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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the five phases of the Industrial Revolution?

A

Resources, Inventions, Transportation, Labor, Friendly Federal Government

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2
Q

What were the main resources of the industrial revolution?

A

Coal, Oil, Iron Ore, Electricity

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3
Q

What was the influence of Coal in the industrial revolution?

A

Allowed for steam, heat, and steel production

There was a mining revolution, coal comes from Appalachia

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4
Q

What was the influence of Oil in the industrial revolution?

A

“Blood of industrial revolution”

Source of fuel for engines and ships

Came from Texas, Kansas, Alaska, Oklahoma

Rockefeller Tycoon

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5
Q

What was the influence of Iron Ore in the industrial revolution?

A

Steel was the most important product of this age for use in skyscrapers and ships

Andrew Carnegie Tycoon

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6
Q

Was was the influence of Electricity in the industrial revolution?

A

Light, revolutionized lifestyle, “conquered the night”

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7
Q

What were major inventions of the industrial revolution?

A

Vulcanized rubber by goodyear

Telegraph/gram by Samuel Morse

Typewriter

Automobile

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8
Q

What was the influence of vulcanized rubber during the industrial revolution?

A

Reinvented the wheel

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9
Q

What was the influence of the telegraph/gram during the industrial revolution?

A

Railway industry, shipping; telephone by Alexander graham bell

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10
Q

What was the influence of the typewriter during the industrial revolution?

A

Book publishing

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11
Q

What was the influence of the automobile during the industrial revolution?

A

Not very influential then, but would become very popular

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12
Q

What was the major transportation aspect of the industrial revolution?

A

led to time zones, life no longer centers around the harvest now centers on the amount of time you give your employer
very expensive

Public ownership of stock
public accountability, separation of ownership and management

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13
Q

How did the expansion of the PA railroad affect the industrial revolution?

A

led to time zones, life no longer centers around the harvest now centers on the amount of time you give your employer

Public ownership of stock, separation of ownership and management

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14
Q

Who was Jay Gould?

A

ruthless railroad owner, financial strongarm people

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15
Q

What did the labor shift look like in the industrial revolution?

A

Rural to Urban shift
Lifestyle change, technology change allowed less people in farms
Native born americans leaving farms, and millions of european and jewish immigrants

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16
Q

How did the federal government influence the industrial revolution?

A

Would adopt a laissez faire policy expect for occasionally helping and investing in businesses, like the railroads

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17
Q

Define Laissez faire policy and the general economic outlook of the industrial revolution.

A

Separation of government from a private sector

Southern Property owners expected a ruling class that would control slaves, but this didn’t happen

Access to wealth is free and unfederated

The negatives of capitalism would later cause massive social issues (don’t care about anything but the dollar)

The general population could afford to participate in economy through stocks

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18
Q

What was the book Hands Off by Adams Smith?

A

book on Laissez faire economics, a reaction to his era

used to be called mercantilism which was built upon the development of riches for the king, transition to capitalism, property owners, and wealthy individuals

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19
Q

What were the major societal consequences of the industrial revolution?

A

Mass production, consumer productions, greater standard of living

Eventual exhaustion, weren’t living up to american ideals

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20
Q

How did mass production of consumer products influence society in the industrial revolution?

A

Brands became powerful, consumer orientated products

Brand Loyalship
Sort of democracy
Expectation of abundance
Cutthroat competition and advertisement

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21
Q

List some popular brands during the industrial revolution.

A

Ivory Soap, Quaker Oats, Kodak Film, Coca Cola, Budweiser, Ketchup

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22
Q

What caused eventual societal exhaustion from the industrial revolution?

A

Losing freedom as becoming more modern, social policy and morality was not keeping up with modernization

1: Laissez faire gov could not control for poor capitalist conditions
Poor industrial situations, question if business regulation was needed

2: Individualism was threatened by growth of corporations
US Steel, Railroads monopoly

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23
Q

List the things that caused the progressive movement to grow.

A

Grew out of a response to

1: Industrialization and social consequence
2: Immigration
3: Concentration of corporate power
4: Widening of class divisions

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24
Q

Describe early progressives.

A

Reformers- not revolutionaries but felt the american system was going the wrong way
Not a united movement
White, Native born, middle class

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25
Q

Describe the four main goals of progressive reform.

A

Clean up slums
Little Italy, fixes disease and public health, slums were wary of progressives though

Child Labor
legacy of agrarian past, accepted for millenium

Corruption
“Political Machines”
organization created through a patronage system through urban areas, unelected boss picks and chooses which people are gonna run, that boss controls the person who ran
could blackmail areas, still haven’t completely abated,

Temperance
Ending liquor consumption
Another consequence of industrialization
alcoholics and industry don’t mix

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26
Q

Define intellectualism.

A

Progressive weapon for reform

Daily newspapers, books, lectures, commentary, radio

Using the advancements of science and technology to fix the problems of science and technology

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27
Q

Describe Jacob Wright’s influential book.

A

How the other side lives- nonfiction

Speaking of the urban underclass/slums

Addressing the literate/educated ruling class

Photography on urban conditions, this is a larger american problem

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28
Q

Describe Uptain Sinclair’s influential book.

A

The Jungle - fiction

opponent of the trust, the monopoly

Focused on the meat packing industry and led to the establishment of the FDA

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29
Q

Describe the Women’s Christian Temperance Movement and how it differed from the earlier temperance movement.

A

Wanted prohibition

Made up of older, wealthy, white women

Has major success, targets policies instead of individuals (like the earlier temperance movement did)

Momentum for women’s suffrage

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30
Q

Describe the three popular views on poverty after the industrial revolution

A

Adam Smith, Free Market
Innate problem with humankind in which some are more well suited than others

Socialist
Byproduct of the industrial revolution and exploitation of the working class
Marxism - history is a tension between the haves and have nots
wealth is derived from the means of production owned by a tiny cabal of ruling class, the workers must own the means of production and redistribute income by force

Temperance
Drink is the problem, alcoholism ruins everything, can’t afford 5th of whiskey a day

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31
Q

As a person, who was Theodore Roosevelt?

A

Most influential progressive

Wealthy, renaissance outdoors man, intellectual, american insider, republicans

Served in spanish american war as part of the roughriders

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32
Q

Describe the origin and beliefs of Theodore Roosevelt.

A

Ascends to presidency in 1901 after the assassination of McKinley by an anarchist (anti-progressive)

Believed that there was a great place for government regulating the private sector

Didn’t fully agree with progressives or marxists

Successor Taft agreed with him

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33
Q

What was the Elkins Act? Which president was responsible?

A

Railroads and shippers must accept standard rates and have to be responsible for the product

Rains in the power of the meatpacking trust and standard oil company

Roosevelt

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34
Q

What was the Hepburn Act? Which president was responsible?

A

Follows the Elkins Act

Gave interstate commerce commission real power to regulate transportation and business

Rain in the railroads and the trust and establish the governments supremacy over the private market

-unthinkable 20 years ago

Encouraged the legal market to grow to argue cases

Roosevelt

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35
Q

Besides the Elkins and Hepburn Act, which policies did Teddy Roosevelt bring about?

A

Child Labor laws, drug and alcohol prohibition, environmental movement, public health, pollution

-Government could solve the problems of the industrial revolution

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36
Q

Describe the emergence of professions during/after the industrial revolution.

A

Knowledge must now be organized, catalogued, and managed in professions by professionals

Medical, Lawyers needed degrees

CPAs, Athletes become professionally regarded and are compensated

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37
Q

What caused WW1?

A

Decades of tension

The british empire had dominated the globe, but Germany was now trying to rival them

Belgium, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy had expanded their territory
In Europe, as the empires become better and weather they felt less secure due to global rivalry and resource competition

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38
Q

What were the two competing alliances during WW1?

A

Austria-Hungary and Germany
Teutonic culture
Central Powers

Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, Romania, Britain
Slavic culture
Allied Powers

Italy started on central powers side then joined allied

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39
Q

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

A

US arrogantly declared no more colonization in the western hemisphere

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40
Q

Describe the Germans early war plan in WW1.

A

The germans had the Schlieffen plan to invade France through belgium and back the french forces against Germany’s own border

They did not expect the quick mobilization of russian troops

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41
Q

Describe trench warfare in WW1.

A

not expected, both sides thought the fighting was going to be quick and glorious

More firepower, deadly artillery

Very ugly and muddy, cold and heat, rats, lice, poor rations, very dangerous

Needed observation balloons -> needed fighter pilots to defend those balloons
Series of multiple extremely deadly battles

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42
Q

Why was WW1 so much more devastating than expected.

A

Tactics of the 19th century (breaking through enemy lines with well timed attacks) were combined with an advance of science and technology that made this impossible and deadly

Chemical weapons, bolt action rifles, grenades

Submarine warfare at sea

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43
Q

Describe the early general attitude of the US towards WW1 .

A

Thrilled to stay on the sidelines
Woodrow Wilson was progressive and didn’t want us to be in the war

Sympathized with the allied side

  • Massive trade with Britain
  • at the time not unanimous
  • -german-ameriacn disloyalty caused tension, irish americans are weary of britain

Wilson ran for second term on the idea that he kept us out of the war

-Was eventually forced to join through political and public pressure

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44
Q

Who was president at the start of WW1?

A

Woodrow Wilson

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45
Q

List the four major reasons we joined the war?

A

Sympathy for Britain and France as general democracies (Zimmerman telegram)

Economics

Idealism

Conflict with Germany over neutrality rights

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46
Q

How did we develop sympathy for Britain and France as general democracies during WW1?

A

Germany was thought to be without freedom, british propaganda campaign painted the germans as evil and a moral obligation for america to join

Anti-german thoughts started to prevail

Zimmerman Telegram-
Germany tried to get mexico to ally with them in exchange for returning lost colonies of mexico
Intercepted by british intelligence

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47
Q

Economically, why did we join WW1?

A

British blockade with germany severed trade, heavy trading with allied powers

American businesses were invested in allied cause

Loans, Bread, Weapons

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48
Q

Idealistically, why did we join WW1?

A

Progressive era, wanted reform and solve social problems -> save the world from the forces of evil

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49
Q

How did conflict with Germany over neutrality rights lead to our joining WW1?

A

America was trading with the allied powers, Germany sunk ships with Americans on them

  • Lusitania, City of Memphis, Cairo
  • Wilson had to respond
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50
Q

Why did the Germans show aggression against America before we joined WW1?

A

Germany had made the calculations to fight the americans because they were desperate to stop our aid, bringing mexico into the equation was trying to hedge their bets
-banked on us being unprepared and on their powerful submarine warfare

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51
Q

How did the Allied powers work together compared to the Central Powers?

A

Allies worked much better together than the central powers who were mostly independent

52
Q

What were the significant wartime agencies created by Wilson and responsible for most of mobilization?

A

War Industries Board, Fuel Administration, Food administration, Committee of Public Information

53
Q

What was the responsibility of the War Industries Board?

A

1 Purchases military equipment

2 Retool civilian businesses for military
makes it worthwhile for them

3 Rationing resources
Timber, Rubber, Steel

54
Q

What was the responsibility of the Fuel Administration?

A

Regulates coal and oil prices and resources

Implemented daylight savings

  • Thought it would create more efficiency in labor and conservation of fuels
  • Represents industrial workday
55
Q

What was the responsibility for the Food administration? Who headed it?

A

Headed by Herbert Hoover
-Successful mining engineer called upon

Major reason for allied victory, mobilized american food for all allies during and after war

Rationed food, propaganda of keeping the home garden going

56
Q

What was the responsibility of the Committee for Public information?

A

Propaganda information, social media of the time

Lady liberty and Uncle Sam origins, destroy this mad brute

Dehumanized other side

Liberty Loans - bonds that paid for war effort
-States compete for one another to sell the most

57
Q

What was the American tendency in early involvement?

A

We didn’t understand the cost, some in government didn’t even expect to send troops

58
Q

What was the first initial goal of America after joining WW1?

A

Our goal was to secure the atlantic ocean
First portion of war was naval war

Convoys, destroyers were the best ships
Done well enough that by the time americans mobilized to leave they were in a position to put troops on the continent

59
Q

Describe the state of the war at the time of USA joining.

A

At time of USA join, allies were closer to losing than at any other time

  • Russia had undergone an ugly revolution with many casualties and food riots
  • -Bolshiveks had took power in fall 1917
  • Mutiny of French Army
  • British Army in bad shape
60
Q

Describe the conditions in Russia in early USA involvement in WW1. What was their new philosophy?

A

Leninists, communists; philosophy/promise of peace/land/bread

Only thing they kept was peace and negotiated a treaty with germany, turning the war into a single western front

61
Q

What was the German war plan right before American military involvement?

A

Lundendorff Offensive

  • Series of offensives designed to breach the lines
  • Perfected new combat tactics with highly trained infantry men
  • -“Storm Company” - close quarter fighting, highly trained, good intel
62
Q

What was the AEF and who commanded it?

A

American Expeditionary Force

John Pershing “black jack”

AEF would become its own entity, what pershing wanted

63
Q

What was the tension on how to use the AEF?

A

They were wanted immediately although they still had to be armed and trained

64
Q

Describe the Battle of Cantigny.

A

First major american offensive
Germans wanted to push through to paris, 1st infantry division stopped them and counterattacked
Heavy ferocious fighting, biggest way to die was artillery

65
Q

Describe the Battle of Belleau Wood.

A

Lundendorff runs out of reserves, gravitates momentum towards Paris

If germans break through they have straight line to paris, allies would have to evacuate, german forces would have tremendous momentum

US Army 2nd division (arrowhead) stopped the germans with very heavy casualties

66
Q

Describe the Battle of the Marne River.

A

Belleau Wood was ludendorff’s last chance to go straight to paris, now have to swing south

3rd division was deployed along south of marne, germans were slaughter as they arrived but threw so many units that platoons were overrun, almost sacrificially stopped the German offensive

Allies could now go on offensive

67
Q

Describe the shift from defense to offense in WW1.

A

After the Battle of the Marne River, Americans wanted to attack Germany but allies first wanted to remove them from France, Allies won

68
Q

Describe the Battle of Argonne Forest

A

Heavily fortified, germans had been there for years
Whole AEF lined up and tried to take Sedan but had to go through Argonne Forest
Biggest battle in American History
Pershing was ruthless in pushing units, rough conditions and low morale

69
Q

Describe how the war finally ended.

A

Germany collapsed from within, sued for peace
Armistice on allied terms
>100,000 americans dead / half from disease

70
Q

Who was part of the treaty of Versailles and why?

A

Russia wasn’t a part of it
-Revolutionary chaos and we didn’t like bolsheviks

Germany wasn’t part of it
-Kinda on the sidelines, similar chaos

Main powers were Britain, Italy, France, United States

71
Q

What was the reputation of America going into the treaty of Versailles?

A

had great prestige for ending war

72
Q

What were the main demands of Wilson’s 14 points?

A

Self determination - people decide on own governments and nation states

International world of free trade - globalism

League of nations

73
Q

How successful was Wilson in getting his demands at the treaty of Versailles?

A

He doesn’t get what he wants besides league of nations

74
Q

What were the consequences of the blame on Germany after WWI?

A

Stripped of colonial possessions in africa in pacific, which went mostly toward britain

Military drastically curtailed

Loses 1/10 of land and population to czach, poland
-extremely unpopular

Austria/Hungary empire broken up, creation of albania, czechoslovakia broken up

Pay reparations

French policy of coercion

  • Occupy the industrial part of germany and take stock
  • Massive inflation

Damage to economics and middle class

75
Q

What was the environment like for Wilson upon his return home?

A

poisonous political environment, wilson cannot agree with senate, loses health

US joins league only as partial member and league loses potential strength

76
Q

How did politics change for US immediately postwar?

A

Shelving of internationalism and progressivism is dying

US didn’t want to be part of security against germany

77
Q

Describe the postwar recession and international environment of 1919 to 1921.

A

Veterans coming home without jobs, pandemic, world crisis, red scare

Bolsheviks international marxism, terrorism and unrest

78
Q

Describe the formation of the FBI.

A

Terorisism led to development of FBI by J edgar hoover

Formed after red scare. Focused on prohibition, interstate crime, organized crime, corruption

79
Q

Describe the politics of the Calvin Coolidge presidency.

A

Awakening of the economy after recession

Concern about federal budget, too big of a government, return to laissez faire economics and “normal”

80
Q

Describe the social changes in the Calvin Coolidge presidency.

A

Consumerism explosion

Automobile

Advertising

Modernization of Life
Refrigeration, Personal telephones, electricity, kitchen appliances, radio

Further urbanization and shift from farming

Entertainment explosion
-Movies and Sports celebrities

Social tension in the Ku Klux Klan, etc

81
Q

Describe the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s

A

Former confederate soldiers, first domestic terror organization
Implemented Jim Crow and a racial hierarchy, now focused on public decency organization
In reaction to mass immigration they had a rebirth in a antiimmigration mindset
“real” american is native born, white and protestant

Regular white people marching in parades
Small town middle urban america
indiana, detroit
Primarily opposed to catholic and jewish integration

82
Q

Describe the National Origins Act.

A

Most important immigration act
Put a finite limit on number of people who could join america
Slapped quotas on eastern and southern europe to prevent immigration
Catholics and jews, big deal when holocaust happens
164,000 a year
Rescinded in 1960s but limit on immigration remains

83
Q

Describe the 1928 Election and its significance

A

Hoover vs Smith, revealed american tensions
Hoover
From food administration, represents white protestant majority and ideals of normalcy, low ego, honest, hard worker
Many claimed he would relocate the vatican to the united states; false

Smith
First catholic nominated, son of saloon keeper (hated by prohibitionists), came from urban catholic political machine, appeals to urban immigrants
Also appealed to southern states as his party had historically been supporters of racial segregation

84
Q

What cause the stock market crash

A

1: American capacity to produce was greater than capacity to consume, couldn’t get rid of inventory
2: Tariffs led to difficulty selling internationally
3: Too much credit in stock market
Artificial expansion on market speculation, no fiscal discipline

85
Q

How did the economics of the US change as a direct result of the stock market crash?

A

Ending of Laissez faire economics

Government now expected to help fix the great depression

86
Q

What was Hoover’s goal after the stock market crash? What was his view of the economy?

A

To build confidence in financial markets and optimism for the future

Viewed the economy as the relationship between government, private sector, and stock market

87
Q

How did Hoover expect to help the less fortunate during the stock market crash?

A

Voluntourism was his version of welfare
Local communities and churches, families helping families

As crash continues it makes him seem out of touch and not caring, Hoover was a poor communicator

88
Q

What was Hoover’s attitude directly after the stock market crash in terms of implementing policies?

A

Worried about totalitarianism
-Government in total control of society, the trendline in Italy, Germany; rumblings in France, GB

His solution was the partnership between cogs of the machine

89
Q

What programs and political efforts did Hoover do to help fix the economic downturn?

A

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
Loans 2 billion dollars to banks, railroads, insurance companies, industries, farm loans, public works
“economic blood transfusion”, now called stimulus

Raised taxes
Worried about the budget he dramatically raised taxes, was a complete disaster which started many layoffs
Biggest thing to end his presidency

90
Q

Briefly describe the Great Depression

A

Millions of americans out of work, 5000 banks closed, 10,000s of business failures, lowest farm prices in history, national income cut in half

Bread and soup kitchens, people struggling, malnutrition

Transit jobless people looking for work, hoovervilles

Dust bowl

Lead to political change

91
Q

Describe the 1932 Election

A

Dilemma from republicans as to whether to elect Hoover again

Franklin Roosevelt
Family split along party lines
Comes from wealth and privilege, dealt with adversity
Former New york governor

Landslide victory for FDR

92
Q

Give an overview of FDR’s first term in the Great Depression, how was he different from Hoover?

A

Excellent communicator, used radio, elected in resounding victory. Focused on New Deal.

Hoover saw the depression as a temporary economic issue, FDR saw it as an emergency
Changed the scope of the government

93
Q

What did the First New Deal Focus on? What were the three ways this came in?

A

Recovery
1 Industrial recovery
2 Agricultural recovery
3 Short term unemployment relief

94
Q

New Deal Programs

A

Repealed Prohibition

Emergency Banking Act

FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

CCC Civilian Conservation Corp

HOLC Homeowners Loan Corp

FCA Farm Credit administration

FERA Federal Emergency Relief Act

TVA Tennessee Valley Authority

AAA Agricultural Adjustment Act

NRA National Recovery Administration

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

95
Q

Describe the repealing of prohibition in the New Deal

A

Prohibition had empowered the “wolves”
tax alcohol for revenue
creation of 18yr old drinking age

96
Q

Describe the Emergency Banking Act

A

1 Required banks be licensed through the treasury department
2 Allowed government to step in and manage banks
to give people their money back, instill confidence in banks
3 More regulation over money and banks

97
Q

Describe the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A

Federal Government insures the deposits, starting at 5k
Mandates the separation of deposit and investment banking
bankers had previously used money for risky investments

98
Q

Describe the Civilian Conservation Corp

A

Took young men to do public works
Forestry, park maintenance, erosion control
Wanted men out being productive and not committing crimes

99
Q

Describe the Homeowners Loan Corp

A

extending federal loans so people could keep their homes

100
Q

Describe the Farm Credit administration

A

Gave out loans to farmers to hang on to their land

101
Q

Describe the Federal Emergency Relief Act

A

unemployment relief

dispensed money through the states, they had a better understanding of the needs and states rights were more important back then

102
Q

Describe the Tennessee Valley Authority

A

Public Works program that modernized much of the agricultural south

Created dams and employed people, brought power to south

Still exists as a utility company

Byproduct of recreation and tourism in man made lakes

103
Q

Describe the Agricultural Adjustment Act

A

Paid farmers subsidies to destroy food and manipulate the supply and demand in favor of the farmers

Led to scandal, taxes went up to pay for subsidies

104
Q

Describe the National Recovery Administration

A

Created by national industrial recovery act
Centerpiece of New Deal
Set production limits, wages, and working conditions
abolished child labor, strengthened union rights

Opposite of free market economy, manipulate the market to always have demand

Public works
3.3 billion to dams and buil;dings
Emergency act to help bring immediate relief

105
Q

Describe the Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A

Started by Hoover but expanded by FDR, lent billions to banks, railroads, etc

106
Q

Describe the Federal Trade Commission

A

Punished improper stock trades and regulates stock sales

Any stock should be looked at by the FTC to make sure the transaction is legitimate

107
Q

Describe the Securities and Exchange Commission

A

Police Officer / government presence for stock market
Overseas the market itself, not the transactions
-when, where, how long, etc

Many blamed wall street

108
Q

Describe the reaction to the First New Deal.

A

Unity goes away as there aren’t quick results. Courts successfully challenged the constitutionality of the NRA as a violation of interstate commerce.
-FDR worried new programs would be struck down by the courts

FDR is becoming more popular, when they win midterm elections they have the power to make a second new deal

  • Fireside chats made him seem witty, genial, seemed to care
  • Second new deal is reform, first was recovery
109
Q

How was the Second New Deal different than the first?

A

About reform, more ideological and left wing

110
Q

What were the 6 categories of reform for the Second New Deal?

A

1 Direct Federal Relief for Jobless

2 Assistance to rural poor
designed to help farmers

3 Support for labor unions
FDR is most prolabor in american history

4 Welfare for elderly and disadvantaged
unemployment assistant
Gov has a role to help those who cannot help themselves

5 Government regulation of private businesses

6 Higher taxes on rich and corporations

111
Q

Second New Deal Programs

A

WPA Works Progress Administration

PWA Public Works Administration

REA Rural Electrification Administration

Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act

Social Security Act

Revenue Act

FSA Farm Security Administration

112
Q

Describe the 1936 Election.

A

Biggest landslide in history for FDR
FDR is very popular, new deal is popular, democrats added to majorities
Powerful democratic coalition

113
Q

Who made up the democratic coalition in 1936?

A

Farmers, Urban Immigrants, Union Members, Northern African Americans, Women, Catholics and Jews

114
Q

Why were farmers democrats in 1936?

A

For New deal

White southerners perceived that race wasn’t an issue for FDR

115
Q

Why were urban immigrants democrats in 1936?

A

White ethnic groups from europe, pro new deal

116
Q

Why were union members democrats in 1936?

A

FDR was very pro union

117
Q

Why were northern African Americans democrats in 1936?

A

Democrats had historically been against racial equality but the party is now less interested in it
Now pro new deal

118
Q

Why were women democrats in 1936?

A

Suffrage had succeeded in aftermath of WW1, wanted jobs for their husbands and FDR was associated with suffrage with woman cabinet member

119
Q

Why were catholics and jews democrats in 1936?

A

Against Prohibition and for New deal

120
Q

Describe the Court Packing incident

A

Worried that the courts would strike down his new programs, in 1937 FDR proposed a set a rules that would add a new justice for every current one that’s 70 or older, he would be able to add 6 people.

Majority of democrats heavily disagreed as it was going too far, he received major pushback

121
Q

What was the Works Progress Administration?

A

Created by emergency relief appropriation

What NRA is to the first new deal

5 billion dollar program headed by Harry Hopkins, who urged FDR from the beginning to create

Employees 8.5 million americans
Construction projects along with cultural/artistic projects
Including preserving the experiences and memories of ex slaves

122
Q

What was the Public Works Administration?

A

Created by emergency relief appropriation

Mainly construction, includes lincoln tunnel

123
Q

What was the Rural electrification Administration?

A

Federal Government extended low interest loans to electrical companies to electrify the rural areas

Revolutionized farm sector

Very successful

124
Q

What was the Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act?

A

Guarantees labor collective bargaining rights

Authorized “closed shops”

  • Compelled to join union
  • Unions only have power if everyone is in them

Cracked down on management spying and blacklisting

National Labor Relations Board as an adjudicating body between labor unions and management

125
Q

What was the Social Security Act?

A

Allowed for the concept of retirement
Workers compensation, unemployment insurance

Problems- it’s the money that’s available at the time you retire, not the money you put in it

126
Q

What was the Revenue Act?

A

Example of adversary relationship with business

Raised taxes on wealthy and corporations, leads again to less employment

127
Q

What was the Farm Security Administration?

A

Alleviate the problem of the agricultural adjustment act

  • -Farmers would be kicked off land because they don’t need as much production; become migratory and penniless
  • -Created farm labor camps, CCC for farms

Modern History (3 decks)

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