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Bio 112 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do plants intake water?

A

required for metabolism and cytoplasm, carries water soluble nutrients and metabolic products, and affects gas exchange and leaf transpiration

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2
Q

water potential equation

A

Ψ= P - s (pressure potential- solute concentration)

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3
Q

water potential definition

A

a measure of potential energy; controls movement of water from high water potential to an area with low water potential

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4
Q

Pressure potential (P)

A

in a plant cell pressure potential can be +, - or zero. set to zero in an open container of water.

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5
Q

Turgid

A

swollen cell, p>0

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6
Q

Plasmolyzed

A

shrunken cell, p<0

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7
Q

Flaccid

A

at equilibrium with outside environment, p=0

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8
Q

Solute potential (s)

A

Adding solutes decreases potential of water, so it is always negative. s= zero for pure water.

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9
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water one molecule at a time across a semi-permeable membrane; controlled by both P and S

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10
Q

Bulk flow

A

movement in water in bulk; controlled primarily by P (no membrane, so no solute gradient)

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11
Q

Where does water move bulk flow in plants?

A

xylem

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12
Q

three routes of water transport

A

apoplast, symplast, and transmembrane

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13
Q

apoplast route

A

water and dissolved minerals travel through the porous cell walls that surround plant cells.

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14
Q

symplast route

A

water and minerals move from the cytoplasm of one cell in to the next, via plasmodesmata

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15
Q

transmembrane route

A

water moves through water channels present in the plant cell plasma membranes

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16
Q

Casparian strip

A

band of suberin medial to endodermis cells that forces water to take a symplast route to the xylem. Regulates solute uptake and develops root pressure.

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17
Q

transpiration

A

movement of water from soil, through the plant, to atmosphere. controlled by huge water gradient by pressure potential.

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18
Q

What drives transpiration

A

solar heating; warm, dry air reduces water potential of atm. As long as there is a gradient and pathway, transpiration will occur

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19
Q

What happens to plants in dry soil?

A

stomata close to conserve water and gas exchange and photosynthesis cease.

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20
Q

Abscissic acid

A

promotes stomata closure daily and under water stress conditions

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21
Q

Stomata generally close at _____ due to _____

A

night – due to changes in K+ concentration in stomata guard cells.

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22
Q

K+ generation at stomata

A

triggered by increased light, low co2 and circadian rhythms. High K+ lowers water potential in stomata guard cells, causing them to swell and buckle, opening the pore.

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23
Q

adaptations for low soil moisture

A

needle-like leaves, waxy coverings, better water storage. C4 plants are more efficient and CAM plants use alternative pathways to help photosynthesis occur with stomata closed for most of the day

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24
Q

Phloem sap

A

mostly water (70%) mixed with carbs and some other solutes such as atp, minerals, amino acids, etc.

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25
Q

Phloem transport

A

driven by water potential gradients caused by active transport. Bothe p and s are important

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26
Q

pressure flow model: phloem transport

A

unlike xylem transport, phloem transport is multi-directional and driven by active transport from source to sink.

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27
Q

Source

A

leaves, stems, or roots; vary based on metabolic activity. Usually supply nearest sink

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28
Q

sinks

A

can be leaves, stems, roots, or reproductive parts. Anywhere where there is insufficient nutrients.

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29
Q

How phloem gradient is achieved- pressure flow model

A

active transport builds high sugar concentration in sieve cell adjacent to source. This decrease water potential due to increase in s. Therefore water moves away from source and towards area with lower water potential (sinks) As solutes increase in sink, water potential increases and water moves away into adjacent xylem

30
Q

what about the structure of sieve cells facilitates movement of phloem sap?

A

open sieve plate and lack of organelles allows for free movements

31
Q

required resources for plant growth and its source

A

solar energy- sun
co2, o2- atmosphere
water, mineral nutrients - soil

32
Q

plant tissue composition by weight

A

80-85% water. mostly found in cell solution, vacuoles, and transpiration stream

33
Q

dry plant tissue composition by weight

A

45% carbon (from co2)
45% oxygen (from co2)
6% hydrogen (from water)
5% inorganic mineral nutrients (from soil)

34
Q

essential elements definition

A

required for growth and function of plant and cant be replaced by other elements.

35
Q

essential elements in cellulose

A

c, h, o

36
Q

essential elements in lignin

A

c, h, o, s

37
Q

essential elements in pectin

A

c, h, o, ca

38
Q

essential elements in cell membrane

A

c, h, o, p

39
Q

essential elements in proteins (cytoskeleton, etc)

A

c, h, o, n, s

40
Q

essential elements for chlorophyll

A

c, h, o, n, mg

41
Q

essential elements for nucleic acids

A

c, h, o, n, p

42
Q

essential elements for atp

A

c, h, o, n, p

43
Q

essential elements for enzymes

A

c, h, o, n, s

44
Q

essential elements for enzyme cofactors

A

many micronutrients

45
Q

elements controlling water, charge, and solute balance

A

k, cl, p, ca, etc.

46
Q

macronutrients

A

used by plant in large quantities for many processes. Include N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S

47
Q

micronutrients

A

used in small quantities, include fe, b, mn, zinc, cu, molybdenium, nickel, na, silicon, selenium

48
Q

which elements are able to be mobile

A

ones soluble in water

49
Q

sedimentation

A

loss of soil from erosion

50
Q

soil

A

dynamic natural body in which plants grow; composed of mineral and organic material, water, air, and living organisms.

51
Q

soil forming factors

A

parent material, climate, living organisms, topography, time

52
Q

Parent material

A

substrate from which soil forms. May be bedrock or some deposited material (sediments, organic material) determines soil texture, mineral content. influences soil structure and pH.

53
Q

loam soil

A

about equal percentage of sand, silt, and clay. Usually best for plants

54
Q

clay

A

most important for plants. Very small, but have huge surface area due to platy structure. They carry a negative charge. Since many essential elements are cations, clay holds on to cations and water and limits leaching.

55
Q

topsoil

A

has most biological activity due to more air, water, and organic materials.

56
Q

climate influence on soil

A

temperature controls freeze-thaw cycles that contribute to weathering, rate of biochemical reactions, and rate of decomp. Precipitation contributes to soil moisture, erosion, and leaching

57
Q

living organism affect on soil

A

decay of macro organisms, decomp. help from micro organisms, plants help mix soil, prevent erosion, and cycle nutrients.

58
Q

n-fixing bacteria

A

supply virtually all N for plant growth. It converts atmospheric n to forms suitable for plant uptake

59
Q

mycorrhizae

A

mutual symbiotic association between fungi and roots, present in most plants and required in some. helps contribute surface area

60
Q

topography influence on soil

A

determines movement of water and sunlight which affects erosion, leaching, soil moisture, and soil temp.

61
Q

orographic lifting

A

air mass is being forced by wind to go up and over mountain. Air mass cools at higher elevations, condenses, and precipitation falls

62
Q

rhizosphere

A

area of interaction between root and soil. zone of cation exchange, nutrient and water uptake

63
Q

angiosperms

A

90% of plant species. top ecological and economic importance for food chain, farming, pharmaceuticals, building materials, etc.

64
Q

male parts of flower

A

anther and filament; collectively the stamen. make pollen

65
Q

female parts of flower

A

stigma, style, and ovary; collectively the carpel.

66
Q

microsppore

A

male gametophyte; pollen

67
Q

megaspore

A

female gametophyte; egg that is retained in sporangia

68
Q

parts of a flower laterally to medially

A

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

69
Q

4 classes of angiosperms

A

paleoherbs, magnoliids, eudicots, monocots

70
Q

monocots

A

grasses, sedges, palms, orchids, lilies, etc. flowers in multiples of 3 with parallel leaf venation and single cotyledon.

71
Q

eudicots

A

70% of all angiosperms. most broadleaf trees and shrubs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers. flower parts in 4-5 with netted leaf venation and 2 cotyledons.

72
Q

ovules

A

at least one inside each ovary. They develop into seeds while ovaries develop into fruit

Bio 112 (4 decks)

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