Test 1

Question 1

What is another name for the forebrain during the 3 vesicle stage of development?

Answer 1

Prosencephalon

Question 2

Cells located at the lateral margins of the neural plate that give rise to the neurons outside the CNS?

Answer 2

Neural crest

Question 3

At the 5 vesicle stage of development, what vesicle gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 3

Telencephalon

Question 4

What are the bundles of axons running together in the CNS?

Answer 4

Tracts

Question 5

The undivided caudal portion of the neural tube becomes this:

Answer 5

Spinal Cord

Question 6

This layer of the developing neural tube contains axons of developing nervous system:

Answer 6

Marginal Layer

Question 7

At the 3 vesicle stage of development, this region is also known as the hindbrain:

Answer 7

Rhombencephalon

Question 8

Bundles of axons running together in the PNS:

Answer 8

Nerves

Question 9

These structures are derived from the cavities in the neural tube:

Answer 9

Ventricles

Question 10

Closed neural groove that develops into the CNS:

Answer 10

Neural Tube

Question 11

What is the middle layer of the 3 layer embryo?

Answer 11

Mesoderm

Question 12

What is the midline indentation of the ectoderm that gradually deepens?

Answer 12

Neural groove

Question 13

Consists of nerves and neural cells that exist outside the CNS:

Answer 13

PNS

Question 14

At the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus:

Answer 14

Diencephalon

Question 15

At the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the pons and cerebellum:

Answer 15

Metencephalon

Question 16

At the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the medulla:

Answer 16

Myelencephalon

Question 17

This layer of the developing neural tube contains migrating cell bodies of the developing nervous system:

Answer 17

Intermediate zone/mantle layer

Question 18

This layer of the developing neural tube contains cells that divide and develop into neurons and glia:

Answer 18

Ependymal layer/ventricular zone

Question 19

This consists of the brain and spinal cord:

Answer 19

CNS

Question 20

The most dorsal layer of the 3 layer embryo:

Answer 20

Ectoderm

Question 21

Define what a tract is. Define what a nerve is. What is the difference between a tract and a nerve?

Answer 21

A tract is a bundle of axons in the CNS. A nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS. The only difference is what part of the nervous system they are in, a nerve can become a tract once it enters the CNS

Question 22

Name the type of membrane channel and associated ion that are involved in the binding of vesicles containing neurotransmitter to the cell membrane of the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell

Answer 22

Voltage gated calcium channels

Question 23

Name the type of membrane channel and associated ions involved in the generation of fast EPSPs and IPSPs

Answer 23

Ligand-gated sodium or chloride channels

Question 24

Name the membrane channel and associated ion involved in the generation of an action potential at the axon hillock

Answer 24

Voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 25

Name both membrane channels and their associated ions involved in maintenance of resting potential

Answer 25

Leak channels for potassium, chloride, and sodium

Electrogenic pump for sodium and potassium

Question 26

Describe the relative concentration of each ion inside and outside the axon at rest (comparing inside to outside)

Answer 26

The inside, relative to outside, has more potassium, less sodium, less chloride, and lots of negative protein ions (anions)

Question 27

Define the two forces (not channels) that maintain those concentrations when the neuron is at rest

Answer 27

Diffusion pressure: with different concentrations on either side of the membrane, ions try to move down a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration
Electrostatic forces: unlike charges attract; positive charges are attracted to negative charges

Question 28

For each ion, describe which forces are moving the ions across the membrane and whether they are moving them inside or outside the cell/axon during the resting potential

Answer 28

Electrostatic forces pull potassium inside, while diffusion pressure pulls it out
Electrostatic forces and diffusion pressure pull sodium inside
Electrostatic forces pull chloride outside and diffusion pressure pulls it inside

Question 29

Given what we discussed in class about autism spectrum disorder, what is your understanding of the syndrome and its causations at this point in time?

Answer 29

MANY ANSWERS; GIVE OPINION

Question 30

Describe Golgi Type I neuron

Answer 30

Long
Carry information across body
Larger than type II neurons
Dendrites can be primary, secondary, or tertiary and have lollipop-shaped spines
Has one axon, thinner than primary dendrites, remains same size, branches few times near termination
One way information transfer

Question 31

Describe a Golgi Type II neuron

Answer 31

Short to no axons
Smaller cell bodies
Local communication between nerve cells
Dendrites are often both pre- and post-synaptic (two way communication)
More complex brain has more type II neurons

Question 32

Compare and contrast Type I and Type II synapses

Answer 32

Type I is an excitatory synapse found on dendrites.

Type II is an inhibitory synapse found on the cell body.