Test 1 Flashcards
What is another name for the forebrain during the 3 vesicle stage of development?
Prosencephalon
Cells located at the lateral margins of the neural plate that give rise to the neurons outside the CNS?
Neural crest
At the 5 vesicle stage of development, what vesicle gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres?
Telencephalon
What are the bundles of axons running together in the CNS?
Tracts
The undivided caudal portion of the neural tube becomes this:
Spinal Cord
This layer of the developing neural tube contains axons of developing nervous system:
Marginal Layer
At the 3 vesicle stage of development, this region is also known as the hindbrain:
Rhombencephalon
Bundles of axons running together in the PNS:
Nerves
These structures are derived from the cavities in the neural tube:
Ventricles
Closed neural groove that develops into the CNS:
Neural Tube
What is the middle layer of the 3 layer embryo?
Mesoderm
What is the midline indentation of the ectoderm that gradually deepens?
Neural groove
Consists of nerves and neural cells that exist outside the CNS:
PNS
At the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus:
Diencephalon
At the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the pons and cerebellum:
Metencephalon
At the 5 vesicle stage of development, this vesicle gives rise to the medulla:
Myelencephalon
This layer of the developing neural tube contains migrating cell bodies of the developing nervous system:
Intermediate zone/mantle layer
This layer of the developing neural tube contains cells that divide and develop into neurons and glia:
Ependymal layer/ventricular zone
This consists of the brain and spinal cord:
CNS
The most dorsal layer of the 3 layer embryo:
Ectoderm
Define what a tract is. Define what a nerve is. What is the difference between a tract and a nerve?
A tract is a bundle of axons in the CNS. A nerve is a bundle of axons in the PNS. The only difference is what part of the nervous system they are in, a nerve can become a tract once it enters the CNS
Name the type of membrane channel and associated ion that are involved in the binding of vesicles containing neurotransmitter to the cell membrane of the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell
Voltage gated calcium channels
Name the type of membrane channel and associated ions involved in the generation of fast EPSPs and IPSPs
Ligand-gated sodium or chloride channels
Name the membrane channel and associated ion involved in the generation of an action potential at the axon hillock
Voltage-gated sodium channels
Name both membrane channels and their associated ions involved in maintenance of resting potential
Leak channels for potassium, chloride, and sodium
Electrogenic pump for sodium and potassium
Describe the relative concentration of each ion inside and outside the axon at rest (comparing inside to outside)
The inside, relative to outside, has more potassium, less sodium, less chloride, and lots of negative protein ions (anions)
Define the two forces (not channels) that maintain those concentrations when the neuron is at rest
Diffusion pressure: with different concentrations on either side of the membrane, ions try to move down a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration
Electrostatic forces: unlike charges attract; positive charges are attracted to negative charges
For each ion, describe which forces are moving the ions across the membrane and whether they are moving them inside or outside the cell/axon during the resting potential
Electrostatic forces pull potassium inside, while diffusion pressure pulls it out
Electrostatic forces and diffusion pressure pull sodium inside
Electrostatic forces pull chloride outside and diffusion pressure pulls it inside
Given what we discussed in class about autism spectrum disorder, what is your understanding of the syndrome and its causations at this point in time?
MANY ANSWERS; GIVE OPINION
Describe Golgi Type I neuron
Long
Carry information across body
Larger than type II neurons
Dendrites can be primary, secondary, or tertiary and have lollipop-shaped spines
Has one axon, thinner than primary dendrites, remains same size, branches few times near termination
One way information transfer
Describe a Golgi Type II neuron
Short to no axons
Smaller cell bodies
Local communication between nerve cells
Dendrites are often both pre- and post-synaptic (two way communication)
More complex brain has more type II neurons
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II synapses
Type I is an excitatory synapse found on dendrites.
Type II is an inhibitory synapse found on the cell body.
