Test 2 Flashcards
What is not one of the ways neural communication differs from hormonal communication?
The need of receptors for the communication to work
Which of the following hormones is lipid soluble?
Steroid hormone
Which hormone affects the way DNA is transcribed thus exerting its effect through modifying proteins?
Steroid hormone
An autocrine response is one in which the negative feedback is provided by?
Second messengers in the blood
Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally__________.
More widespread in the body
Which of the following observations provides evidence for the effect of steroids on gene transcription?
Body builders that take testosterone have increased growth of muscle cells.
After a meal, glucose from the food enters the bloodstream causing insulin to be released from the ___________?
Pancreas
_____________ hormones are released from the hypothalamus to control the pituitary glands release of _________ hormones.
Releasing, Tropic
A hormone normally only found in males is ___________.
none of the above
The ability of allopreganolone to modulate the activity of GABA receptors is an example of ______________.
Nongenomic steroid action
Which hormone is responsible for contractions during childbirth?
Oxytocin
Vasopressin is released by the ___________.
Posterior pituitary
Melatonin is released almost exclusively ____________.
at night
This hormone stimulates the sperm production.
Follicle stimulating hormone
The structure located between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is ___________.
Median eminence
As a result of his e experiments with roosters, Berthold concluded that _____________
The testes release a chemical in the blood
The stress hormone cortisol originates where?
Adrenal cortex
A goiter forms due to a __________ deficiency.
Iodine
Which of the following is a possible effect of taking supplemental testosterone?
Aggressive or manic behavior
Which of the following technique could be used to determine whether the receptors of a particular hormone are located in a specific type of cell?
Both A and C
An essential feature of tropic hormones is that they ___________
Affect the secretion of other endocrine glands
Which of the following is secreted mosty during sleep?
growth hormone
Which of the following skin receptors are especially sensitive to stretching the skin?
Ruffinis Endings
What has been used to explain how the brain differentiates information from different receptors/sensors?
Labeled lines
___________ is where the frequency of firing of a single cell provides information about strength of a stimulus.
coding
The relay station that most senses pass through __________
thalamus
This structure/ area receives touch sensory information from both sides of the body
Secondary somatosensory cortex
This fast adapting touch sensor is important for detecting vibrations _____________
Pacing corpuscles
Cortical neurons that respond to information in more than one sensory modality are known as________
Polymodal cells
What percent of the general population has some form of synesthesia?
1-4 %
This receptor that detects painful heat also responds to the chemical capsaicin in spicy foods, which is why one may sweat while eating a spicy dish.
TRPV1
The receptive fiends of _________ are large and have vague borders.
Free nerve endings
Each sensory receptor organ is affected by particular environmental events for which an organ is particularly adapted. These events are called?
Adequate stimuli
Which layer of skin contains a rich wen of nerve fibers in a network of connective tissue and blood vessels?
Dermis
Fast adapting tactile receptors that mediate most of our ability to perceive from are called
Meissners corpuscles
__________ is a skin innervated by a single nerve
Dermatome
The progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as_________
Adaptation
The mechanical responses of the outer hair cells appear to act as a cochlear__________
Amplifier
Which is not considered one of the basic taste?
Bland
Loudness is determined by the ___________ of the sound waves.
Amplitude
The three small ossicle bones amplify sound vibrations on to the __________
Oval window
Which of the following are utilized to detect sound?
inner hair cells
Which of the following is a theory of pitch discrimination?
Both 1 and 3
This type of deafness occurs when the outer or middle ear prevents the sound vibrations from reading the cochlea?
Conduction deafness
Outputs from the olfactory bulb make synaptic connections to all of the following except?
Hypothalamus
Which theory argues that the frequency of auditory stimuli is directly encoded by the firing patterns of each individual neuron
Volley theory
The swaying of stereocillica in response to sound waves results in an influx of _________ at the base of the hair cell.
Ca2+
The _____________ is/are usually the initial site of noise induced deafness.
Hair cells
The tiny bones of the middle ear are collectively known as the
Ossicles
___________ Protects against intense sounds
Stapedius
__________ theory offers the best current understanding of the mechanism of pitch perception.
A and B
The auditory stimulus is transducer into electrical signals by the ________
Hair cells
Which is most accurate about visual information crossing from one side of the brain to the other?
1/2 information crosses the optic chiasm
The color of light you see is due to that lights__________.
wavelength
The very first part of the eye light passes through is the _______
cornea
Where does transduction occur for visual information?
Retina
___________ has a blind spot in their visual field.
True
Cones utilize the photopigment _________ where as rods use __________.
Retinal and Opsin Rhodosin
The __________ muscles are used to change the shape of the lens.
Ciliary
Which is not a way the eye handles different light intensity?
Inhibiting on center bipolar cells
When there is no visual stimulation, rods and cones ________
fire at full blast
Unlike most cells, this cell is excited when it receives less glutamate.
On center bi polar cell
This area is perhaps best known for being very important in the processing of color visual information.
V4
This visual area is specialized for motion perception
V5
The process by which the shape of the lens is altered in order to project a sharp image onto the retina is called?
Accommodation
In terrestrial mammals, the ___________ is primarily responsible for refraction of light.
Lens
The cells who’s axons make up the optic nerve are the _________ cells.
Ganglion
The motor nucleus that controls the muscles of the eye is the ________
Oculomotor nucleus
Duchennes muscular dystrophy is a type of inherited muscle disorder that involves__________?
A single gene located on the X chromosome
The most basic unit of movement is ________?
reflex
A rapid movement that is completed regardless of the feedback received is a __________
Ballistic movement
What neurotransmitter is especially important for motoneurons _________
Acetylcholine
Golgi tendon organs reprot muscle __________
Contraction
Which of the following is a property of fast muscle fibers?
Rapid fatigue
This brain region is thought to not only be important for observational learning due to mirror neurons but also empathy.
Premotor cortex
The primary motor cortex is highly correlated with ________ and the secondary motor cortex is highly correlated with ________.
Basal ganglia, Cerebellum
This disease is caused by a lack of dystrophin
Muscular dystrophy
Which of the following is not a symptom of parkinson’s disease?
Sudden flinging of arms
Huntingtons disease is transmitted by ___________
A single dominant gene
The SMA is important for encoding the __________ of movement
Sequences
Fetal cell transplants have bee investigated as a treatment for parkinson’s disease, but some patients exhibit __________
Severe involuntary movements
Myasthenia graves is thought to be caused by
Antibodies that attack acetylcholine receptors
Patients with alcoholism often have damage to the _________ which results in ataxic gait.
Cerebellum
