Test 2 Flashcards
Industrialization
To whom does the 20th century belong to? - Canada.
During the 20th century, industrial revolution takes its toll on Canadian society. The effects of the industrial revolution..
Social darwinism - survival of the fittest. New attitude toward business. Wealth served the nation.. idea that anyone can work up to wealth - Timothy Eaton with his dry goods company to department store.
Heartland/Hinterland: the national policy was paying off.. for some. NP stunts long term industrial growth in Maritimes (lack of resources compared to Ontario, distance from large markets, more expensive to ship). Maritime investors look west. Growth in the west. Vancouver becomes major port opening up northers fringes to production.National Policy did not allow for manufacturing industries to grow out west.. All railways lead to Onrtario for a reason… Industrialization grew largely in Ontario/Quebec. Emergence of Toronto, great for ontario.
Quebec.. no control over their product. Anglo controlled industrial development. Language of business english.. always has been (fur trade). not yet masters of their own house… stimulus for Quiet Revolution.
Rural society- innovations - less time to make more wheat, more revenue. specialized farming…
The Women’s Movement
The Industrialization era brought many social changes.
Seperate spheres - men were meant to occupy the public sphere, women the private sphere. men were often ashamed of their women working - embarrassing for them.division of labour
National Council of Women in Canada.. working towards womens suffrage. Established in 1893, acted as an umbrella for women activist groups. Chil welfare, workplace rights ect.. they had local councils administered to different regions. in 1910 the endorsed the right to vote for women.
Mount Allison - 1875 - first time women allowed into university.
constant male domination in society who opposed this womens movement.
Women in the Profession. Was a slow progression..
Manitoba 1916 - women right to vote.
emILY stowe - first female doctor.
immigration Acts
In the early years of confederation, there was a slow rate of population growth. People preferred to live in the US… frontier lands, jobs, climate.. called outmigration.
Maritimes lost a lot. economic downturn with the ship building industry. no one wanted to invest in the maritimes. chain migration, mostly women moving.
qUEBEC MOVED TO NEW ENGLAND IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY.
The govt tried to push northern parts of Quebec, to build up french canada.
Ontario was the onlly province to stem the tide of outmigration. losing lots to the west, getting lots of immigrants.
The immigration act was introduced to keep canada a white nation.
The Immigration Act in 1869 established a system where immigrants could come to Canada. many offices established/quarantine stations ect.. Pier 21 for example. Open immigration policy (on paper).. in practice highly discriminatory. On paper, only criminal denied.. i mpractice, anyone with disease, illness, unfit turned away.
Clifford Sifton - minister of the interior, developed policies in where the ‘ideal immigrant’ was established. they were looking for an ideal immigrant, someone wanting to come to work the land in canada. white, protestant, british, amaerican were ideal.
these increase in immigrants, canada did not like it. prairies - ukraine.. in some communities, immigrants overwhelming.
Frank Oliver becomes new interior and creates newer immigration act 1906 and 1910. 1906 called for increase in government power to deport certain immigrants, also how much money they would have..
1910, goes further, could exclude if their race did not seem suitable for climate. could deport political unstable. asians needed 200 cash for immigrant landing.
chinese head tax… BC drew many asians (facing pacific) . after 1885, many stayed. they would work for basically nothing.. 2886, head tax - 50 a head. 1901 100$, 1904, 500$… segregated chinese towns.
race riots in 1907.. lead to govt negotiating with immigrants reducing immigration.
continuous journey…
Robert Borden
Imperial War Cabinet 1917
canada demanda a seat at the imperial table. first time canada is being told about plans and having an input.
Sacred Promise
new year 1916, canada will send over 500,000 men to the war front.. recruitment dropped drastically shortly after.
made way for war propaganda, key for war related culture
conscription crisis
borden visits front in 1917… desperate situation plus pressure from Britain. the was was going badly, casualties enormous, canada’s contribution in manpower compared unfavourable with other countries.. Borden introduces Military Service Act.. voluntary enlisting had been uneven… the canadian corps could not operate at full stregth without conscription. riots broke out in quebec, much support lost for borden. this soon lead to the union government.
union government
borden originally tried to form a coalition with Laurier regarding conscription, but denied. he formed his own union government with a cabinent of 12. he called for an election in december 1917 on issue of conscription. before the dissolution of parliament, however, he passed two bills - wartime elections act and the military voters act to increase his chances in the election.
Military voters act: aug 1917, gave vote to all canadian soldiers regardless of their period of residence in the country.
also created wartime elections act: instrumental in pushing Liberals to join Conservatives in formation of Canadian Unionist government. first act giving women a vote in federal government… wives, widows, mothers and sisters of soldiers serving. strongly in favour of conscription.
intent of stregthening the coalition … both these acts helped government chances be re elected in 1917, skewed the votes in favour of unionists.
long run, law was so alienated french candians and recent immigrants that they would vote liberal for decades… greatly hurting conservatives..
Paris Peace Conference - 1919
british dominion not granted seperate invitations to conference, but rather representatives as part of British Empire… canada became a nation on the battlefield, demanded seperate seat at conference.
leads to League of Nations…
Vimy Ridge
April 9th 1916
was a defining moment in canadian history. some say confederation, others say it was BNA act…. vimy It was the birth of the nation and the canadian identity.
The allies launch a massive offensive.. fearsome task. Germans at the top of the ridge.. Artillery of all kinds were used. Known as the week of suffering - week of bombardment. 10000 plus canadian casualties.
ceebrated as national coming of age.. they took the ridge.
4 canadians won victoria cross.
lead to the imperial war cabinet…
canada demands a seat at the imperial table. British pM implements change to war policy. march 1917. Borden, first time, being told about plans and having an input. Canada is involved in the decision making process. Canada is carving out its own core.. Canadian Army.
War Propoganda.
Bordden’s ‘ sacred promise’ 1916 sending 500000 to war front.
advertising industry becomes huge producer of war culture… key domestic producer of war related culture.
advertising becomes more socially acceptable.. war was a turning point for advertisement. important not to denote national pride.
Post war problems…
Spanish Influenze
illness brought back to canada by returning soldiers.
first outbreak in quebec
50-1000 million died
what is really going on in the world?
Winnipeg General Strike 1919
enemployment, inflation, russian revolution, industrial unionism.. turbulence for post war movement.
6000 ppl omn strike
close down city in a working class solidarity
demands: 1 collective bargining 2. better wages 3. better working conditions.
central strike committee v the citizens committee.. - opposition of strike..govt supression.
The first Red scare
red revolt break out in canada?
world wide communist movement.
bolshevism in canada?
strict censorship/spies in canada. rcmp.
myth of the RCMP
key role in counter narrative.. strong arm of state.. bloody saturday…
Group of Seven
Group of seven can be seen as a famous canadian icon. when asked about caandianism, especially in the early 1900s the answer was unclear. these group of 7 set out…
Dominated contemporary art. They met before the war, came together, they had a plan. After 1919, most creative people had guilty feeling that canada had yet been written/painted/sung.. a blank slate after war.
may 1920. first exhibition. reflected national growth.. “this spirit of a nations growth”… best be found on from the land.. bright colours, mosaics.. ontario northland… urbanization, industrialization threatened Canadian spirit.. antimodernism.
anti modern and racial undertones
idea of whiteness
racism is geographical as well as cultural
see from art how narrative of whiteness linkage to canada made people feel better
the world was now a scary place.. russian revolution/bolshevikism, the red scare, general strike, women going out of their homes to work, demobilized men returning back from the front, immigration… things did not look the way they used to, people seeked an out, looking for something stable… group of 7 looked to as cultural heroes.
great white north… serves entry point into trace that canada is a white country built on nature.
