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UD GEO 115 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of Basalt?

A

Composition (color):Mafic

Texture (crystal size): Fine

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2
Q

What are the properties of Andesite?

A

Composition (color):Intermediate

Texture (crystal size): Fine

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3
Q

What are the properties of Rhyolite?

A

Composition (color):Felsic

Texture (crystal size): Fine

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4
Q

What are the properties of Pumice?

A

Composition (color):Felsic

Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

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5
Q

What are the properties of Scoria?

A

Composition (color):Mafic

Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

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6
Q

What are the properties of Obsidian?

A

Composition (color): Mafic

The atoms or molecules in obsidian does not have a crystalline structure - glassy

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7
Q

What is chemical weathering? How does it work?

A

Chemical Weathering - decomposition; transform rock into something different

Oxidation - iron reacting to oxygen (Example: Basalt becomes Hematite)

Hydrolysis - water breaks down a mineral and a new mineral results

Carbonation/Dissolution - adding carbonic acid to dissolve rocks

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8
Q

What is mechanical/physical weathering? How does it work?

A

Physical Weathering - mechanical breakdown (disintegration); make smaller pieces

Frost Wedging - repeated expansion of ice

Sheeting - as erosion removes materials above a rock mass, reduced pressure allows outer layers to expand and “peel off”

Joints - fractures produced by regional movement; increases surface area and allows water to seep into layers for more weathering

Biological Activity (example: roots grow into and breakdown rocks)

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9
Q

Describe how weathering occurs with granite

A
  • Mechanical Weathering - smaller grains of quartz = sand
  • Oxidation occurs to hematite/hornblende?
  • Hydrolysis breaks down K-spar, which becomes clay
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10
Q

What are clastic sedimentary rocks/how do they form?

A

comprised of solid particles of weathered rocks/minerals that are cemented together

Classified/Named by size of weathered clasts.

Size
Angularity
Sorting

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11
Q

What are chemical sedimentary rocks/how do they form?

A

Comprised of materials from precipitation

Often Crystalline

Halite (salt) from evaporation
Calcite Crystals precipitate from seawater

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12
Q

What are organic sedimentary rocks/how do they form?

A

Carbon rich remains of plants

Coal - hydrocarbons from organic remains (plants)

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13
Q

What are the sizes of clastic rocks?

A

The size of weathered clasts has a relationship to process of sediment transportation and deposition. The larger the size, the closer to the source

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14
Q

Describe sorting of sedimentary rocks

A

Very poorly sorted, poorly sorted, moderately sorted, well sorted, very well sorted

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15
Q

Describe roundness of sedimentary rocks

A

more rounded as grains move away from source

angular, subangular, subrounded, rounded

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16
Q

describe the composition and formation of arkose

A

Coarse grained
Poorly Sorted
Angular
Minerals - Feldspar and Quartz

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17
Q

describe the composition and formation of sandstone

A

Sand
Well Sorted
Subrounded
Minerals - Quartz

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18
Q

describe the composition and formation of shale

A

Clay
Well Sorted
Well Rounded
Minerals - clay

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19
Q

describe the composition and formation of limestone

A

General bioclastic/biochemical
Made of calcite
Can be fine or course or in between

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20
Q

describe the composition and formation of halite (salt)

A

fine to course
crystalline
tastes salty

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21
Q

Explain the evidence Wegener presented to support his continental drift hypothesis

A

Lateral Movement - Locations of same fossils widespread on several continents

Matching Fossil Types - Animal/Plant fossils from same age on separate continents

Similar Rock Types and Ages on Different Continents’ coastlines

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22
Q

What was Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?

A

The continents once fit together, but later drifted apart

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23
Q

Why was Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis rejected?

A

No mechanisms for HOW continents would move

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24
Q

Describe how the discovery of ridges and trenches on the sea floor (and
where they are found) changed the viewpoint of how continents really move over time

A

Sonar was used to map features on the ocean floor

Mid-Ocean ridges - maps shows shallow areas in the ocean where ridges are located

Trench - often along edge of continent; volcanoes nearby

Sediments on seafloor thicken as you move away from the ridge

Sediments and rocks on the seafloor get older as you move away from the ridge

***Ocean floor is no more than 200 million years old except in a couple locations

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25
Q

Describe how understanding
the patterns of the age and paleo magnetic properties of the sea floor helped in the development of understanding of sea-floor spreading.

A

Periodically (200,000 years or so; but variable!), the polarity of the Earth’s magnetic field reverses

Scientists also saw a lateral pattern of reversals in ridges as a symmetrical pattern on either side

Magnets also point at different inclinations (relative to Earth’s surface) depending on latitude

EQ activity matches up with ridge and trench locations, and volcanic activity matches up with trench locations

Paleomagnetism patterns is supported by the sea floor being older away from ridge, sea floor being younger than continents and recycling over time, and the patterns of EQs/Volcanoes

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26
Q

What are the properties of the lithosphere?

A

Broken up into 7-8 major plates, 15 minor

relatively rigid, cannot flow

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27
Q

What are the properties of the Oceanic crust?

A

Mafic, basalt

Thinner layer, more dense

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28
Q

What are the properties of the continental crust?

A

Felsic, granite

Thicker layer, less dense

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29
Q

What are the properties of the aesthenosphere?

A

Plastic later

relatively soft, able to flow

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30
Q

How do the different layers of the work influence plate tectonic motion?

A

Ridge Push - force due to magma rising at ridges

Slab Pull - force due to more dense rocks “sinking” down

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31
Q

What drives the motion in Earth’s interior?

A

Convection!

Convection is a type of heat transfer that involves the actual movement of a substance

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32
Q

Compare and contrast the 3 types of convergent plate boundries

A

Ocean v Ocean

  • Active Volcanic Islands
  • Earthquakes go from shallow to deep
  • Older plate goes down

Ocean v Continent

  • Active Volcano on Continent
  • Earthquakes go from shallow to deep
  • ocean subducts(goes down)

Continent v Continent

  • Mountains pushed up
  • older plate goes down
  • non-volcanic
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33
Q

describe the relative motion along a transform fault boundary

A

plates slide past each other

No volcanoes or mountain chains are shallow but often powerful EQs

Crust is not melted/destroyed or created

34
Q

What is a hot spot?

A

Upwelling of Magma not on a Plate Boundary

As Plate moves, new volcanoes form

35
Q

What are the properties of ridges?

A

new crust forms
Rocks get older + sediments get thicker as you move away from the ridge

Seafloor spreading happens here

36
Q

What are the properties of trenches?

A

Older crust destroyed

Often along edge of continent
Volcanoes nearby

37
Q

What are the properties of volcanic islands?

A

formed from divergence or oceanic-oceanic subduction (convergence)

38
Q

What are the properties of volcanoes on continental edges?

A

formed from continental-oceanic subduction (convergence)

39
Q

What are the properties of (non-volcanic) mountains?

A

formed from continental-continental collision (convergence)

40
Q

What are the properties of faults?

A

Formed from transformation

41
Q

How is liquid magma created from solid rock?

A

Liquid magma is created by the addition of volatiles like water (flux melting) at subduction zones. Water contained in cracks of oceanic crust reduces melting point of the crustal rocks.

Decompression- drop in confining pressure lowers rock melting temperatures
Dewatering
Heat Transfer Melting - hotter magma from below rises and causes rocks above to melt

42
Q

Explain how has content and viscosity affect whether a volcano is effusive or explosive

Explain how it relates to felsic vs basaltic lava

A

Explosive

  • Felsic
  • High Viscosity

Effusive

  • Mafic
  • Low Viscosity
43
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The measure of how thick and stick a liquid is; resistance to flow

44
Q

What does effusive mean?

A

liquid flowing lava

45
Q

What does explosive mean?

A

lava + solid debris explodes

46
Q

Describe the properties of Shield Volcanoes - describe their lava type and

A

Liquid lava emitted from a central vent; large; sometimes has a collapse caldera

47
Q

Describe the properties of Cinder Cone Volcanoes

A

Explosive liquid lava; small emitted from a central vent; if continued long enough, may build up a shield volcano

48
Q

Describe the properties of Stratovolcanos

A

More viscous lava, much explosive (pyroclastic) debris; large, emitted from a central vent

Builds up over time due to layers of ash and lava flows

49
Q

Describe the shape, PT setting, and eruptive style of the following volcano: Kilauea, Hawaii

A

Shape - Shield Volcano
PT - Hot Spot
Eruptive Style - Icelandic/Hawaiian

50
Q

Describe the shape, PT setting, and eruptive style of the following volcano: Cerro Negro, Nicaragua

A

Shape - Cinder Cone
PT - Convergent, subduction zone (Ocean Continent)
Eruptive Style - Strombolian/Vulvanian

51
Q

Describe the shape, PT setting, and eruptive style of the following volcano: Mount Merapi, Indonesia

A

Shape - Stratovolcano
PT - Convergent (Ocean Ocean)
Eruptive Style - Plinian

52
Q

If you see this flash card this is me reminding you that you’re doing a good job !!!!!

A

:-)

53
Q

Describe the elastic rebound model of earthquake formation

A

under stress rocks undergo elastic deformation, then brittle deformation (break)

54
Q

Describe S and P waves that are generated from earthquakes and their properties

A

Seismographs record the shaking at the surface of the earth - note different arrival times of S and P waves

Waves travel at different speeds and so arrive at different times from earthquake’s start

P waves arrive before S waves, and surface waves are last on seismograph
(P fastest, S middle, surface slowest)

55
Q

Compare/Contrast Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, Richter Scale, and Moment Magnitude scale

A 
Modified Mercalli
-measures level of damage
-computed by people sending in data
Richter Scale
-measures wave height + distance from earthquake
-computed by seismographs
Moment Magnitude Scale
-measures total energy released
-computed by (Moment) = (Rock rigidity) x (Fault Area) x (Slip Distance)
56
Q

Compare/Contrast the plate tectonic setting, magnitude , and hazards of the 2011 Japan and 2010 Haiti earthquake

A 
Japan
-plate tectonic - Ocean v Continent
-magnitude - 9.0
-hazards - Tsunami, Nuclear Power Plant meltdown
Haiti
-plate tectonic - ocean v continent
-magnitude 7.0
-hazards - difficult to rebuild, poor country
57
Q

Can scientists make a prediction for an exact date/time of an earthquake?

A

No short term prediction, foreshocks don’t always happen

58
Q

What pieces of evidence estimates the probability of future earthquakes, including potential hazards?

A

Hazard Maps

Fault lines

59
Q

How can P and S waves be used to give warning of an earthquake that has already occurred?

A

P waves - emerging technology that gives 1 minute warning

60
Q

Define the strain and stress of the relationship between folds and faults

A

Stress = Force over Area

Strain =

61
Q

What factors lead to brittle deformation?

A
  • shallow depth

- cooler

62
Q

What factors lead to ductile deformation?

A

warmer
greater depth
softer rocks

63
Q

What features come from Compression stress?

A

reverse faulting and folding

64
Q

What features come from tension stress?

A

normal faulting and stretching

65
Q

What features come from shear stress?

A

strike-slip faulting and shearing

66
Q

Explain the following method of relative dating: original horizontality

A

original sediment deposition is typically horizontal

67
Q

Explain the following method of relative dating: superposition

A

If not overturned, younger sedimentary layers on top of older layers

68
Q

Explain the following method of relative dating: cross cutting

A

Fault is younger than the rocks it cut through

69
Q

Explain the following method of relative dating: inclusions

A

Inclusions - older than the rock they are included in

Intrusion - younger than the rock they intruded (ex: magma cooling to form igneous body)

70
Q

Explain the following method of absolute dating: half lives

A

Compare amount of Carbon 14 (amount decreased by half over periods of time) and Carbon 12 (amount stays the same)

71
Q

Explain the following method of absolute dating: radioactive isotopes

A

Parent isotope turns into child isotope in a half like

Ex. Uranium -> lead

72
Q

What types of materials can and cannot be dated with radiometric dating?

A

Can
-Igneous rocks
-Bone/Plant remains
Cannot
-The “date” of sedimentary rock formation
-The “date” of events like folds and faults

73
Q

What are bioclastic/biochemical sedimentary rocks/how do they form?

A

Shells!

Made from Calcite

Limestone = general term, angular, has shells

74
Q

Describe Divergent Plate boundaries

A

Continental Rift: Divergence (Rift) of Thick Continental Plate – Uncommon (hard to break thick plate)

Creates new crust

Shallow, weak Earthquakes

Volcanic (but often under sea level)

Site of seafloor spreading

75
Q

Define Stress

A

Force over Area

76
Q

Define Strain

A

deformation from stress

77
Q

Which chemical reactions breaks down feldspars, such as orthoclase, into clay minerals like kaolinite?

A

Hydrolosis

water chemically reacts with minerals to break them down into other different minerals.

78
Q

Describe Exfoliation jointing

A

Exfoliation joints form in homogenous bodies of rock (in this case, granite) when they expand in response to the removal of overlying material.

79
Q

The reversals of the Earth’s magnetic field were first discovered by…

A

studying the paleomagnetism of volcanic rocks

Rocks from certain time spans were found to always possess normal polarity (identical to that of Earth’s modern geomagnetic field), whereas rocks from other times always possessed reverse polarity (opposite to today’s geomagnetic field).

80
Q

What is a passive Margin?

A

passive margin is the transition between oceanic and continental lithosphere

81
Q

What is a lahar?

A

A fast, liquid flow

82
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

A mixture of debris and air

UD GEO 115 (3 decks)

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