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UD GEO 115 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How did the solar system form?

A

Nebular Hypothesis

1) Spinning Nebula
2) Spins Faster - Flattens and Contracts
3) Star “ignites”
4) Planets form from debris
5) Earth’s inner layers form
6) Earth’s moons forms
7) Hydrosphere and atmosphere form

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2
Q

Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

A

It does not have enough gravity to clear its orbit of other debris

not enough gravity due to size of moon

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3
Q

How did the moon form?

A
  • A protoplanet collided with the earth
  • Debris sprayed into space
  • The debris coalesced to form the moon
  • Craters exist due to impact events since formation
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4
Q

How did the inner layers of the Earth form?

A

differentiation by density

  • Iron/nickel sink to the center
  • silicates stay closer to the surface
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5
Q

define the different layers of Earth’s geosphere

A 
Crust
-Silicate Minerals (Silicon and Oxygen Based)
-Low Density
Mantle
-silicate minerals, contains some iron and metals
-medium density
Core
-iron/nickel
-high density
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6
Q

What is the difference between an S wave and a P wave?

A

P waves are like a slinky, compression
S waves are like a rope, like doing the wave
S waves are stopped in liquid

Waves change direction when they hit the moho boundary

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7
Q

How did Earth’s Early atmosphere and hydrosphere form (and change over time)?

A
  • Lighter gasses escape Earth’s gravity
  • (Hydrogen/Helium)
  • Water condenses to form oceans
  • Earth’s oceans - formed early
  • “Full” by 4 billion years ago
  • Layers of atmosphere very by density and composition
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8
Q

Solar System Formation: Planets form from debris

A

Planets form from the gradual accumulation and collision of material from dust grains to planetesimals to proto-planets to what we see today

(gravity plus collisions)

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9
Q

What is the importance of the biosphere in relation to the atmosphere and hydrosphere?

A

everything affects plants!!!

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10
Q

What two factors control the properties of minerals and how do we classify minerals?

A

Bond Types
Chemical composition

ex. Diamond vs Graphite
Both Carbon - same composition
Different Crystal Structure

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11
Q

how can we test the different properties of different materials

A

color - look @ it
streak - color of powder, scrape against ceramic plate
luster - look @ it (metallic or non-metallic)
hardness - resist to scratching (scratch it)
crystal - shape when originally formed
cleavage - shape when broken

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12
Q

What are the properties of the Silicate Tetrahedron

A

Silicate Tetrahedron is composed of:
1 silicon atom surrounded by
4 Oxygen atoms
Net charge = -4

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13
Q

Name the properties of quartz

A 
Color: Clear
Streak: Clear/White
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: > 5.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Fracture
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14
Q

Name the properties of Potassium Feldspar

A 
Color: Pink
Streak: White
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness:  > 5.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 2 direction
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15
Q

Name the properties of Mica Biotite

A 
Color: Black
Streak: clear, white
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: 2.5-3.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 1 direction
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16
Q

Name the properties of Mica Mucovite

A 
Color: White, grey, silvery
Streak: White
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: 2
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 1 direction
17
Q

Name the properties of Calcite

A 
Color: clear
Streak: white
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: 2.5-3.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 3 directions
FIZZES
18
Q

Name the properties of Graphite

A 
Color: Silver/Gray
Streak: Gray
Luster: Metallic
Hardness: < 2.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 1 direction
19
Q

Name the properties of Galena

A 
Color: Silver/Gray
Streak: Gray
Luster: Metallic
Hardness:3.5-4.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 3 direction
20
Q

What are the types of silicate materials

A

Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic

21
Q

What are the properties of Felsic minerals

A
  • silicate minerals containing little magnesium and iron
  • “Continental” crust
  • LIGHT (Any pink = felsic!)
  • Lower density
  • form at lower temperatures, closer to surface
  • stable at earth’s surface
22
Q

What are the properties of Mafic Minerals

A
  • silicate minerals containing magnesium and iron
  • “Oceanic” crust
  • DARK
  • Higher density
  • form at higher temperatures, low in the earth
23
Q

What are the properties of igneous rocks

A

Composition/Color

Texture/Crystal Size

24
Q

Name the types of crystal sizes

A

Intrusive

  • Coarse grained
  • slow cooling magma
  • larger crystals

Extrusive

  • fine grained
  • fast cooling lava
  • small crystals
25
Q

Name the properties of Basalt

A

Composition (color):Mafic

Texture (crystal size): Fine

26
Q

Name the properties of Gabbro

A

Composition (color): Mafic

Texture (crystal size): Coarse

27
Q

Name the properties of Granite

A

Composition (color):Felsic

Texture (crystal size): Coarse

28
Q

Name the properties of Rhyolite

A

Composition (color):Felsic

Texture (crystal size): Fine

29
Q

Name the properties of Andestite

A

Composition (color):Intermediate

Texture (crystal size): Fine

30
Q

Name the properties of Pumice

A

Composition (color):Felsic

Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

31
Q

Name the properties of Scoria

A

Composition (color):Mafic

Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

32
Q

How are Oceanic and Continental crust different in terms of felsic and mafic rocks?

A 
Oceanic crust
- Mafic rocks like basalt
- Thin layer more dense
Continental crust
- Felsic rocks like granite
- Thick layer less dense
33
Q

Describe Partial Melting

A
  • Felsic components of the parent rock tend to go into the liquid state first during partial melting
  • Partial melting results in magmas that are more felsic in composition than the parent rock
  • as more of the rock melts during partial melting, the magma becomes more mafic than the original melt that formed
34
Q

What are ores

A

Deposit from which minerals can be extracted profitably

35
Q

What is grade (in terms of ore)

A

the amount of valuable mineral in each ton of ore, expressed as troy ounces per ton or grams per tonne for precious metals and as a percentage for other metals.

36
Q

What type of magma is the most likely product of partially melting an intermediate rock?

A

Felsic Magma

UD GEO 115 (3 decks)

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