Test 2 Flashcards
What are the 2 Most Common Types of Accuracy?
The 2 most common types of accuracy are Mean Discrepancy & Rank Order Accuracy
Mean Discrepancy: Tom’s self report - Jill’s report = ?
Rank order accuracy: Jill only needs to report whether tom was above or below average
What are some CUES for personality?
Faces
For extraversion, conscientiousness, open-mindedness, seeing someone’s face alone gives you a r = .3 accurate judgement of their personality/these traits
-consequences of face: death penalty vs. life in prison
-Competence & Politics
R =.44, if you perceive a face as competent then politician more likely to get more votes Above average competent looking face, about 70% more votes
Musical taste
-Dimensions categorize music better than genre
-New age music:
open minded r= .44,
intelligent= .08 (self report only though), liberal r= .15 (targeted ads on spotify)
-Heavy metal: conscientiousness r = -.18, negative emotionality r= -.23 (theyre actually calmer, less depressed, less anxious)
-Pop:
Extraverted r= .24, Agreeable r= .23, open-minded r= -.14
What does “Good information” mean?
Some information can lead you towards accuracy better than others, such as the amount and quality of information
Ex: context of a coffee shop lets people express high or low extraversion
The longer you know someone, the better you can judge their personality, you’ve seen them across different contexts
What does “Good Judge” mean?
The good judge can read other people
We know very little about these people because there is little variability in this skill
Most of why you’re accurate is about who the other person is rather than your abilities
People don’t seem to have accurate self knowledge about their judging abilities
However, people who say they are a good judge can identify who is a good or bad target. But when with the target, they can be just as good as someone who’s a bad judge
Some “inkling” of evidence, is that people who are good judges are slightly more compassionate and trusting (may be a bit higher in agreeableness)
- To be a good judge, you have to make the other person a good target by creating an environment that elicits self disclosure and cues
- But still mostly comes down to good or bad targets
What does “Good target” mean?
Good targets are people who are easier to judge than others.
They tend to be well adjusted, consistent, self-disclosers (willing to open up about their life)
-Well adjusted is a controversial trait, because if someone is well adjusted to society you could use your knowledge of stereotypes and society to easily judge them
Drives a lot of accuracy
What does “Inter-judge consensus” mean?
Inter-judge consensus means that the more people that agree, the more accurate the judgements are
-Behavioral prediction: judges are as accurate as they are able to predict someone’s behavior
-Target is too biased, so you take 2 ppl who know them and have them rate you and see how similar their answers are
Extraversion r = .51 (most accurate to predict)
Agreeableness r = .4
Conscientiousness r = .44
Negative emotionality r = .4
Open mindedness r = .39
Describe the lens model
First, to judge Tom, Tom must give off cues for you to pick up on.
Factor in CUE VALIDITY:
- Indexed by correlation between tom’s personality and the cues that tom is giving off
- if a cue is valid, it is a predictor of his personality
Cues
- Flashy attire could = extraversion (appearance)
- Facial expressions
- Writing style
How valid is that cue to tom’s extraversion?
- Decide r=0, no relationship between tom’s extraversion and his attire
- Or r= .3 and say expression is a valid indicator
- R can be negative, just tells you the direction not the strength of the relationship. Writing stile could be r= -0.4 (“the more extroverted, the less they use “I” “ would be negative strong relationship)
next, CUE UTILITY!
- The cues jill uses to judge tom
- Jil could be using toms flashy appearance, face as a cue for extraversion.
- There could be cues shes not using, she could be NOT using his writing style
- Jill can measure the validity inaccurately, she can judge his appearance as r= .3 when it’s really 0
- If she measures writing style as .5, but it’s really -0.4, she’s using a cue in the wrong way and its leading her astray
How do you calculate mean discrepancy?
Tom’s self report - Jill’s report = ?
Tom’s self report (4) - Jill’s report (3)
4-3=1, Jill underestimated tom’s score by 1 point, or tom self enhanced his score by 1 (bc you don’t know who was more accurate)
-If score is positive, she underestimated it
-If jill’s mean discrepancy was 0 then she was accurate
-If jill gets -1, tom could be humble or jill could be overestimating him
-Average all discrepancy scores: see if people typically over or underestimate a trait Extraversion r = -.05 Negative emotional r = -.08 (people themselves as less negatively emotional than other people see them) Agreeableness r = -.01 Conscientiousness r= -.06 Open mindedness r = .12 The scores being close to 0 suggests that people estimate themselves pretty accurately
What are some modifiers of accuracy?
The Good Trait
Good target
Good judge
Good information
What is Profile Accuracy?
Profile accuracy is a less common type of accuracy that looks at what the patterns within Tom are.
What is Rank Order Accuracy?
Rank order accuracy is one of the most common types of accuracy. Within it, Jill only needs to report whether tom was above or below average in trait expression.
Are the people who tend to say they’re high in extraversion judged as being high?
If they say they are low, is it judged that way? Not about how accurate, but whether it’s accurate compared to other people.
Target 1 was the most extraverted and was judged as the most extraverted
About accurate ranking, not accurate scores on a sale Accuracy: r > 0 No accuracy: r = 0
Describe the Realistic Accuracy model
- Availability: Which cues are being broadcasted to the world
- If tom hides his writing, you cant use that as a cue! - Relevancy: are the cues revealing of the trait you care about?
-Just because it’s available doesn’t mean it’s useful. They have to be available and relevant
Availability & relevancy is about Tom - Detection: Are judges able to pick up on the cues?
-Jill must detect the cues (the show Lie to Me)
Utilization: are judges using the cues in the right way?
-Just because you notice it doesn’t mean you’ll utilize it in the appropriate way (not understanding winking = flirting)
What are the differences between the Lens Model and Realistic Accuracy Model?
LENS MODEL
- Cue validity
- cue utility
REALISTIC ACCURACY MODEL
- Availability
- Relevancy
- Detection
- Utilization
They are similar because they are not competing, they’re built off of each other
What does “The Good Trait” mean?
The Good Trait means that some traits are easier to judge (extraversion)
What makes some traits easier to judge:
Outward Visibility: some traits are more outwardly visible, such as someone’s high energy and sociability, whereas agreeableness or trusting is more internal
-More available, easier to detect
&
How evaluative that trait is:
-a trait is evaluative if it’s really obvious what the ‘good’ end of that trait is
-Low evaluative trait: doesn’t really matter whether youre high or low, such as extraversion. High agreeableness = “more good” than low
-Moral character traits
What are the Two less common types of accuracy?
Profile accuracy: what are the pattern of traits within Tom?
Person differential: look at the pattern of people in your life. Can I as a judge differentiate that Steve is less neurotic than Sally, who’s more neurotic than Stu? Ex: If you want a conscientious babysitter
Explain Heritability Coefficients
Heritability coefficients measure how heritable a trait is
- Some traits are more heritable than others
- Everything is heritable (almost never get heritability coefficient of 0)
Environment matters too
-Also almost never get heritability coefficient of 1
Amygdala
- Middle of your brain
- Calculates threats & rewards for actions
- People with PTSD have heightened activity & are super responsive to threats
- Implicated in emotions
(rhesus monkeys & charles whitman)
- Monkeys acted out a lot so they removed their amygdalas and then they were much easier to work with
- Whitman’s diary showed that he had impulsive thoughts and it took so much effort to override those impulses. When he dies, he wanted someone to try to find damage to his brain.
- He had a brain tumor next to his amygdala
-If you show introverts pictures of strangers, their amygdala lights up
-In general, extroversion -negatively associated with the amygdala
More activation = less extroversion
-Negative emotionality has +positive association with amygdala activity
What are the two types of brain damage?
Natural causes
- most ethical
- Phineas Gage
- Trauma (gunshot wounds, falling & hitting head)
- Brain tumors
Man Made
- Lobotomy
- Split brain surgery
Explain brain imaging
Brain imaging is the least invasive way of brain examination
We can see where blood oxygen is flowing to and away from in brain regions, body sends oxygen regions which are using up resources
Just because a brain region is being “used”, it can be working hard to activate OR inhibit things.
-Not clear whether region is sending signals to promote or inhibit things
- EEG & MEG
- PET Scan
- MRI & fMRI
What are the 2 types of brain stimulation?
Electrodes
Parkinson’s - woman who exhibited depression during brain stimulation and then went immediately back to a neutral state when it ended
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Turn off functioning of a region in someone's brain Close to brain damage Temporary brain damage Non-permanent Non-invasive Video in class
How do you calculate Heritability coefficients?
( r identical - r fraternal ) * 2 = heritability coefficient
( .60 - .40 ) * 2 = 0.4
Does NOT mean that 40% of my traits come from my parents
—40% of the variability in traits can be explained by genes
How should you remember Cortisol?
- Anxiety, depression, negative emotionality
- Not a cause of stress/anxiety/depression
- Being stressed leads to release of cortisol
- Associated with heart disease
- Negative emotionality also associated with cardiovascular disorders
- Sensation seeking
- Insurance companies could track who has high negative emotionality and then not give them insurance for certain procedures
Define Gene x Environment interactions and give examples
Genes express themselves better in a nutritionally rich environment
- A nutritionally rich environment: the heritability coefficient is ~1.0 for height
- A nutritionally poor environment: the heritability coefficient is ~0 for height
- –North Koreans are on average 3cm shorter than south Koreans
What are the biochemical correlates of personality?
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (Adrenaline & Noradrenaline)
- Testosterone & Estrogen
- Cortisol
- Oxytocin
What are the structural correlates of personality?
Amygdala
Frontal Lobes
How should you remember Dopamine?
- Turns motivation into action
- Behavioral approach system
- The behavioral “GO” system
- Heavily involved in muscle movements (Parkinson’s, & L-dopa)
- People with an abundance of dopamine are assertive, dominant, outgoing- extraverts
- Also associated with higher levels of open-mindedness
Describe EEG & MEG
EEG & MEG are imaging methods used to measure brain activity directly and non-invasively (from outside the head). The images produced by EEG and MEG are not very localised, but they can monitor how electrical activity changes with time very precisely (milliseconds)
Define epigenetics
Epigenetics is the study of how the environment influences gene expression
Describe Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (Adrenaline & Noradrenaline)
Stress floods the body with adrenaline
- Increases heart rate (breathing quick to get oxygen)
- Digestion stops (not wasting resources on nutrition)
- Body mustering resources it may need to respond to a potential threat
Fight or Flight
External validity problems (tests only done on men, when done on women then another option was discovered)
-“Tend and Befriend”
+Positive association with negative emotionality
Describe the relationship between evolution and personality
Some personality traits exist because they perform certain functions for survival, and even being high or low in them can perform a certain function.
Evolution = blueprints for people Differences = variations on same human theme
What are survival functions of the big 5 personality traits?
Extraversion & Agreeableness = form social groups
Negative emotionality = avoid dangers
conscientiousness = persist in the face of difficulty
open-mindedness = problem solving, intellectual curiosity
Functions of Left Frontal Lobe
- Draws you to approach pleasant things
- Inhibit negative (make you care less about negative aspects)
- Extraversion
- Low levels of negative emotionality
What are the methodological approaches to test biological underpinnings of personality?
Brain damage
Brain Stimulation
Brain imaging (least invasive)
How should you remember MRI & fMRI?
Series of snapshots looking at the blood-oxygenation level
measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This technique relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are coupled. When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases
How should you remember Oxytocin?
- “the love drug”
- Strongly related to mother-child attachment
- Romantic attraction/ sexual behavior
- Related to people’s attachment to those around them
- Positive correlation with trusting
- Oxytocin can make threatening stimuli seem less threatening
- —People with boost of oxytocin’s amygdala didn’t light up as much to scary stimuli
