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SOCI 301 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Biological Determinism

A

Biological determinism refers to the idea that all
human behavior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes.

***Used as justification for the unequal treatment of men and women. Ex: women make babies, therefore, women are to look after the children.

• Biological determinism is inherently sexist and racist
• ‘Nature’ alone does not explain why we are the
way we are

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2
Q

Definition: Intersex

A

A person born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit the typical definitions of male or female.

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3
Q

Definition: Patrilineality

A

Where an individual’s family membership

derives from and is recorded through their father’s lineage.

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4
Q

Definition: Hegemony

A

Refers to the social, cultural,
ideological, or economic influence exerted by a
dominant group or institution
• Involves power via influence or authority over others

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5
Q

Definition: Intersectionality

A

Is the way by which our
individual identities (sex, gender, race, class, etc.)
combine to create a distinctive whole.

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6
Q

Prior to the 1800’s, where did gender differences come from?

A

Religious sources

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7
Q

What happened in the 1800’s?

A

Religious sources we being challenged by science.
Charles Darwin –> The Origin of Species
Emergence of evolutionary biology: natural selection, common decent, speciation.

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8
Q

Natural Selection Outcome

A

Those that adapt well become reproductively successful.

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9
Q

Sociobiology

A

1970’s
• All creatures obey the ‘biological principle’
• Differences in sexuality are a natural outgrowth of centuries of
evolutionary development
• Focus on genetic selection, evolution, and reproductive strategies
(e.g., parental investment)

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10
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

most recent off-shoot

A

• Explains personality traits as evolutionary adaptations
• Examines different human mating strategies (challenges
monogamy)

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11
Q

What is a Stereotype Threat

A

Reinforcing stereotypes about
gender-based abilities impacts performance and alters
brain activation.

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12
Q

Gendered Lateralization

A

• Some studies have found women’s brains to be more
lateralized than males
• Others have demonstrated less lateralization among women

• True or not, this type of research has been used to forward
‘neuro-sexist’ narratives that impact society as a whole

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13
Q

Hormones

A

It has long been argued that testosterone ‘fuels’ male aggression.
Yet, recent research has demonstrated that testosterone enables
aggression, rather than being the cause of it
• It exaggerates aggression that is already there

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14
Q

Gay Gene (in men)

A

Science’s attempt of locating a “gay gene” as the identifying reason on why some people are gay.

This was the result of uninformed media.
***There is an urgent need to investigate this in males as males are the normalized version of the human species.

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15
Q

What is the difference between AGS and AIS?

A 
Androgenital Syndrome (AGS)
•Genetic females with masculine-looking genitalia

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
• Genetically male intersexuals often appear female at birth

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16
Q

Cultural vs. Biological Determinism

A

Cultural determinism is the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. It contrasts with genetic determinism, the theory that biologically inherited traits and the environmental influences that affect those traits dominate who we are.

***Nature vs Nurture debates
Anthropologist Margaret Mead

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17
Q

Functionalist Perspective on the Division of Labor

A

Functionalists have argued that the sexual division of labor
developed as groups became larger and more complex
• Man the hunter, woman the gatherer
• Argue the division of labor was functionally necessary

***1930-1980 This structure worked well for society

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18
Q

Scholarly Disagreements on the Division of Labor.

Archaeological Evidence.

A

Archaeological evidence for early gendered division of labor is inconsistent (e.g., work-related skeletal deformities)
• Division may have arisen in different times and different places for different purposes

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19
Q

Society’s organizing principles and structures (Theories)
Gender Inequality in the modern world.
(3)

A

a) Ownership and private property
b) Imperative of warfare
c) Importance of male bonding

20
Q

What did Engles and Marx argue for in the 1800’s?

A

Private property was mainly responsible for the division of labor.

***Private property requires clear lines of inheritance rationalizing the shift to male dominance.

male dominance finds its origins in
the ‘imperative of warfare’

21
Q

Chief Institutions in Western Society

A
  1. Capitalist Economy (ownership/control)
  2. Nation-States (boundary territories)
  3. Nuclear Family (gendered division of labor)
22
Q

Decent Theory

A

• Mother-child bond as natural and is lacking in men
• For men to connect to the next generation and other men, they
must then bond away from women
• Hunting allowed men to spend time in a female-free environment
which not only encouraged male bonding, but also monogamy

23
Q

Alliance Theory

A

• Relationships among men come to organize social life
• Women become sex objects whose exchange (as wives) solidifies
alliances between men

24
Q

What is the issue with Decent and Alliance Theory?

A

Both of these theories are problematic because they treat the
organization of society as if it were ‘natural’ or predetermined.

25
Q

List the 5 Determinants of Gender Inequality

A
  1. Division of labor around child care
  2. Father’s involvement in child rearing
  3. Women’s control of property after marriage
  4. Gender/sex segregation
  5. Equal contributions to food supplies
26
Q

Where is Cultural Construction seen?

A

Can be seen in certain gender rituals
• mechanisms for developing (cultural construction) and maintaining sex roles

***often focusing on the female reproductive cycle

27
Q

Pollution Avoidance

A

Pollution avoidance: Females are segregated because they are
dangerous and polluting to men
• More complex societies where women have no access to resources
• E.g., New fathers in the ‘waiting room’

28
Q

List 5 Main Reasons of Gender Inequality

increased and lessened

A
  1. increased when one gender has primary control of material resources
  2. increased by segregation (separation) of the sexes
  3. increased by rituals that highlight gender differences and/or segregation
  4. lessened when the sexes work together, with little division of labour
  5. lessened when men participate in child care and when both sexes
    contribute to subsistence (food and shelter)
29
Q

Two Spirited People

A

Belief of First Nations that their is a third gender and they are two spirited.

Frequently involved in cross-gender social roles
• Often viewed as having special powers
• Had high social and economic status
• Frequently controlled ritual life for their groups

***Other cultures believe in more than two genders as well.

30
Q

Where can we see homosexuality?

A

Homosexual behavior is not unique to humans and is
practiced across the animal kingdom.

***How we as humans perceive homosexuality is what separates us.

***Ethnocentrism (non-accepting culture to accepting culture)

31
Q

Is there a universal gender difference?

A

No.

32
Q

Male domination is a _____________ behavior.

A

Learned behavior. It is taught through socialization on what is deemed acceptable in our society. No one gender is born to dominate.

33
Q

If it is not biology that creates gender differences, then we _______ it. This is done by ____________ with other.

A

we create it through interaction with others.

This is how our identities are formed.

34
Q

List the 4 Social Constructions of Gender

A
  1. Differences between cultures
  2. Change in each culture over time
  3. Variation over the course of a person’s life
  4. Variation within one culture at any time
    • By race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, education, etc.
35
Q

What are the differing perspectives on gender for psychologists and sociologists

A

Psychologists: Gender as a role we play
Sociologists: Gender as a performance

36
Q

Social Psychologists argue that our gender is acquired through…

A

The family and early childhood interaction.

37
Q

What does Role Theory Suggest?

A

We learn these roles through socialization and then perform them for others.

38
Q

What do Constructionist’s argue for?

A

Gender is more a social category than a role we play

***considering gender as a role like any other diminishes its fixed nature and the power it has in structuring our lives

39
Q

How do social constructionists views sex roles as ________, ________, and ________.

A

Plural,relational, and situational.

40
Q

Sociologists argue…

influences

A

Traditional models fail to account for much of our
socialization and its contribution to gender identity
• Peer groups and media also play an enormous role, particularly after childhood has ended

41
Q

What is more important than looking for answers from the childhood?

A

Looking at changes over time, across the life-course.

42
Q

List 5 Institutions of Gender Difference

A
  1. Production of gender divisions (structural)
  2. Construction of gender images (symbolic)
  3. Relations between the sexes (international)
  4. Internal individual negotiation and expression (identity)
  5. Normalization of gender inequality (organizational)
43
Q

How Interactionists view gender

A

Interactionists argue that gender is a component of identity
(not an identity itself) that we take with us into society
• Gender is something people ‘do’ in interactions with others
• Concept of ‘performing’ gender

44
Q

What are the differences between the 3 Waves of feminism?

A

First Wave feminism (ca. 1850-1920)
• Right to vote and maintenance of property rights

Second Wave feminism (1960s-1980s)
• Equal legal and social rights - for all people

Third Wave feminism (1990s forward)
• Impacts of intersectionality on feminist experience

45
Q

Matrix of Domination

A

Structured social inequalities based on race, gender,
sex, or class for intersecting systems of oppression that
are referred to as a Matrix of Domination.

SOCI 301 (2 decks)

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