Test 1

Question 1

How did the solar system form?

Answer 1

Nebular Hypothesis

1) Spinning Nebula
2) Spins Faster - Flattens and Contracts
3) Star “ignites”
4) Planets form from debris
5) Earth’s inner layers form
6) Earth’s moons forms
7) Hydrosphere and atmosphere form

Question 2

Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

Answer 2

It does not have enough gravity to clear its orbit of other debris

not enough gravity due to size of moon

Question 3

How did the moon form?

Answer 3

• A protoplanet collided with the earth
• Debris sprayed into space
• The debris coalesced to form the moon
• Craters exist due to impact events since formation

Question 4

How did the inner layers of the Earth form?

Answer 4

differentiation by density

• Iron/nickel sink to the center
• silicates stay closer to the surface

Question 5

define the different layers of Earth’s geosphere

Answer 5

Crust
-Silicate Minerals (Silicon and Oxygen Based)
-Low Density
Mantle
-silicate minerals, contains some iron and metals
-medium density
Core
-iron/nickel
-high density

Question 6

What is the difference between an S wave and a P wave?

Answer 6

P waves are like a slinky, compression
S waves are like a rope, like doing the wave
S waves are stopped in liquid

Waves change direction when they hit the moho boundary

Question 7

How did Earth’s Early atmosphere and hydrosphere form (and change over time)?

Answer 7

• Lighter gasses escape Earth’s gravity
• (Hydrogen/Helium)
• Water condenses to form oceans
• Earth’s oceans - formed early
• “Full” by 4 billion years ago
• Layers of atmosphere very by density and composition

Question 8

Solar System Formation: Planets form from debris

Answer 8

Planets form from the gradual accumulation and collision of material from dust grains to planetesimals to proto-planets to what we see today

(gravity plus collisions)

Question 9

What is the importance of the biosphere in relation to the atmosphere and hydrosphere?

Answer 9

everything affects plants!!!

Question 10

What two factors control the properties of minerals and how do we classify minerals?

Answer 10

Bond Types
Chemical composition

ex. Diamond vs Graphite
Both Carbon - same composition
Different Crystal Structure

Question 11

how can we test the different properties of different materials

Answer 11

color - look @ it
streak - color of powder, scrape against ceramic plate
luster - look @ it (metallic or non-metallic)
hardness - resist to scratching (scratch it)
crystal - shape when originally formed
cleavage - shape when broken

Question 12

What are the properties of the Silicate Tetrahedron

Answer 12

Silicate Tetrahedron is composed of:
1 silicon atom surrounded by
4 Oxygen atoms
Net charge = -4

Question 13

Name the properties of quartz

Answer 13

Color: Clear
Streak: Clear/White
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: > 5.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Fracture

Question 14

Name the properties of Potassium Feldspar

Answer 14

Color: Pink
Streak: White
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness:  > 5.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 2 direction

Question 15

Name the properties of Mica Biotite

Answer 15

Color: Black
Streak: clear, white
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: 2.5-3.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 1 direction

Question 16

Name the properties of Mica Mucovite

Answer 16

Color: White, grey, silvery
Streak: White
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: 2
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 1 direction

Question 17

Name the properties of Calcite

Answer 17

Color: clear
Streak: white
Luster: Non Metallic
Hardness: 2.5-3.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 3 directions
FIZZES

Question 18

Name the properties of Graphite

Answer 18

Color: Silver/Gray
Streak: Gray
Luster: Metallic
Hardness: < 2.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 1 direction

Question 19

Name the properties of Galena

Answer 19

Color: Silver/Gray
Streak: Gray
Luster: Metallic
Hardness:3.5-4.5
Cleavage or Fracture:
Cleavage; 3 direction

Question 20

What are the types of silicate materials

Answer 20

Felsic
Intermediate
Mafic

Question 21

What are the properties of Felsic minerals

Answer 21

• silicate minerals containing little magnesium and iron
• “Continental” crust
• LIGHT (Any pink = felsic!)
• Lower density
• form at lower temperatures, closer to surface
• stable at earth’s surface

Question 22

What are the properties of Mafic Minerals

Answer 22

• silicate minerals containing magnesium and iron
• “Oceanic” crust
• DARK
• Higher density
• form at higher temperatures, low in the earth

Question 23

What are the properties of igneous rocks

Answer 23

Composition/Color

Texture/Crystal Size

Question 24

Name the types of crystal sizes

Answer 24

Intrusive

• Coarse grained
• slow cooling magma
• larger crystals

Extrusive

• fine grained
• fast cooling lava
• small crystals

Question 25

Name the properties of Basalt

Answer 25

Composition (color):Mafic | Texture (crystal size): Fine

Question 26

Name the properties of Gabbro

Answer 26

Composition (color): Mafic | Texture (crystal size): Coarse

Question 27

Name the properties of Granite

Answer 27

Composition (color):Felsic | Texture (crystal size): Coarse

Question 28

Name the properties of Rhyolite

Answer 28

Composition (color):Felsic | Texture (crystal size): Fine

Question 29

Name the properties of Andestite

Answer 29

Composition (color):Intermediate | Texture (crystal size): Fine

Question 30

Name the properties of Pumice

Answer 30

Composition (color):Felsic | Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

Question 31

Name the properties of Scoria

Answer 31

Composition (color):Mafic | Texture (crystal size): Vesicular

Question 32

How are Oceanic and Continental crust different in terms of felsic and mafic rocks?

Answer 32

``` Oceanic crust - Mafic rocks like basalt - Thin layer more dense Continental crust - Felsic rocks like granite - Thick layer less dense ```

Question 33

Describe Partial Melting

Answer 33

- Felsic components of the parent rock tend to go into the liquid state first during partial melting - Partial melting results in magmas that are more felsic in composition than the parent rock - as more of the rock melts during partial melting, the magma becomes more mafic than the original melt that formed

Question 34

What are ores

Answer 34

Deposit from which minerals can be extracted profitably

Question 35

What is grade (in terms of ore)

Answer 35

the amount of valuable mineral in each ton of ore, expressed as troy ounces per ton or grams per tonne for precious metals and as a percentage for other metals.

Question 36

What type of magma is the most likely product of partially melting an intermediate rock?

Answer 36

Felsic Magma