Test 2

Question 1

Definition: Colonization

Answer 1

Colonization is the process of settling
among and establishing control over the
indigenous peoples of an area

Question 2

Definition: Patriarchy

Answer 2

Patriarchy is social organization marked by the supremacy of the father in the clan or family

the legal dependence of wives and children,

and the
recording of descent and inheritance by the male line

Question 3

How was patriarchy introduced into Canada?

Answer 3

It came from Britain.

Question 4

What effect did industrialization have on Canada?

Answer 4

It created a separation of spheres leading to the decline in women’s status.

Question 5

How did the view of family change?

Answer 5

The family was now the responsibility of the women and it was considered lower valued work.

Question 6

Challenges to patriarchy

Answer 6

The women’s movement ( Right to vote, education, and paid work) and the great depression (No work)

Question 7

1950s

Answer 7

The ideal family AKA nuclear family and the pressures of living this life created marital unhappiness.

Question 8

What two things changed the ways families are formed?

Answer 8

Common law and same sex marriage.

Question 9

List: What are the premiums of marriage?

Answer 9

1. Institutionalization
   • Institution with legal and social support
   • Celebrated and meaningful social role
2. Specialization
   • Can create an efficient division of labor
3. Domestication
   • Engage in fewer high-risk behaviors (esp. men)
   • Partners integrate more into society
   The concept of marriage premiums is NOT universal
   • Diminishing in North America with increasing gender
   equality

Question 10

When does gender stereotyping begin?

Answer 10

Before the baby is born

Question 11

Definition: The second shift

Answer 11

The Second Shift refers to household and childcare

duties that follow a full day of paid work outside the home

Question 12

Impacts on parents and children

Answer 12

Daycare
Teenage Pregnancy
Lone Parenting
‘Fatherlessness’
Same-sex Parenting

Question 13

Definition: Stigma

Answer 13

Stigma refers to a strong feeling of social

disapproval or a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

Question 14

Definition: Hidden Curriculum

Answer 14

A Hidden Curriculum refers to ‘unintended
lessons’ such as the transmission of norms, values, and
beliefs conveyed in the classroom and social environment

Question 15

1700’s Education Characteristics

Answer 15

restricted to upper-class boys and men
• Women viewed as insufficiently rational
• Religious (Catholic and Christian) institutions also
justified the exclusion of females from education
• Education was linked to the concept of masculinity

Question 16

Early 1900’s Education Characteristics

Answer 16

Womens suffrage movement, women in post secondary.

Question 17

When does the gendering process begin in the classroom?

Answer 17

As soon as you enter it.

In kindergarten, ‘boy toys’ are often in one area and ‘girl
toys’ in another — Sex-segregated by invisible but real boundaries

Canada’s modern education system is considered
gender-neutral

Question 18

Who reinforces gender differences?

Answer 18

Teachers and curriculum reinforce gender difference and (often) the
inequalities that go along with and/or produce those inequalities
• Occurs both overtly and subtly
• Classroom setting reproduces gender inequality

Question 19

Textbooks have authority and can reinforce gender

stereotypes by…

Answer 19

• Can make images and ideas seem ‘natural’

* Now includes other forms of instructional media used in classrooms (e.g., instructional videos, colouring books, etc.)

Question 20

Definition: Gender intensification

Answer 20

Gender intensification refers to an exaggerated preference for all things ‘boy’ or ‘girl’

Question 21

In elementary school girls tend to have higher self-esteem than boys. What happens in middle school?

Answer 21

female self-esteem tends to fall dramatically
• In adolescence girls discover that they are valued more
for their appearance than their talents
• Begin to focus more on their bodies and less on their
competence
• NOT universal or inevitable – it is a cultural issue

Question 22

What are boys more subject to in school?

Answer 22

learning and behavioral challenges into adolescence
• More likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia and ADD/ADHD
• The majority of school suspensions are boys

‘pathologizing boyhood’
• Paying attention to girls’ experiences and ignoring the boys
• It is confusing when we celebrate ‘boy culture’ as children then punish them for it as adolescents!

Question 23

List: Types of bullying

Answer 23

1. Physical aggression (stereotypical)
2. Verbal aggression (name calling)
3. Relational bullying (isolating/damaging peer relationships)
4. Indirect bullying (mobilizing a third party or indirect contact)

Girls tend to engage in relational and indirect forms of
bullying
Boys tend to engage in physically and verbally aggressive bullying

Question 24

Definition: Sexual Harassment

Answer 24

Sexual harassment involves unwelcome conduct

of a sexual nature

Question 25

Definition: Cyberbullying

Answer 25

Cyberbullying involves an aggressive,
intentional act carried out by a group or individual,
using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly over time
against a victim who cannot defend themselves

Question 26

List: Feminist theories are diverse and include…

Answer 26

1. Liberal feminism (inequality due to different life opportunities)
2. Marxist/Socialist feminism (patriarchal oppression under capitalism)
3. Ecofeminism (explores the links between gender and environmental justice)
4. Radical feminism (fundamental social change required, not policy changes)
5. Postcolonial feminism (effects of racism/colonization in non-Western cultures)
6. Queer and Transfeminism (need to recognize and include alternate genders and gender fluidity)

Question 27

List: Men’s movement:

Answer 27

1. Men’s Liberation movement
   • Pro-feminist supporting equality for all (men are oppressed, too)
   • Developed during 2nd wave feminism
   • Engaged in anti-machismo ‘masculinity therapy’ (in touch with their ‘feelings’)
2. Men’s Rights movement
   • Criticize the disadvantaging of men in modern society (legal)
   • View feminism as damaging to men
   • Argue that men are more oppressed than women (that male privilege is a myth)
   • Today sects of this movements have turned to violence (e.g., incels)
3. Mythopoetic or New Men’s movement
   • Developed in the 80s as an extension of the Men’s Liberation movement
   • New cultural (indigenous) perspective differentiates this movement
   • Focus on male psychological development and spiritually