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Bio 112 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do plants intake water?

A

required for metabolism and cytoplasm, carries water soluble nutrients and metabolic products, and affects gas exchange and leaf transpiration

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2
Q

water potential equation

A

Ψ= P - s (pressure potential- solute concentration)

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3
Q

water potential definition

A

a measure of potential energy; controls movement of water from high water potential to an area with low water potential

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4
Q

Pressure potential (P)

A

in a plant cell pressure potential can be +, - or zero. set to zero in an open container of water.

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5
Q

Turgid

A

swollen cell, p>0

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6
Q

Plasmolyzed

A

shrunken cell, p<0

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7
Q

Flaccid

A

at equilibrium with outside environment, p=0

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8
Q

Solute potential (s)

A

Adding solutes decreases potential of water, so it is always negative. s= zero for pure water.

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9
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water one molecule at a time across a semi-permeable membrane; controlled by both P and S

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10
Q

Bulk flow

A

movement in water in bulk; controlled primarily by P (no membrane, so no solute gradient)

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11
Q

Where does water move bulk flow in plants?

A

xylem

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12
Q

three routes of water transport

A

apoplast, symplast, and transmembrane

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13
Q

apoplast route

A

water and dissolved minerals travel through the porous cell walls that surround plant cells.

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14
Q

symplast route

A

water and minerals move from the cytoplasm of one cell in to the next, via plasmodesmata

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15
Q

transmembrane route

A

water moves through water channels present in the plant cell plasma membranes

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16
Q

Casparian strip

A

band of suberin medial to endodermis cells that forces water to take a symplast route to the xylem. Regulates solute uptake and develops root pressure.

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17
Q

transpiration

A

movement of water from soil, through the plant, to atmosphere. controlled by huge water gradient by pressure potential.

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18
Q

What drives transpiration

A

solar heating; warm, dry air reduces water potential of atm. As long as there is a gradient and pathway, transpiration will occur

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19
Q

What happens to plants in dry soil?

A

stomata close to conserve water and gas exchange and photosynthesis cease.

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20
Q

Abscissic acid

A

promotes stomata closure daily and under water stress conditions

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21
Q

Stomata generally close at _____ due to _____

A

night – due to changes in K+ concentration in stomata guard cells.

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22
Q

K+ generation at stomata

A

triggered by increased light, low co2 and circadian rhythms. High K+ lowers water potential in stomata guard cells, causing them to swell and buckle, opening the pore.

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23
Q

adaptations for low soil moisture

A

needle-like leaves, waxy coverings, better water storage. C4 plants are more efficient and CAM plants use alternative pathways to help photosynthesis occur with stomata closed for most of the day

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24
Q

Phloem sap

A

mostly water (70%) mixed with carbs and some other solutes such as atp, minerals, amino acids, etc.

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25
Phloem transport
driven by water potential gradients caused by active transport. Bothe p and s are important
26
pressure flow model: phloem transport
unlike xylem transport, phloem transport is multi-directional and driven by active transport from source to sink.
27
Source
leaves, stems, or roots; vary based on metabolic activity. Usually supply nearest sink
28
sinks
can be leaves, stems, roots, or reproductive parts. Anywhere where there is insufficient nutrients.
29
How phloem gradient is achieved- pressure flow model
active transport builds high sugar concentration in sieve cell adjacent to source. This decrease water potential due to increase in s. Therefore water moves away from source and towards area with lower water potential (sinks) As solutes increase in sink, water potential increases and water moves away into adjacent xylem
30
what about the structure of sieve cells facilitates movement of phloem sap?
open sieve plate and lack of organelles allows for free movements
31
required resources for plant growth and its source
solar energy- sun co2, o2- atmosphere water, mineral nutrients - soil
32
plant tissue composition by weight
80-85% water. mostly found in cell solution, vacuoles, and transpiration stream
33
dry plant tissue composition by weight
45% carbon (from co2) 45% oxygen (from co2) 6% hydrogen (from water) 5% inorganic mineral nutrients (from soil)
34
essential elements definition
required for growth and function of plant and cant be replaced by other elements.
35
essential elements in cellulose
c, h, o
36
essential elements in lignin
c, h, o, s
37
essential elements in pectin
c, h, o, ca
38
essential elements in cell membrane
c, h, o, p
39
essential elements in proteins (cytoskeleton, etc)
c, h, o, n, s
40
essential elements for chlorophyll
c, h, o, n, mg
41
essential elements for nucleic acids
c, h, o, n, p
42
essential elements for atp
c, h, o, n, p
43
essential elements for enzymes
c, h, o, n, s
44
essential elements for enzyme cofactors
many micronutrients
45
elements controlling water, charge, and solute balance
k, cl, p, ca, etc.
46
macronutrients
used by plant in large quantities for many processes. Include N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S
47
micronutrients
used in small quantities, include fe, b, mn, zinc, cu, molybdenium, nickel, na, silicon, selenium
48
which elements are able to be mobile
ones soluble in water
49
sedimentation
loss of soil from erosion
50
soil
dynamic natural body in which plants grow; composed of mineral and organic material, water, air, and living organisms.
51
soil forming factors
parent material, climate, living organisms, topography, time
52
Parent material
substrate from which soil forms. May be bedrock or some deposited material (sediments, organic material) determines soil texture, mineral content. influences soil structure and pH.
53
loam soil
about equal percentage of sand, silt, and clay. Usually best for plants
54
clay
most important for plants. Very small, but have huge surface area due to platy structure. They carry a negative charge. Since many essential elements are cations, clay holds on to cations and water and limits leaching.
55
topsoil
has most biological activity due to more air, water, and organic materials.
56
climate influence on soil
temperature controls freeze-thaw cycles that contribute to weathering, rate of biochemical reactions, and rate of decomp. Precipitation contributes to soil moisture, erosion, and leaching
57
living organism affect on soil
decay of macro organisms, decomp. help from micro organisms, plants help mix soil, prevent erosion, and cycle nutrients.
58
n-fixing bacteria
supply virtually all N for plant growth. It converts atmospheric n to forms suitable for plant uptake
59
mycorrhizae
mutual symbiotic association between fungi and roots, present in most plants and required in some. helps contribute surface area
60
topography influence on soil
determines movement of water and sunlight which affects erosion, leaching, soil moisture, and soil temp.
61
orographic lifting
air mass is being forced by wind to go up and over mountain. Air mass cools at higher elevations, condenses, and precipitation falls
62
rhizosphere
area of interaction between root and soil. zone of cation exchange, nutrient and water uptake
63
angiosperms
90% of plant species. top ecological and economic importance for food chain, farming, pharmaceuticals, building materials, etc.
64
male parts of flower
anther and filament; collectively the stamen. make pollen
65
female parts of flower
stigma, style, and ovary; collectively the carpel.
66
microsppore
male gametophyte; pollen
67
megaspore
female gametophyte; egg that is retained in sporangia
68
parts of a flower laterally to medially
sepals, petals, stamens, carpels
69
4 classes of angiosperms
paleoherbs, magnoliids, eudicots, monocots
70
monocots
grasses, sedges, palms, orchids, lilies, etc. flowers in multiples of 3 with parallel leaf venation and single cotyledon.
71
eudicots
70% of all angiosperms. most broadleaf trees and shrubs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers. flower parts in 4-5 with netted leaf venation and 2 cotyledons.
72
ovules
at least one inside each ovary. They develop into seeds while ovaries develop into fruit

Bio 112 (4 decks)

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