Test 2

Question 1

The generation of a local electrical signal via the opening of ion channels due to energy contacting some kind of specialized receptor

Answer 1

receptor potential

Question 2

Sensory events (energy) are transformed in to changes in a receptor cell’s membrane potential via opening and closing of ion channels. This receptor potential is then translated into action potentials and chemical communication at the synapse

Answer 2

Transduction

Question 3

In the environment, it is the stimulus region and its features that cause a cell to alter its firing. Touch, for example, would have a receptive field of the area of skin that when it is touched causes that receptor to fire.

Answer 3

Receptive field for a sensory receptor

Question 4

Amplitudes are graded with stimulus intensity; the stronger the stimulus, the larger the potential

Answer 4

Graded Response (1/5 property of receptor potential)

Question 5

Potentials may last as long as the stimulus lasts

Answer 5

Sustained Response (2/5 property of receptor potential)

Question 6

Tiny potentials may be evoked with the smallest possible stimulus; that is, 1 quantum of light, or a transmitter from a single synaptic vesicle, will elicit a small receptor or synaptic potential

Answer 6

No Discrete Threshold for Response (3/5 property of receptor potential)

Question 7

Potentials sum when two or more stimuli are presented close together

Answer 7

Response Summate (4/5 property of receptor potential)

Question 8

Potentials spread passively from the site of generation; they are largest where they are produced and become progressively smaller away from that point

Answer 8

Response is Local (5/5 property of receptor potential)

Question 9

Channels that mediate fast EPSPs and IPSPs and work via ion channels (via the binding of a neurotransmitter to a receptor on the cell membrane)

Answer 9

Ionotropic Channels and how they function

Question 10

The frequency of opening a channel

Answer 10

Neuromodulators can remodel ion channels (1/4)

Question 11

The duration of opening a channel

Answer 11

Neuromodulators can remodel ion channels (2/4)

Question 12

The ionic specificity of the channel

Answer 12

Neuromodulators can remodel ion channels (3/4)

Question 13

The number of active channels in a piece of membrane

Answer 13

Neuromodulators can remodel ion channels (4/4)

Question 14

The more intense a stimulus, the more frequent AP are (temporal coding) but they are limited to a max of 1200 AP/sec (and some may only fire 150 AP/sec)

Answer 14

Frequency of Action Potentials (1/4 ways stimulus intensity can be encoded in the nervous system)

Question 15

A complex message can be transformed into a pattern of pulses, so that intensity could be represented by the pattern of activity of many thousands of neurons acting in parallel (at the same time)

Answer 15

Temporal Codes (2/4 ways stimulus intensity can be encoded in the nervous system)

Question 16

Multiple receptors acting in parallel indicate higher intensity

Answer 16

Number of Receptors Impacted by Energy (3/4 ways stimulus intensity can be encoded in the nervous system)

Question 17

Different receptors are specialists in ranges or fractions of intensity, so that some are very sensitive and have a low threshold of response (it doesn’t take much energy to cause a receptor potential), some are less sensitive and have a somewhat higher threshold of response and some are quite insensitive and have a very high threshold for response (they need quite a bit of energy in order for a receptor potential to be generated)

Answer 17

Range Fractionation (4/4 ways stimulus intensity can be encoded in the nervous system)

Question 18

Reinforcement rewards and maintains pain behavior (limping, grimacing, verbal expressions, facial expressions) so that disability is maintained and normal or typical behavior is not. This is assumed to actually increase the amount of pain that is felt by the individual. However, if alternate well-behaviors are reinforced and pain behavior is not, pain behavior should reduce (as should pain), and more normal or typical functioning should be restored.

Answer 18

Operant Theory of Pain Behavior

Question 19

Figue A

Answer 19

Pathway mediating touch, vibration, pressure, and fine-point discrimination

Question 20

Figure B

Answer 20

Pathway mediating pain and temperature entering into the spinal cord and ascending to the brain

Question 21

Figure C

Answer 21

Pathway mediating EITHER the gate control theory of pain OR endogenous pain control