Test 2 Flashcards
Why reduce the spread of germs?
- germs are present everywhere
- some cause illness
- protect resident and self
- germs that cause little discomfort to us may kill our residents!
Infection prevention
the set of methods practiced in healthcare facilities to prevent and control the spread of disease
Microorganism
a living thing that is so small that is only visible under a microscope
Microbe
another name for a microorganism
Infection
occur when pathogens invade the body and multiply
pathgen
harmful microorganisms
localized infection
infection that is limited to a specific location in the body
Systemic infection
affects the entire body
Healthcare-associated infection
in infection acquired in a healthcare setting during the delivery of medical care.
- can be local or systemic
chain of infection
a way of describing how disease of transmitted from one human being to another
List the order of the chain of infection
- Causative Agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Mode of Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Susceptible Host
Causative agent
a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease
Reservoir
Where the pathogen lives and multiplies
Portal of Exit
any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave
- nose, mouth, eyes, cut
Mode of transmission
describes how the pathogen travels
- can travel through air or direct/indirect contact
Direct contact
touching the infected person or his secretions
Indirect Contact
results from touching an object contaminated by the infected person
What is the primary route of disease transmission within the healthcare setting
hands of healthcare workers
portal of entry
any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter
mucous membranes
the membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside of the body
Susceptible host
uninfected person who can become ill
Transmission
passage or transfer
How can transmission of most infectious diseases be blocked?
proper prevention practices, such as hand washing
Medical Apesis
measures used to reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens; used in all healthcare settings
Surgical Apesis
aka sterile technique; makes and object or area completely free of all microorganisms (including pathogens)
Malnutrition
not getting proper nutrition
Dehydration
when there is an inadequate amount of fluid in body
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Federal government agency that makes rules to protect workers from hazards on the job
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
federal government agency that issues guidelines to protect and improve the health of individuals and communities
Standard precautions
treating blood, body fluids, non-intact skin (abrasions, pimples, open sores), and mucous membranes as if they were infected
Hand hygiene
Washing hands with either plain or antiseptic soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rubs
antimicrobial
destroys, resists or prevents the development of pathogens
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Equipment that helps protect employees from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with workplace hazards
PPE equipment
gowns, masks, goggles, face shields, and gloves
Don
To wear
Doff
to remove
Perineal care
care of the genitals / anal area
non-intact skin
skin that is broken by abrasions, cuts, rashes, pimples, lesions, surgical, incisions, or boils
In healthcare, an object is clean if…
it has not been contaminated with pathogens
In healthcare, an object is dirty if…
it has been contaminated with pathogens
Disinfection
a process that kills pathogens but does not destroy all pathogens
Sterilization
a cleaning measure that destroys all microorganisms, including pathogens
Disposable
discarded after use
Transmission-Based Precautions
A method of infection prevention used when caring for persons who are infected or may be infected with certain infectious diseases
Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)
Microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents that are commonly used for treatment
isolate
to keep something separate, or by itself
Bloodborne pathogens
microorganisms found in human blood that can cause infection and disease in humans
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus; the virus that attacks the bodies immune system and gradually disables it; eventually can cause AIDs
Hepatitis
inflammation in the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors such as alcohol abuse, some medications, and trauma
Jaundice
a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes appear yellow
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard
Federal law that requires that healthcare facilities protect employees from blood-borne health hazards
Exposure control plan
A plan designed to eliminate or reduce employee exposure to infectious material
Tuberculosis or TB
Highly contagious disease caused by bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis, that is carried on mucous droplets suspended in the air
Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
carries the disease but does not show symptoms and cannot infect others
TB Disease
someone who shows symptoms of the disease and can spread TB to others
What are the 2 types of tuberculosis
Latent TB Disease Infection (LTBI) and TB Disease
Resistent
when drugs no longer work to kill a specific bacteria
Phlegm
thick mucous from respiratory passage
MRSA (methilcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
a bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) that have developed resistance to the antibiotic methicillin
VRE (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus)
bacteria (enterococci) that have developed resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin
Clostridium difficile (C. diff or C. difficile)
a bacterium that is spread by spores in feces that are difficult to kill; it causes symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea and can lead to serious inflammation of the colon (colitis)
Paralysis
the loss of function to move all or part of the body
Fall
any sudden, uncontrollable decent from a higher to a lower level, with or without injury resulting
Fracture
a broken bone
disorientation
confusion about a person, place, or time
Scalds
burns caused by hot liquids
how long does it take for a serious hot liquid burn to occur
5 seconds or less for a serious burn to occur when the temperature of a liquid is 140 degrees
abrasion
injury that rubs off the surface of the skin
oxygen therapy
administration of oxygen to increase the supply of oxygen to the lungs
combustion
the process of burning
flammable
easily ignited and capable of burning quickly
Safety data sheet (SDS)
(formerly called Material Safety Data Sheet) This sheet details the chemical ingredients, chemical dangers, and safe handling, storage, and disposal procedures for the products
Restraint
a physical or chemical way to restrict voluntary movement or behavior
Suffocation
stoppage of breathing from a lack of oxygen or excess excess of CO2 in the body that may result in unconsciousness or death)
Restraint-free care
means that restraints are not kept or used for any reason
Restraint alternatives
measures used in place of a restraint or that reduce the need for a restraint
Body mechanics
the way the parts of the body work together when a person moves
posture
the way a person holds and positions their body
lever
moves an object by resting on a base of support
What is a base of support called
fulcrum
how to use a fire extinguisher
- Pull the pin
- Aim at the base of the fire when spraying
- Squeeze the handle
- Sweep back and forth at the base of the fire
What to do in case of a fire
- Remove anyone in danger if you are not in danger
- Activate alarm or call 911
- Contain the fire if possible by closing all door and windows
- Extinguish the fire, or the fire dept. will do so. Evacuate the area if instructed to do so
conscious
being mentally alert and having awareness of surroundings
first aide
given immediately to an injured person by the first people to respond to an emergency
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
medical procedures used when a persons heart or lungs have stopped working
Obstructive airway
when something is blocking the tube through which air enters the lungs
abdominal thrusts
method of attempting to remove an object from the airway of someone who is choking
shock
occurs when organs and tissues in the body to not receive an adequate blood supply
signs of shock
pale/bluish skin, staring, increased pulse and respiration rates, low BP and extreme thrist
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
heart attack; occurs when the heart muscle itself does not receive enough O2 because blood vessels are blocked
Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
how many types of burns are there
3
first degree burn
superficial; involve just the outer layer of the skin; skin becomes red, painful, and swollen but no blisters appear
Second degree burn
partial thickness; extend from the outer layer of the skin to the next deeper layer of skin; skin is red, painful, swollen and blisters appear
Third degree burn
full-thickness; includes all 3 layers of the skin and may extend to the bone; skin is shiny and appears hard and may be white in color
syncope
fainting; occurs because of decreased blood flow to the brain; causing a loss of consciousness
Epistaxis
medical term for nosebleed
what should you do for a nosebleed
elevate head of bed, or tell person to remain in sitting position leaning slightly forward; apply firm pressure on both sides of the nose
insulin reaction
a complication of diabetes that can result from either too much insulin or too little food; also known as hypoglycemia
diabetic acidosis (DKA)
caused by having too little insulin in the body
seizures
involuntary, often violent contractions of muscles
epilepsy
brain disorder that results from a disruption of normal electrical impulses in the brain, which can cause repeated seizures
transient ischemic attach (TIA)
result of a temporary lack of O2 in the brain; warning sign of CVA
What can be used to remember the sudden signs that a stroke is occurring
F.A.S.T
Face: is one side of the face drooping/numb/uneven smile?
Arms: is one arm numb/weak? ask person to raise both arms, check to see if one arm drift downwards
Speech: is speech slurred/is person unable to speak?
Time: time is utmost importance when responding to a stroke; if person shows any symptoms, report to nurse STAT
Emesis
vomiting; the act of ejecting stomach contents through the mouth and/or nose
positioning
helping residents into positions that promote comfort and health
Supine position
Lying flat on back
- pillows under arms, calves/feet and head
Lateral position
Lying on either side
- pillows under upper arm and leg, back, bottom ankle and head (between legs)
- upper knee is flexed & brought up in front of body
Prone position
Lying on stomach
- arms at sides or above head (or one of each)
- head turned to one side
- pilled under head and legs
Fowler’s position
Partially reclined / semi-sitting
- head and shoulders are elevated
- knees may be flexed and elevated using pillow / rolled blanket
- straight spine
- pillows under head, knees/calves
High-fowlers
upper body is sitting nearly straight up (60-90 degrees)
Semi-fowlers
upper body is not raised as high (30-45 degrees)
Sims position
Lying on left side with one leg down
- lower arm is behind back
- upper knee is flexed and raised toward chest
- pillow supports upper knee, upper arm, lower foot, head
Draw sheet
extra sheet placed on top of the bottom sheet when the bed is made
shearing
rubbing or friction that results from the skin moving one way and the bone underneath it remaining fixed or moving in opposite direction
logrolling
moving a resident as a unit, without disturbing the alignment of body
- head, back and legs are kept in straight line
dangle
to sit up on side of the bed with the legs hanging over the side
Ergonomics
science of designing equipment, areas, and work tasks to make them safer and to suit the workers abilities
Transfer belt
safety device used to transfer residents who are weak, unsteady, or uncoordinated - its called a gate belt when it is used to help residents walk
Slide board
aka transfer board, may be used to transfer residents who are unable to bear weight on their legs
Ambulation
walking
Ambulatory
one who can get out of bed and walk
C cane
straight cane with curved handle at the top
Functional grip cane
Similar to C cane, except that it has a straight grip handle rather than a curved handle
Quad cane
4 rubber-tipped feet and a rectangular base
- designed to bear more weight than the other canes
walker
type of walking aide used when the resident can bear some weight on both legs
Closed bed
bed completely made with the bedspread and the blankets in place
open bed
when the linen is folded down to the foot of the bed
surgical bed
made to accept residents who are returning to bed on stretchers, or gurneys
Rehabilitation
care that is managed by professionals to help restore a person to their highest possible level of functioning
What are the 4 goals of rehabilitation
- help a resident regain function or recover from illness
- to develop and promote a residents independence
- to allow a resident to feel in control of his life
- to help a resident accept or adapt to the limitations of a disability
restorative care
this is what is ordered when the goals of rehabilitation have been met. The goal is to keep the resident at the level achieved by rehabilitative services
Range of motion (ROM)
exercises put a particular joint through its full arc of motion
- goal is to decrease or prevent contractures or atrophy, improve strength, increase circulation
Active range of motion (AROM)
performed by a resident himself, without help
- NA should encourage
Active assisted range of motion (AAROM)
exercises are done by the resident with some assistance and support from the NA or other caregiver
Passive range of motion (PROM)
exercises are used when residents are not able to move on their own
- performed by caregiver, without residents help
Abduction
moving a body part away from the midline of the body
adduction
moving a body part toward the midline of the body
extension
straightening the body part
flexion
bending the body part
dorsiflexion
bending backward
rotation
turning the joint
pronation
turning downward
supination
turning upward
opposition
touching the thumb to any other finger
