Test 1 Flashcards
Why does fat surround the eyeball?
to keep it from bumping against the bone and getting bruised
What is on the opposite side of he cornea and is a white cord on the back of the eye about 3 mm thick?
optic nerve
Describe the auricle?
Major part of the outer ear, also called pinna. Made of elastic cartilage surrounding the opening of the external auditory canal.
Describe the auditory canal?
Part of outer ear, ~2.5 cm long connecting to tympanic membrane of middle ear.
Describe the tympanic membrane or eardrum?
Separates outer from middle ear. Sound waves entering through external auditory canal hit this membrane causing it to vibrate.
Describe the Auditory ossicles?
Smallest bones in human body, viz., malleus (looks like hammer), incus, stapes. Located in middle ear. This portion of ear is filled with air and located within the temporal bone.
Describe the Pharyngotympanic or Eustachian tube?
Part of middle ear, connecting it to the nasopharynx.
Describe the Bony Labyrinth?
Part of inner ear, enclosing membranous labyrinth. Filled with perilymph (watery fluid, outside of membranous labyrinth) and endolymph, a viscous fluid inside of membranous labyrinth. Bony labyrinth consists of,
Describe the Cochlea?
a spiral bone canal that contains organ of Corti, whose specialized hair cells transmits sound impulses to the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Describe the Vestibule?
An egg shaped bony cavity.
Describe the Semicircular Canals?
Situated at right angles to one another. Their swollen base is called ampulla. Orientation of these canals allows them to sense rotational movements of the head and body.
Describe the Basilar Membrane?
Hair cells(auditory receptors) rest on the basilar membrane
Describe the Tectorial Membrane?
Cilia of hair cells (called stereocilia) projects into the gel-like tectorial membrane
Describe the Otoliths?
Small grains of calcium carbonate overriding hair cells.
Oto means?
ear
Lithos means?
stones
Describe the Conjunctiva?
A transparent mucous membrane lining the interior of the eyelids and outer white surface of eye. Infection of conjunctiva results in conjunctivitis or red eye.
Describe the Sclera?
The thick, tough, white outer covering of the eyeball. Fibrous layer made up of collagen and elastic fibers.
Describe the Cornea?
Transparent part of the outer fibrous layer of the eye. Covers iris and the pupil that helps protect the eye. Light bends as it passes through the cornea. The cornea begins bending light to make an image; the lens finishes the job.
Describe the Lacrimal Gland?
Located in the superior-lateral orbit, produces tear that drains into nasal cavity via ducts and lacrimal canal.
Describe the Iris?
Pigmented part of eye. Consists of muscle fibers arranged around an opening called pupil. A cow’s iris is brown. Human irises come in many colors, including brown, blue, green, and gray. Blue colored iris has the fewest number of melanocytes
Describe the pupil?
The pupil is the dark circle in the center of iris. Through this opening light into the inner eye. Human pupil is round, whereas cow’s pupil is oval.
Describe the Lens?
Biconvex structure that is opaque in preserved specimens. Lens makes an image on the eye’s retina. The lens is flexible so that it can change shape, focusing on close and far away objects.
Describe the Retina?
The layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye. The retina detects images focused by the cornea and the lens. The retina is composed of receptor cells (rods and cones), and connected to the brain by the optic nerve.
Describe the choroid?
Thin dark sheet of tissue between the retina and sclera.
Describe Myelin?
The fatty layer that surrounds each nerve fiber.
Describe the Rods?
receptor cells of the retina responsible for perceiving difference in light intensity. Rods respond in dim light.
Describe the Cones?
receptor cells of the retina that are responsible for perceiving color in bright light.
Describe the Vitreous body/chamber?
The thick, clear jelly that fills the posterior cavity and helps give the eyeball its shape.
Describe the Aqueous humor?
Fills the small anterior chamber of eye. A clear fluid that helps the cornea keep its rounded shape.
Describe the Blind Spot?
The place where all nerves from the retina join to form the optic nerve. Each eye has a blind spot where there are no light-sensitive cells.
Describe the Optic Nerve?
The bundle of nerve fibers that carry information from the retina to the brain.
What are all 9 of the hormones produced by the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary gland?
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Antidiuretic hormone ADH)
- Follicle Stimulating hormones (FSH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Melanocyte Stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Oxytocin
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH)
How many hormones does the “Anterior” Pituitary Gland produce and what are they?
6
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (TSH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
How many hormones does The “Posterior” Pituitary Gland produce and what are they?
2
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
The two Gonadotropin hormones Include ______ and ______? And what is there purpose?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
-Together they regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of ovaries and testes.
What is the hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) purpose?
It regulates the hormonal activity of the cortex of the adrenal gland.
What is the hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) purpose?
It influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland.
What is the hormone, Growth hormone purpose?
It plays an important role in determining body size with its major effects on muscles and bones.
What is the hormone, Prolactin (PRL) purpose?
It stimulates breast development and promotes milk production. Its function in males is unknown.
What is the hormone, Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) purpose?
It promotes pigmentation. MSH is less active in adults and more active in children, fetal development and during pregnancy. Administration of synthetic form of MSH causes darkening of the skin providing “sunless tan”.
What is the hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) purpose?
It maintains water balance in body by helping kidneys to reabsorb more water at the time of urine formation.
What is the hormone, Oxytocin purpose?
It stimulates powerful uterine stimulus during labor and child birth
What one hormone does the Pineal Gland produce?
Melatonin
What is hormone, Melatonin’s purpose?
It maintains the sleep and wake cycle.
How many and what kind of hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
2
- Thyroid Hormone (TH)
- Calcitonin
What is the hormone, Thyroid Hormone (TH) purpose?
It controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation.
What is the hormone, Calcitonin purpose?
Decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposit in bones.
What one hormone does the Parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
What is the hormone, Parathyroid hormone (PTH) purpose?
It regulates calcium phosphate levels in blood
What is the one hormone the Thymus produces?
Thymosin
What is the hormone, Thymosin purpose?
It helps in maturation of T-lymphocytes or T-cells (a type of WBC). T-cells help in body defense.
How many hormones does the Adrenal Glands produce and what are they called?
4
- Epinephrin (E, adrenalin)
- Norepinephrine (NE)
- Mineralocorticoids
- Glucocortcoids
What is the hormones, Epinephran (E, adrenalin) and Norepinephrine (NE) purpose?
It controls cardiac activity, blood glucose levels.
What is the hormone, Mineralocorticoids purpose?
It regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluid.
What is the hormone, Glucocorticoids purpose?
It helps the body to resist long term stress.
What two Adrenal Gland hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrin (E, Adrenalin) and Norepinephrine (NE)
What two Adrenal Gland hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
Minerlocorticoids and Glucocorticoids
How many hormones does the Pancreas produce and what are they called?
2
- Insulin
- Glucagon
What is the hormone, Insulin purpose?
It decreases blood sugar levels
What is the hormone, Glucagon purpose?
Its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels. Breaks down glycogen into glucose.
What are the male and female gonads?
male: testes
female: ovaries
How many hormones does the female gonads, ovaries, produce and what are they called?
2
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
What is the hormone, Estrogen purpose?
It is responsible for secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty that is maturation of reproductive organs and breasts.
What is the hormone, Progesterone purpose?
It is along with estrogen to regulate menstrual cycle, prepare uterus for implantation
What is the hormone that the male gonads, testes, produce?
Testosterone
What i the hormone, Testosterone purpose?
It is responsible for secondary sex characteristics of the males, responsible for male sexual drive.
Describe where the Pituitary Gland is located?
In the sphenoid bone. Is divided into anterior and posterior parts.
Describe where the Pineal Gland is located?
The small sized gland hands from the roof of the 3rd ventricle of brain.
Describe where the Thyroid Gland is located?
It is composed of 2 globes. It is located in the pharynx, just below the Adams apple.
Describe where the Parathyroid Glands are located?
They are embedded in the posterior surface of thyroid gland.
Describe where the Thymus is located?
Located on the superior thorax posterior to the sternum and anterior to the heart and lungs.
Describe where the Adrenal Glands are located?
Bean shaped and located atop the kidneys.
Describe where the Pancreas?
Acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland.
