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A&P Two Lab > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are formed elements?

A

The cellular portion of blood. Consists of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC)
and platelets.

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2
Q

What is the cellular portion of the blood?

A

formed elements

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3
Q

What part of the blood consists of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets?

A

formed elements

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4
Q

What is the anatomical term for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is the average diameter of erythrocytes?

A

Average diameter 7.5 μm (micrometer)

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6
Q

Mature erythrocytes are anucleate (no nucleus) with a limited life span of about how long?

A

120 days

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7
Q

After erythrocytes life span, they undergo what?

A

hemolysis

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8
Q

RBC count in females

A

4.2-5.5 million cells per µL of blood

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9
Q

RBC count in males?

A

4.5-6.3 million cells per µL of blood

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10
Q

What is it called if you have an abnormally high RBC count?

A

polycythemia

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11
Q

What is it called if you have an abnormally low RBC count?

A

anemia

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12
Q

What is the anatomical term for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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13
Q

WBC count?

A

5000-11,000 µL of blood

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14
Q

What is the ratio of WBCs to RBCs?

A

1:1000

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15
Q

What is it called if you have a abnormally high WBC count?

A

Luekocytosis

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16
Q

What is it called if you have a abnormally low WBC count?

A

Leukopenia

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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18
Q

Describe granulocytes?

A
  • have peculiar nuclei

- consisting of lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm

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19
Q

Uncontrolled cell division of WBC’s leads to what??

A

Leukemia

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20
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Blood cancer

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21
Q

Describe agranulocytes?

A
  • contain not observable cytoplasmic granules
  • more common in lymphoid tissues
  • nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney shaped
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22
Q

What are 2 examples of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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23
Q

What are 3 examples of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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24
Q

What are platelets?

A

-Tiny blood cells that help your blood clot and are darkly stained irregular shaped fragments of large multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes

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25
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

the largest cell in the bone marrow and a multinucleate cell

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26
Q

What is the normal count of platelets in blood?

A

150,000-400,000/mm^3 or microliter of blood

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27
Q

What is plasma?

A

The protein rich fluid portion of blood

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28
Q

What are major proteins in plasma?

A

Albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins

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29
Q

What is albumin’s purpose?

A

It is important for plasma osmotic pressure

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30
Q

What is fibrinogen’s purpose?

A

It is important for clotting

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31
Q

What is globulins purpose?

A

It is important for immune function

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32
Q

What percent of blood consists of proteins?

A

7%

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33
Q

What is the Hematocrit value or Packed Cells Volume (PCV)?

A

the ratio of plasma and formed elements in blood, determined by centrifugation of blood sample

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34
Q

What is the average Hematocrit Value or Packed cells volume (PCV) in males and females?

A

males: 46%
females: 42%

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35
Q

What are Antigens or Agglutinogens?

A

Glycoproteins present on surface of RBCs.

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36
Q

What are Antibodies or Agglutinins?

A

Proteins present in plasma

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37
Q

What acts against RBCs carrying antigens that are not

present on person’s own RBCs?

A

Antibodies

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38
Q

What is another type of proteins that is important for blood transfusion?

A

Rh antigen

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39
Q

What percent of the US population is Rh+?

A

85%

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40
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A 
Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) & Parietal
 Pericardium
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41
Q

What is the visceral pericardium?

A

the outer layer covering the surface of the heart and is continuous with Parietal Pericardium (is more inner than parietal pericardium though)

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42
Q

What is the parietal pericardium?

A

is a loosely fitting outer layer of dense fibrous connective

tissue that protects and anchors the heart to the diaphragm. (is more outer than the visceral pericardium)

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43
Q

What is the muscle of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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44
Q

What lines the inside of the heart?

A

endocardium

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45
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The broader end of heart in which great vessels emerge and points toward the right shoulder

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46
Q

How many chambers does the heart consist of?

A

4 chambers

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47
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle

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48
Q

Longitudinally heart chambers are

divided by a wall (in the middle of the heart) called the what?

A

Interventricular septum.

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49
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve, Pulmonary valve, and Aortic valve

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50
Q

What valve is made of 3 cups?

A

Tricuspid valve

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51
Q

What is the tricuspid valve also called?

A

Right Atrioventricular (AV) valve

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52
Q

What is the Bicuspid valve also called?

A

Mitral valve or Left Atrioventricular (AV) valve

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53
Q

What valve is made of 2 cups?

A

Bicuspid valve

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54
Q

The Left atrium and left ventricles are connected by which valve?

A

Bicuspid valve

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55
Q

What valve is at the base of the pulmonary trunk and carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary valve

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56
Q

What valve is at the base of aorta and carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via aorta?

A

Aortic valve

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57
Q

What are the 4 vessels of the heart?

A

Vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins

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58
Q

What is the largest of veins and brings deoxygenated blood to left atrium?

A

Vena cava

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59
Q

What is the largest of arteries and carries oxygenated blood to rest of the body?

A

Aorta

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60
Q

What artery carries the deoxygenated blood from left ventricle to lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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61
Q

What veins brings oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

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62
Q

What is the tiny, white collagenic cords that helps tricuspid and bicuspid valve to close?

A

Chordae tendineae

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63
Q

What is refereed to as “heart strings”?

A

Chordae Tendineae

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64
Q

What are the muscles that extend from the myocardium that have attached the Chordae Tendinae?

A

papillary muscles

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65
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

A small depression in the right atrium at the level of the interatrial septum.
The fossa ovalis is the remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development

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66
Q

From the 5th week of embryonic development _____ allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left
atrium while the lungs are developing?

A

foramen ovale

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67
Q

What is the Ligamentum arteriosum?

A

The connective tissue that is remnant of the ductus arteriosus.

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68
Q

What is a important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary and systemic circuits, pulmonary trunk to the aorta,
thus bypassing the nonfunctional fetal lungs?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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69
Q

What is the largest of arteries?

A

aorta

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70
Q

What are arteries?

A

thick walled vessels with the high blood pressure

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71
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

72
Q

Larger arteries contain more ____ to withstand high blood pressure?

A

elastic tissue

73
Q

Medium sized arteries are more muscular, containing more _____?

A

smooth muscle tissue

74
Q

What is the smallest arteries with a very thin tunica externa and only a few layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media?

A

arterioles

75
Q

What are veins?

A

thin walled vessels with larger diameter

76
Q

Largest of veins in the?

A

vena cava

77
Q

Veins contain _____ to propel blood in forward direction as blood pressure in these vessels is low?

A

valves

78
Q

What are the smallest veins made up of 2 layers?

A

venules

79
Q

What 2 layers are venules made up of?

A

smooth muscle and elastic muscle

80
Q

What are capillaries?

A

a tiny network of blood vessels (both arteries and veins) surrounding organs and in tissue. also only contains tunica intima

81
Q

What carries the exchange of nutrient/waste products, O2.CO2?

A

capillaries

82
Q

What is the outermost layer, that is made up of areolar or fibrous connective tissue?

A

tunica externia

83
Q

What is the middle layer that is made up of smooth muscle and elastic tissue?

A

tunica media

84
Q

What is the internal layer that is composed of a thin layer of endothelium, sub-endothelial layer and internal elastic membrane?

A

tunica intima

85
Q

What is the tunica externa’s function?

A

to support and protect the vessel

86
Q

What is the tunica intima’s function?

A

to line the lumen of a vessel

87
Q

What emerges from the right ventricle and divides into the pulmonary arteries
carrying deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary trunk

88
Q

What emerges from the pulmonary trunk and goes to the lungs carrying
deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary arteries

89
Q

What emerges from the lungs delivering oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

90
Q

What emerges from left ventricle?

A

ascending aorta

91
Q

What emerges from ascending aorta?

A

aortic arch

92
Q

What is the purpose of the superior vena cava?

A

To collect oxygen poor blood from the upper body and from the coronary sinus

93
Q

What is the purpose of the inferior vena cava?

A

To collect oxygen poor blood from the lower body

94
Q

What branches from the base of the aorta and encircles the heart supplying the left side
with oxygenated blood?

A

Left coronary artery

95
Q

What branches from the base of the aorta and encircles the heart supplying the right
side with oxygenated blood?

A

Right coronary artery

96
Q

What are the arteries of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, Common carotid arteries, and left subclavian artery

97
Q

What do the arteries of the aortic arch do?

A

They deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulder, and upper limbs

98
Q

What artery of the aortic arch emerges 1st?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

99
Q

What arteries of the aortic arch emerges 2nd?

A

Common carotid arteries

100
Q

What artery of the aortic arch emerges 3rd?

A

Left subclavian artery

101
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

102
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

water and clotting factors

103
Q

What are the different types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils. (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

104
Q

RBCs dont have what?

A

nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria

105
Q

What are 3 types of antibodies?

A

A, B, and D

106
Q

What is considered one of the major respiratory muscles?

A

diaphragm

107
Q

What starts the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx

108
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
109
Q

Which lung is longer and has the cardiac notch?

A

left lung

110
Q

When you exhale your diaphragm does what?

A

curves/pulls up

111
Q

When you inhale your diaphragm does what?

A

flattens/pulls down

112
Q

What is the male total lung capacity?

A

6000 mL

113
Q

What is the female total lung capacity?

A

4200 mL

114
Q

What is the air that always stays in your lungs referred to as?

A

Residual volume

115
Q

What is lumen?

A

space

116
Q

The blood circulatory system is divided into what 2 groups?

A

Arterial system = red

Venus system = blue

117
Q

_____ are taking the blood away from heart and distributing it to various organs?

A

Arteries

118
Q

_____ collect deoxygenated blood from various organs and bring it back to the heart?

A

Veins

119
Q

What is the fluid component of the cariovascular system?

A

blood

120
Q

What is the life cycle of RBCs?

A
  1. Hemopoiesis of erythrocytes begins in the hemopoietic bone marrow
  2. Reticulocytes are released into the bloodstream, where they mature into erythrocytes, which circulate for an average 120 days
  3. Old and damaged erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen
  4. The globin (protein) portion of hemoglobin is metabolized into amino acids, which are reused for protein synthesis. The cell components (organelles, membrane structures, etc.) are also recycled.
  5. The heme portion is broken down into biliverdin for transport in the blood. The iron ions bind to the blood protein transferrin for transport.
  6. Unused heme groups can be recycled and used in hemopoiesis or can be converted into bilirubin and used to make bile in the liver. Iron ions can also be transferred to the protein ferritin for storage in the liver.
121
Q

What occurs during blood typing, when sample contains the corresponding surface antigen(s)?

A

clumping

122
Q

What does the formed element portion of blood consist of?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

123
Q

Blood is normally collected from a superficial vein, such as the ______?

A

median cubital vein

124
Q

Where is the median cubital vein located?

A

anterior surface of the elbow

125
Q

What is the procedure called when blood is drawn from the median cubital vein?

A

venipuncture

126
Q

What is the reason the median cubital vein is most commonly selected for blood collection?

A

It is easy to locate, has relatively low blood pressure, and the wound seals quickly

127
Q

Walls of arteries are generally thicker than those of ____?

A

veins

128
Q

The tunica media of an _____ contains more smooth muscle and elastic fibers than that of a vein?

A

artery

129
Q

Arteries maintain their shape because of _____?

A

thickness of their wall

130
Q

Cut veins tend to _____ and in section they often look flattened or grossly distorted?

A

collapse

131
Q

Veins typically contain _____ that prevent backflow of blood towards the capillary?

A

valves

132
Q

Endothelial lining of arteries contract, because they have _____?

A

internal elastic membrane

133
Q

Blood is collected from superficial vein called median cubital vein because why?

A

they are easier to locate, walls are thinner, and have low blood pressure

134
Q

What does hemocrit value determine?

A

The percentage of your formed elements (RBC, WBC, Platelets) and plasma volumes

135
Q

What is PCV stand for?

A

Packed cell Volume

136
Q

What is another word often used for hemocrit values?

A

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

137
Q

What is normal male PCV?

A

46% (40-54)

138
Q

What is normal female PCV?

A

42% (37-47)

139
Q

What are the steps to measure PCV?

A
  1. Withdraw blood
  2. Seal one end with clay
  3. Centrifuge
  4. Measure PCV
140
Q

What are some respiratory diseases that affect the function of lungs?

A

Asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and tuberculosis

141
Q

The _____ is longer, slightly smaller and have two lobes with a cardiac notch. Right lungs has 3-lobes?

A

left lung

142
Q

Air enters through _____, which opens into the nasal cavity?

A

paired external nares or nostrils

143
Q

What do the hairs of nasal vestibule do?

A

Picks up large airborne particles

144
Q

______ leading to trachea, and _____ leading to esophagus?

A

larynx and pharynx

145
Q

Food normally passes through _____ and _____ on its way to the esophagus?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

146
Q

The _____ lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

respiratory mucosa

147
Q

A ______ is a mucous membrane made up of ciliated columnar epithelium containing many mucous cells?

A

mucosa

148
Q

Trachea is lined with specialized type of _____?

A

ciliated epithelial cells.

149
Q

_____ produce thick secretion that traps dust particles and microorganisms?

A

Mucous cells

150
Q

Patient with Cystic fibrosis have a defective _____?

A

respiratory mucosa

151
Q

_____ in the respiratory mucosa of affected individuals produce dense viscous mucus that cannot be transported by the cilia of the respiratory tract?

A

Mucous cells

152
Q

What does mucus buildup in trachea affect ?

A

affect breathing, block ducts, inactive normal defense mechanisms leading to infections

153
Q

The trachea branches into ___ primary pulmonary bronchi?

A

2 left and right bronchi

154
Q

Each primary bronchi branches secondary bronchi, the primary bronchi branches into __ for the left lung or __ for the right lung?

A

2 for left lung and 3 for right lung

155
Q

Each secondary bronchi further divides into __ Tertiary bronchi in each lung?

A

9-10

156
Q

What bronchi in each lung supply’s air to specific regions of lung called bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Tertiary bronchi

157
Q

After the tertiary bronchim the bronchioles branches ___ times?

A

32 times

158
Q

The bronchioles branch 32 times resulting in about _____ terminal bronchioles?

A

6500

159
Q

The lumen of each terminal bronchiole is __-__ mm in diameter?

A

0.3-0.5 mm in diameter

160
Q

Bronchioles looses cartilage and gains _____?

A

smooth muscle tissue

161
Q

The surface area of lung is so large that it can be spread out to fill _____?

A

an entire tennis court

162
Q

One ____ supplies air to one lung lobule?

A

bronchiole

163
Q

Describe pulmonary ventilation at resting stage?

A

When thoracic cage and diaphragm are at rest, the pressure inside (Pi) and outside (Po) are equal. No air movement occurs.

164
Q

Describe pulmonary ventilation at inhalation?

A

Elevation of the thoracic cage and contraction of the diaphragm increase the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure within the lungs decreases, and air flows into the lungs.

165
Q

Describe pulmonary ventilation during exhalation?

A

When the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure rises inside lungs, and air moves out of the lungs.

166
Q

Pulmonary volumes and capacities are expressed in __ of air inhaled or exhaled?

A

mL

167
Q

What is Tidal volume (VT)?

A

Normal amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a single respiratory cycle.

168
Q

What is respiratory cycle?

A

1 inhalation + 1 exhalation

169
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

Amount of air forcefully pushed out at end of VT.

170
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully taken in above VT levels.

171
Q

What is Vital Capacity?

A

=VT + IRV + ERV

172
Q

What is Residual volume?

A

amount of air remaining after maximal exhalation.

173
Q

What is minimal volume?

A

amount of air remaining after pneumothorax (i.e., collapsed lung).

174
Q

IRV stands for?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

175
Q

ERV stands for?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

176
Q

VT stands for?

A

Tidal Volume

A&P Two Lab (2 decks)

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