class
Describe the four main goals of progressive reform.
Clean up slums
Little Italy, fixes disease and public health, slums were wary of progressives though
Child Labor
legacy of agrarian past, accepted for millenium
Corruption
“Political Machines”
organization created through a patronage system through urban areas, unelected boss picks and chooses which people are gonna run, that boss controls the person who ran
could blackmail areas, still haven’t completely abated,
Temperance
Ending liquor consumption
Another consequence of industrialization
alcoholics and industry don’t mix
Define intellectualism.
Progressive weapon for reform
Daily newspapers, books, lectures, commentary, radio
Using the advancements of science and technology to fix the problems of science and technology
Describe Jacob Wright’s influential book.
How the other side lives- nonfiction
Speaking of the urban underclass/slums
Addressing the literate/educated ruling class
Photography on urban conditions, this is a larger american problem
Describe Uptain Sinclair’s influential book.
The Jungle - fiction
opponent of the trust, the monopoly
Focused on the meat packing industry and led to the establishment of the FDA
Describe the Women’s Christian Temperance Movement and how it differed from the earlier temperance movement.
Wanted prohibition
Made up of older, wealthy, white women
Has major success, targets policies instead of individuals (like the earlier temperance movement did)
Momentum for women’s suffrage
Describe the three popular views on poverty after the industrial revolution
Adam Smith, Free Market
Innate problem with humankind in which some are more well suited than others
Socialist
Byproduct of the industrial revolution and exploitation of the working class
Marxism - history is a tension between the haves and have nots
wealth is derived from the means of production owned by a tiny cabal of ruling class, the workers must own the means of production and redistribute income by force
Temperance
Drink is the problem, alcoholism ruins everything, can’t afford 5th of whiskey a day
As a person, who was Theodore Roosevelt?
Most influential progressive
Wealthy, renaissance outdoors man, intellectual, american insider, republicans
Served in spanish american war as part of the roughriders
Describe the origin and beliefs of Theodore Roosevelt.
Ascends to presidency in 1901 after the assassination of McKinley by an anarchist (anti-progressive)
Believed that there was a great place for government regulating the private sector
Didn’t fully agree with progressives or marxists
Successor Taft agreed with him
What was the Elkins Act? Which president was responsible?
Railroads and shippers must accept standard rates and have to be responsible for the product
Rains in the power of the meatpacking trust and standard oil company
Roosevelt
What was the Hepburn Act? Which president was responsible?
Follows the Elkins Act
Gave interstate commerce commission real power to regulate transportation and business
Rain in the railroads and the trust and establish the governments supremacy over the private market
-unthinkable 20 years ago
Encouraged the legal market to grow to argue cases
Roosevelt
Besides the Elkins and Hepburn Act, which policies did Teddy Roosevelt bring about?
Child Labor laws, drug and alcohol prohibition, environmental movement, public health, pollution
-Government could solve the problems of the industrial revolution
Describe the emergence of professions during/after the industrial revolution.
Knowledge must now be organized, catalogued, and managed in professions by professionals
Medical, Lawyers needed degrees
CPAs, Athletes become professionally regarded and are compensated
What caused WW1?
Decades of tension
The british empire had dominated the globe, but Germany was now trying to rival them
Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy had expanded their territory
In Europe, as the empires become better and weather they felt less secure due to global rivalry and resource competition
What were the two competing alliances during WW1?
Austria-Hungary and Germany
Teutonic culture
Central Powers
Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, Romania, Britain
Slavic culture
Allied Powers
Italy started on central powers side then joined allied
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
US arrogantly declared no more colonization in the western hemisphere
Describe the Germans early war plan in WW1.
The germans had the Schlieffen plan to invade France through belgium and back the french forces against Germany’s own border
They did not expect the quick mobilization of russian troops
Describe trench warfare in WW1.
not expected, both sides thought the fighting was going to be quick and glorious
More firepower, deadly artillery
Very ugly and muddy, cold and heat, rats, lice, poor rations, very dangerous
Needed observation balloons -> needed fighter pilots to defend those balloons
Series of multiple extremely deadly battles
Why was WW1 so much more devastating than expected.
Tactics of the 19th century (breaking through enemy lines with well timed attacks) were combined with an advance of science and technology that made this impossible and deadly
Chemical weapons, bolt action rifles, grenades
Submarine warfare at sea
Describe the early general attitude of the US towards WW1 .
Thrilled to stay on the sidelines
Woodrow Wilson was progressive and didn’t want us to be in the war
Sympathized with the allied side
- Massive trade with Britain
- at the time not unanimous
- -german-ameriacn disloyalty caused tension, irish americans are weary of britain
Wilson ran for second term on the idea that he kept us out of the war
-Was eventually forced to join through political and public pressure
Who was president at the start of WW1?
Woodrow Wilson
List the four major reasons we joined the war?
Sympathy for Britain and France as general democracies (Zimmerman telegram)
Economics
Idealism
Conflict with Germany over neutrality rights
How did we develop sympathy for Britain and France as general democracies during WW1?
Germany was thought to be without freedom, british propaganda campaign painted the germans as evil and a moral obligation for america to join
Anti-german thoughts started to prevail
Zimmerman Telegram-
Germany tried to get mexico to ally with them in exchange for returning lost colonies of mexico
Intercepted by british intelligence
Economically, why did we join WW1?
British blockade with germany severed trade, heavy trading with allied powers
American businesses were invested in allied cause
Loans, Bread, Weapons
Idealistically, why did we join WW1?
Progressive era, wanted reform and solve social problems -> save the world from the forces of evil
How did conflict with Germany over neutrality rights lead to our joining WW1?
America was trading with the allied powers, Germany sunk ships with Americans on them
- Lusitania, City of Memphis, Cairo
- Wilson had to respond
Why did the Germans show aggression against America before we joined WW1?
Germany had made the calculations to fight the americans because they were desperate to stop our aid, bringing mexico into the equation was trying to hedge their bets
-banked on us being unprepared and on their powerful submarine warfare
How did the Allied powers work together compared to the Central Powers?
Allies worked much better together than the central powers who were mostly independent
What were the significant wartime agencies created by Wilson and responsible for most of mobilization?
War Industries Board, Fuel Administration, Food administration, Committee of Public Information
What was the responsibility of the War Industries Board?
1 Purchases military equipment
2 Retool civilian businesses for military
makes it worthwhile for them
3 Rationing resources
Timber, Rubber, Steel
What was the responsibility of the Fuel Administration?
Regulates coal and oil prices and resources
Implemented daylight savings
- Thought it would create more efficiency in labor and conservation of fuels
- Represents industrial workday
What was the responsibility for the Food administration? Who headed it?
Headed by Herbert Hoover
-Successful mining engineer called upon
Major reason for allied victory, mobilized american food for all allies during and after war
Rationed food, propaganda of keeping the home garden going
What was the responsibility of the Committee for Public information?
Propaganda information, social media of the time
Lady liberty and Uncle Sam origins, destroy this mad brute
Dehumanized other side
Liberty Loans - bonds that paid for war effort
-States compete for one another to sell the most
What was the American tendency in early involvement?
We didn’t understand the cost, some in government didn’t even expect to send troops
What was the first initial goal of America after joining WW1?
Our goal was to secure the atlantic ocean
First portion of war was naval war
Convoys, destroyers were the best ships
Done well enough that by the time americans mobilized to leave they were in a position to put troops on the continent
Describe the state of the war at the time of USA joining.
At time of USA join, allies were closer to losing than at any other time
- Russia had undergone an ugly revolution with many casualties and food riots
- -Bolshiveks had took power in fall 1917
- Mutiny of French Army
- British Army in bad shape
Describe the conditions in Russia in early USA involvement in WW1. What was their new philosophy?
Leninists, communists; philosophy/promise of peace/land/bread
Only thing they kept was peace and negotiated a treaty with germany, turning the war into a single western front
What was the German war plan right before American military involvement?
Lundendorff Offensive
- Series of offensives designed to breach the lines
- Perfected new combat tactics with highly trained infantry men
- -“Storm Company” - close quarter fighting, highly trained, good intel
What was the AEF and who commanded it?
American Expeditionary Force
John Pershing “black jack”
AEF would become its own entity, what pershing wanted
What was the tension on how to use the AEF?
They were wanted immediately although they still had to be armed and trained
Describe the Battle of Cantigny.
First major american offensive
Germans wanted to push through to paris, 1st infantry division stopped them and counterattacked
Heavy ferocious fighting, biggest way to die was artillery
Describe the Battle of Belleau Wood.
Lundendorff runs out of reserves, gravitates momentum towards Paris
If germans break through they have straight line to paris, allies would have to evacuate, german forces would have tremendous momentum
US Army 2nd division (arrowhead) stopped the germans with very heavy casualties
Describe the Battle of the Marne River.
Belleau Wood was ludendorff’s last chance to go straight to paris, now have to swing south
3rd division was deployed along south of marne, germans were slaughter as they arrived but threw so many units that platoons were overrun, almost sacrificially stopped the German offensive
Allies could now go on offensive
Describe the shift from defense to offense in WW1.
After the Battle of the Marne River, Americans wanted to attack Germany but allies first wanted to remove them from France, Allies won
Describe the Battle of Argonne Forest
Heavily fortified, germans had been there for years
Whole AEF lined up and tried to take Sedan but had to go through Argonne Forest
Biggest battle in American History
Pershing was ruthless in pushing units, rough conditions and low morale
Describe how the war finally ended.
Germany collapsed from within, sued for peace
Armistice on allied terms
>100,000 americans dead / half from disease
Who was part of the treaty of Versailles and why?
Russia wasn’t a part of it
-Revolutionary chaos and we didn’t like bolsheviks
Germany wasn’t part of it
-Kinda on the sidelines, similar chaos
Main powers were Britain, Italy, France, United States
What was the reputation of America going into the treaty of Versailles?
had great prestige for ending war
What were the main demands of Wilson’s 14 points?
Self determination - people decide on own governments and nation states
International world of free trade - globalism
League of nations
How successful was Wilson in getting his demands at the treaty of Versailles?
He doesn’t get what he wants besides league of nations
What were the consequences of the blame on Germany after WWI?
Stripped of colonial possessions in africa in pacific, which went mostly toward britain
Military drastically curtailed
Loses 1/10 of land and population to czach, poland
-extremely unpopular
Austria/Hungary empire broken up, creation of albania, czechoslovakia broken up
Pay reparations
French policy of coercion
- Occupy the industrial part of germany and take stock
- Massive inflation
Damage to economics and middle class
What was the environment like for Wilson upon his return home?
poisonous political environment, wilson cannot agree with senate, loses health
US joins league only as partial member and league loses potential strength
How did politics change for US immediately postwar?
Shelving of internationalism and progressivism is dying
US didn’t want to be part of security against germany
Describe the postwar recession and international environment of 1919 to 1921.
Veterans coming home without jobs, pandemic, world crisis, red scare
Bolsheviks international marxism, terrorism and unrest
Describe the formation of the FBI.
Terorisism led to development of FBI by J edgar hoover
Formed after red scare. Focused on prohibition, interstate crime, organized crime, corruption
Describe the politics of the Calvin Coolidge presidency.
Awakening of the economy after recession
Concern about federal budget, too big of a government, return to laissez faire economics and “normal”
Describe the social changes in the Calvin Coolidge presidency.
Consumerism explosion
Automobile
Advertising
Modernization of Life
Refrigeration, Personal telephones, electricity, kitchen appliances, radio
Further urbanization and shift from farming
Entertainment explosion
-Movies and Sports celebrities
Social tension in the Ku Klux Klan, etc
Describe the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s
Former confederate soldiers, first domestic terror organization
Implemented Jim Crow and a racial hierarchy, now focused on public decency organization
In reaction to mass immigration they had a rebirth in a antiimmigration mindset
“real” american is native born, white and protestant
Regular white people marching in parades
Small town middle urban america
indiana, detroit
Primarily opposed to catholic and jewish integration
Describe the National Origins Act.
Most important immigration act
Put a finite limit on number of people who could join america
Slapped quotas on eastern and southern europe to prevent immigration
Catholics and jews, big deal when holocaust happens
164,000 a year
Rescinded in 1960s but limit on immigration remains
Describe the 1928 Election and its significance
Hoover vs Smith, revealed american tensions
Hoover
From food administration, represents white protestant majority and ideals of normalcy, low ego, honest, hard worker
Many claimed he would relocate the vatican to the united states; false
Smith
First catholic nominated, son of saloon keeper (hated by prohibitionists), came from urban catholic political machine, appeals to urban immigrants
Also appealed to southern states as his party had historically been supporters of racial segregation
What cause the stock market crash
1: American capacity to produce was greater than capacity to consume, couldn’t get rid of inventory
2: Tariffs led to difficulty selling internationally
3: Too much credit in stock market
Artificial expansion on market speculation, no fiscal discipline
How did the economics of the US change as a direct result of the stock market crash?
Ending of Laissez faire economics
Government now expected to help fix the great depression
What was Hoover’s goal after the stock market crash? What was his view of the economy?
To build confidence in financial markets and optimism for the future
Viewed the economy as the relationship between government, private sector, and stock market
How did Hoover expect to help the less fortunate during the stock market crash?
Voluntourism was his version of welfare
Local communities and churches, families helping families
As crash continues it makes him seem out of touch and not caring, Hoover was a poor communicator
What was Hoover’s attitude directly after the stock market crash in terms of implementing policies?
Worried about totalitarianism
-Government in total control of society, the trendline in Italy, Germany; rumblings in France, GB
His solution was the partnership between cogs of the machine
What programs and political efforts did Hoover do to help fix the economic downturn?
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Loans 2 billion dollars to banks, railroads, insurance companies, industries, farm loans, public works
“economic blood transfusion”, now called stimulus
Raised taxes
Worried about the budget he dramatically raised taxes, was a complete disaster which started many layoffs
Biggest thing to end his presidency
Briefly describe the Great Depression
Millions of americans out of work, 5000 banks closed, 10,000s of business failures, lowest farm prices in history, national income cut in half
Bread and soup kitchens, people struggling, malnutrition
Transit jobless people looking for work, hoovervilles
Dust bowl
Lead to political change
Describe the 1932 Election
Dilemma from republicans as to whether to elect Hoover again
Franklin Roosevelt
Family split along party lines
Comes from wealth and privilege, dealt with adversity
Former New york governor
Landslide victory for FDR
Give an overview of FDR’s first term in the Great Depression, how was he different from Hoover?
Excellent communicator, used radio, elected in resounding victory. Focused on New Deal.
Hoover saw the depression as a temporary economic issue, FDR saw it as an emergency
Changed the scope of the government
What did the First New Deal Focus on? What were the three ways this came in?
Recovery
1 Industrial recovery
2 Agricultural recovery
3 Short term unemployment relief
New Deal Programs
Repealed Prohibition
Emergency Banking Act
FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
CCC Civilian Conservation Corp
HOLC Homeowners Loan Corp
FCA Farm Credit administration
FERA Federal Emergency Relief Act
TVA Tennessee Valley Authority
AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act
NRA National Recovery Administration
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Describe the repealing of prohibition in the New Deal
Prohibition had empowered the “wolves”
tax alcohol for revenue
creation of 18yr old drinking age
Describe the Emergency Banking Act
1 Required banks be licensed through the treasury department
2 Allowed government to step in and manage banks
to give people their money back, instill confidence in banks
3 More regulation over money and banks
Describe the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Government insures the deposits, starting at 5k
Mandates the separation of deposit and investment banking
bankers had previously used money for risky investments
Describe the Civilian Conservation Corp
Took young men to do public works
Forestry, park maintenance, erosion control
Wanted men out being productive and not committing crimes
Describe the Homeowners Loan Corp
extending federal loans so people could keep their homes
Describe the Farm Credit administration
Gave out loans to farmers to hang on to their land
Describe the Federal Emergency Relief Act
unemployment relief
dispensed money through the states, they had a better understanding of the needs and states rights were more important back then
Describe the Tennessee Valley Authority
Public Works program that modernized much of the agricultural south
Created dams and employed people, brought power to south
Still exists as a utility company
Byproduct of recreation and tourism in man made lakes
Describe the Agricultural Adjustment Act
Paid farmers subsidies to destroy food and manipulate the supply and demand in favor of the farmers
Led to scandal, taxes went up to pay for subsidies
Describe the National Recovery Administration
Created by national industrial recovery act
Centerpiece of New Deal
Set production limits, wages, and working conditions
abolished child labor, strengthened union rights
Opposite of free market economy, manipulate the market to always have demand
Public works
3.3 billion to dams and buil;dings
Emergency act to help bring immediate relief
Describe the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Started by Hoover but expanded by FDR, lent billions to banks, railroads, etc
Describe the Federal Trade Commission
Punished improper stock trades and regulates stock sales
Any stock should be looked at by the FTC to make sure the transaction is legitimate
Describe the Securities and Exchange Commission
Police Officer / government presence for stock market
Overseas the market itself, not the transactions
-when, where, how long, etc
Many blamed wall street
Describe the reaction to the First New Deal.
Unity goes away as there aren’t quick results. Courts successfully challenged the constitutionality of the NRA as a violation of interstate commerce.
-FDR worried new programs would be struck down by the courts
FDR is becoming more popular, when they win midterm elections they have the power to make a second new deal
- Fireside chats made him seem witty, genial, seemed to care
- Second new deal is reform, first was recovery
How was the Second New Deal different than the first?
About reform, more ideological and left wing
What were the 6 categories of reform for the Second New Deal?
1 Direct Federal Relief for Jobless
2 Assistance to rural poor
designed to help farmers
3 Support for labor unions
FDR is most prolabor in american history
4 Welfare for elderly and disadvantaged
unemployment assistant
Gov has a role to help those who cannot help themselves
5 Government regulation of private businesses
6 Higher taxes on rich and corporations
Second New Deal Programs
WPA Works Progress Administration
PWA Public Works Administration
REA Rural Electrification Administration
Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act
Social Security Act
Revenue Act
FSA Farm Security Administration
Describe the 1936 Election.
Biggest landslide in history for FDR
FDR is very popular, new deal is popular, democrats added to majorities
Powerful democratic coalition
Who made up the democratic coalition in 1936?
Farmers, Urban Immigrants, Union Members, Northern African Americans, Women, Catholics and Jews
Why were farmers democrats in 1936?
For New deal
White southerners perceived that race wasn’t an issue for FDR
Why were urban immigrants democrats in 1936?
White ethnic groups from europe, pro new deal
Why were union members democrats in 1936?
FDR was very pro union
Why were northern African Americans democrats in 1936?
Democrats had historically been against racial equality but the party is now less interested in it
Now pro new deal
Why were women democrats in 1936?
Suffrage had succeeded in aftermath of WW1, wanted jobs for their husbands and FDR was associated with suffrage with woman cabinet member
Why were catholics and jews democrats in 1936?
Against Prohibition and for New deal
Describe the Court Packing incident
Worried that the courts would strike down his new programs, in 1937 FDR proposed a set a rules that would add a new justice for every current one that’s 70 or older, he would be able to add 6 people.
Majority of democrats heavily disagreed as it was going too far, he received major pushback
What was the Works Progress Administration?
Created by emergency relief appropriation
What NRA is to the first new deal
5 billion dollar program headed by Harry Hopkins, who urged FDR from the beginning to create
Employees 8.5 million americans
Construction projects along with cultural/artistic projects
Including preserving the experiences and memories of ex slaves
What was the Public Works Administration?
Created by emergency relief appropriation
Mainly construction, includes lincoln tunnel
What was the Rural electrification Administration?
Federal Government extended low interest loans to electrical companies to electrify the rural areas
Revolutionized farm sector
Very successful
What was the Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act?
Guarantees labor collective bargaining rights
Authorized “closed shops”
- Compelled to join union
- Unions only have power if everyone is in them
Cracked down on management spying and blacklisting
National Labor Relations Board as an adjudicating body between labor unions and management
What was the Social Security Act?
Allowed for the concept of retirement
Workers compensation, unemployment insurance
Problems- it’s the money that’s available at the time you retire, not the money you put in it
What was the Revenue Act?
Example of adversary relationship with business
Raised taxes on wealthy and corporations, leads again to less employment
What was the Farm Security Administration?
Alleviate the problem of the agricultural adjustment act
- -Farmers would be kicked off land because they don’t need as much production; become migratory and penniless
- -Created farm labor camps, CCC for farms
