Test 2 Flashcards
What are formed elements?
The cellular portion of blood. Consists of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC)
and platelets.
What is the cellular portion of the blood?
formed elements
What part of the blood consists of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets?
formed elements
What is the anatomical term for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is the average diameter of erythrocytes?
Average diameter 7.5 μm (micrometer)
Mature erythrocytes are anucleate (no nucleus) with a limited life span of about how long?
120 days
After erythrocytes life span, they undergo what?
hemolysis
RBC count in females
4.2-5.5 million cells per µL of blood
RBC count in males?
4.5-6.3 million cells per µL of blood
What is it called if you have an abnormally high RBC count?
polycythemia
What is it called if you have an abnormally low RBC count?
anemia
What is the anatomical term for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
WBC count?
5000-11,000 µL of blood
What is the ratio of WBCs to RBCs?
1:1000
What is it called if you have a abnormally high WBC count?
Luekocytosis
What is it called if you have a abnormally low WBC count?
Leukopenia
What are the 2 types of WBCs?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Describe granulocytes?
- have peculiar nuclei
- consisting of lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
Uncontrolled cell division of WBC’s leads to what??
Leukemia
What is leukemia?
Blood cancer
Describe agranulocytes?
- contain not observable cytoplasmic granules
- more common in lymphoid tissues
- nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney shaped
What are 2 examples of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
What are 3 examples of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What are platelets?
-Tiny blood cells that help your blood clot and are darkly stained irregular shaped fragments of large multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes
What are megakaryocytes?
the largest cell in the bone marrow and a multinucleate cell
What is the normal count of platelets in blood?
150,000-400,000/mm^3 or microliter of blood
What is plasma?
The protein rich fluid portion of blood
What are major proteins in plasma?
Albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins
What is albumin’s purpose?
It is important for plasma osmotic pressure
What is fibrinogen’s purpose?
It is important for clotting
What is globulins purpose?
It is important for immune function
What percent of blood consists of proteins?
7%
What is the Hematocrit value or Packed Cells Volume (PCV)?
the ratio of plasma and formed elements in blood, determined by centrifugation of blood sample
What is the average Hematocrit Value or Packed cells volume (PCV) in males and females?
males: 46%
females: 42%
What are Antigens or Agglutinogens?
Glycoproteins present on surface of RBCs.
What are Antibodies or Agglutinins?
Proteins present in plasma
What acts against RBCs carrying antigens that are not
present on person’s own RBCs?
Antibodies
What is another type of proteins that is important for blood transfusion?
Rh antigen
What percent of the US population is Rh+?
85%
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) & Parietal Pericardium
What is the visceral pericardium?
the outer layer covering the surface of the heart and is continuous with Parietal Pericardium (is more inner than parietal pericardium though)
What is the parietal pericardium?
is a loosely fitting outer layer of dense fibrous connective
tissue that protects and anchors the heart to the diaphragm. (is more outer than the visceral pericardium)
What is the muscle of the heart?
Myocardium
What lines the inside of the heart?
endocardium
What is the base of the heart?
The broader end of heart in which great vessels emerge and points toward the right shoulder
How many chambers does the heart consist of?
4 chambers
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle
Longitudinally heart chambers are
divided by a wall (in the middle of the heart) called the what?
Interventricular septum.
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve, Pulmonary valve, and Aortic valve
What valve is made of 3 cups?
Tricuspid valve
What is the tricuspid valve also called?
Right Atrioventricular (AV) valve
What is the Bicuspid valve also called?
Mitral valve or Left Atrioventricular (AV) valve
What valve is made of 2 cups?
Bicuspid valve
The Left atrium and left ventricles are connected by which valve?
Bicuspid valve
What valve is at the base of the pulmonary trunk and carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?
Pulmonary valve
What valve is at the base of aorta and carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via aorta?
Aortic valve
What are the 4 vessels of the heart?
Vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins
What is the largest of veins and brings deoxygenated blood to left atrium?
Vena cava
What is the largest of arteries and carries oxygenated blood to rest of the body?
Aorta
What artery carries the deoxygenated blood from left ventricle to lungs?
Pulmonary artery
What veins brings oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart?
Pulmonary veins
What is the tiny, white collagenic cords that helps tricuspid and bicuspid valve to close?
Chordae tendineae
What is refereed to as “heart strings”?
Chordae Tendineae
What are the muscles that extend from the myocardium that have attached the Chordae Tendinae?
papillary muscles
What is the fossa ovalis?
A small depression in the right atrium at the level of the interatrial septum.
The fossa ovalis is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development
From the 5th week of embryonic development _____ allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left
atrium while the lungs are developing?
foramen ovale
What is the Ligamentum arteriosum?
The connective tissue that is remnant of the ductus arteriosus.
What is a important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary and systemic circuits, pulmonary trunk to the aorta,
thus bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs?
Ligamentum arteriosum
What is the largest of arteries?
aorta
What are arteries?
thick walled vessels with the high blood pressure
What carries blood away from the heart?
arteries
Larger arteries contain more ____ to withstand high blood pressure?
elastic tissue
Medium sized arteries are more muscular, containing more _____?
smooth muscle tissue
What is the smallest arteries with a very thin tunica externa and only a few layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media?
arterioles
What are veins?
thin walled vessels with larger diameter
Largest of veins in the?
vena cava
Veins contain _____ to propel blood in forward direction as blood pressure in these vessels is low?
valves
What are the smallest veins made up of 2 layers?
venules
What 2 layers are venules made up of?
smooth muscle and elastic muscle
What are capillaries?
a tiny network of blood vessels (both arteries and veins) surrounding organs and in tissue. also only contains tunica intima
What carries the exchange of nutrient/waste products, O2.CO2?
capillaries
What is the outermost layer, that is made up of areolar or fibrous connective tissue?
tunica externia
What is the middle layer that is made up of smooth muscle and elastic tissue?
tunica media
What is the internal layer that is composed of a thin layer of endothelium, sub-endothelial layer and internal elastic membrane?
tunica intima
What is the tunica externa’s function?
to support and protect the vessel
What is the tunica intima’s function?
to line the lumen of a vessel
What emerges from the right ventricle and divides into the pulmonary arteries
carrying deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary trunk
What emerges from the pulmonary trunk and goes to the lungs carrying
deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary arteries
What emerges from the lungs delivering oxygenated blood to the left atrium?
pulmonary veins
What emerges from left ventricle?
ascending aorta
What emerges from ascending aorta?
aortic arch
What is the purpose of the superior vena cava?
To collect oxygen poor blood from the upper body and from the coronary sinus
What is the purpose of the inferior vena cava?
To collect oxygen poor blood from the lower body
What branches from the base of the aorta and encircles the heart supplying the left side
with oxygenated blood?
Left coronary artery
What branches from the base of the aorta and encircles the heart supplying the right
side with oxygenated blood?
Right coronary artery
What are the arteries of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk, Common carotid arteries, and left subclavian artery
What do the arteries of the aortic arch do?
They deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulder, and upper limbs
What artery of the aortic arch emerges 1st?
Brachiocephalic trunk
What arteries of the aortic arch emerges 2nd?
Common carotid arteries
What artery of the aortic arch emerges 3rd?
Left subclavian artery
What does blood consist of?
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
What is plasma made of?
water and clotting factors
What are the different types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils. (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
RBCs dont have what?
nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria
What are 3 types of antibodies?
A, B, and D
What is considered one of the major respiratory muscles?
diaphragm
What starts the lower respiratory system?
Larynx
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Which lung is longer and has the cardiac notch?
left lung
When you exhale your diaphragm does what?
curves/pulls up
When you inhale your diaphragm does what?
flattens/pulls down
What is the male total lung capacity?
6000 mL
What is the female total lung capacity?
4200 mL
What is the air that always stays in your lungs referred to as?
Residual volume
What is lumen?
space
The blood circulatory system is divided into what 2 groups?
Arterial system = red
Venus system = blue
_____ are taking the blood away from heart and distributing it to various organs?
Arteries
_____ collect deoxygenated blood from various organs and bring it back to the heart?
Veins
What is the fluid component of the cariovascular system?
blood
What is the life cycle of RBCs?
- Hemopoiesis of erythrocytes begins in the hemopoietic bone marrow
- Reticulocytes are released into the bloodstream, where they mature into erythrocytes, which circulate for an average 120 days
- Old and damaged erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen
- The globin (protein) portion of hemoglobin is metabolized into amino acids, which are reused for protein synthesis. The cell components (organelles, membrane structures, etc.) are also recycled.
- The heme portion is broken down into biliverdin for transport in the blood. The iron ions bind to the blood protein transferrin for transport.
- Unused heme groups can be recycled and used in hemopoiesis or can be converted into bilirubin and used to make bile in the liver. Iron ions can also be transferred to the protein ferritin for storage in the liver.
What occurs during blood typing, when sample contains the corresponding surface antigen(s)?
clumping
What does the formed element portion of blood consist of?
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Blood is normally collected from a superficial vein, such as the ______?
median cubital vein
Where is the median cubital vein located?
anterior surface of the elbow
What is the procedure called when blood is drawn from the median cubital vein?
venipuncture
What is the reason the median cubital vein is most commonly selected for blood collection?
It is easy to locate, has relatively low blood pressure, and the wound seals quickly
Walls of arteries are generally thicker than those of ____?
veins
The tunica media of an _____ contains more smooth muscle and elastic fibers than that of a vein?
artery
Arteries maintain their shape because of _____?
thickness of their wall
Cut veins tend to _____ and in section they often look flattened or grossly distorted?
collapse
Veins typically contain _____ that prevent backflow of blood towards the capillary?
valves
Endothelial lining of arteries contract, because they have _____?
internal elastic membrane
Blood is collected from superficial vein called median cubital vein because why?
they are easier to locate, walls are thinner, and have low blood pressure
What does hemocrit value determine?
The percentage of your formed elements (RBC, WBC, Platelets) and plasma volumes
What is PCV stand for?
Packed cell Volume
What is another word often used for hemocrit values?
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
What is normal male PCV?
46% (40-54)
What is normal female PCV?
42% (37-47)
What are the steps to measure PCV?
- Withdraw blood
- Seal one end with clay
- Centrifuge
- Measure PCV
What are some respiratory diseases that affect the function of lungs?
Asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and tuberculosis
The _____ is longer, slightly smaller and have two lobes with a cardiac notch. Right lungs has 3-lobes?
left lung
Air enters through _____, which opens into the nasal cavity?
paired external nares or nostrils
What do the hairs of nasal vestibule do?
Picks up large airborne particles
______ leading to trachea, and _____ leading to esophagus?
larynx and pharynx
Food normally passes through _____ and _____ on its way to the esophagus?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
The _____ lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
respiratory mucosa
A ______ is a mucous membrane made up of ciliated columnar epithelium containing many mucous cells?
mucosa
Trachea is lined with specialized type of _____?
ciliated epithelial cells.
_____ produce thick secretion that traps dust particles and microorganisms?
Mucous cells
Patient with Cystic fibrosis have a defective _____?
respiratory mucosa
_____ in the respiratory mucosa of affected individuals produce dense viscous mucus that cannot be transported by the cilia of the respiratory tract?
Mucous cells
What does mucus buildup in trachea affect ?
affect breathing, block ducts, inactive normal defense mechanisms leading to infections
The trachea branches into ___ primary pulmonary bronchi?
2 left and right bronchi
Each primary bronchi branches secondary bronchi, the primary bronchi branches into __ for the left lung or __ for the right lung?
2 for left lung and 3 for right lung
Each secondary bronchi further divides into __ Tertiary bronchi in each lung?
9-10
What bronchi in each lung supply’s air to specific regions of lung called bronchopulmonary segments?
Tertiary bronchi
After the tertiary bronchim the bronchioles branches ___ times?
32 times
The bronchioles branch 32 times resulting in about _____ terminal bronchioles?
6500
The lumen of each terminal bronchiole is __-__ mm in diameter?
0.3-0.5 mm in diameter
Bronchioles looses cartilage and gains _____?
smooth muscle tissue
The surface area of lung is so large that it can be spread out to fill _____?
an entire tennis court
One ____ supplies air to one lung lobule?
bronchiole
Describe pulmonary ventilation at resting stage?
When thoracic cage and diaphragm are at rest, the pressure inside (Pi) and outside (Po) are equal. No air movement occurs.
Describe pulmonary ventilation at inhalation?
Elevation of the thoracic cage and contraction of the diaphragm increase the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure within the lungs decreases, and air flows into the lungs.
Describe pulmonary ventilation during exhalation?
When the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure rises inside lungs, and air moves out of the lungs.
Pulmonary volumes and capacities are expressed in __ of air inhaled or exhaled?
mL
What is Tidal volume (VT)?
Normal amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a single respiratory cycle.
What is respiratory cycle?
1 inhalation + 1 exhalation
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Amount of air forcefully pushed out at end of VT.
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Amount of air that can be forcefully taken in above VT levels.
What is Vital Capacity?
=VT + IRV + ERV
What is Residual volume?
amount of air remaining after maximal exhalation.
What is minimal volume?
amount of air remaining after pneumothorax (i.e., collapsed lung).
IRV stands for?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
ERV stands for?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
VT stands for?
Tidal Volume
