test 1 Flashcards
____________ Spans several scientific disciplines
Biological Psychology
the study of the nervous system
Neuroscience
What are the 5 major perspectives used to study the biology of behavior
- Describing behavior
- Studying evolution of behavior
- Observing the development of behavior over the lifespan
- Studying biological mechanisms of behavior
- Studying applications of biological psychology, as in behavioral dysfunction
alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered.
Somatic Intervention
intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered.
Behavioral Intervention
measure how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure
Correlation
Describes the ability of the brain to be changed by environment and by experience.
Neuroplasticity
What can social interactions result in?
brain changes.
What does psychological expectation affect?
the magnitude of a response
How many people suffer from neurological or psychiatric disorders?
1 in 5 people
Biological psychology can help understand?
brain disorders and devise treatments.
who conducted early dissections tracing the nervous system.
Herophilus
who reported behavioral changes in brain-injured gladiators.
galen
who pioneered anatomical drawings, including the use of cross-sections.
Leonardo da vince
Who explained animal behavior in terms of a machine
- Proposed the concept of spinal reflexes and their neural pathways
- Proposed the pineal gland as the junction between mind and body
Decartes
assigned separate functions to cortical areas
Phrenology
what is the most important part of the nervous system.
neurons
what provide support for the neurons.
glial cells
The brain is composed of independent cells
- Information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses
Neuron Doctrine
what produce energy
mitochondrion
what contains genetic instructions.
cell nucleus
what translate genetic instructions into proteins
ribosomes
How many zones does a neuron have?
4
what receives information from other cells through dendrites
input zone
cell body (or soma) region where inputs are combined and transformed.
integration zone
___________ is when a single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse.
conduction zone
___________ is when axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells.
output zone
what has one axon, many dendrites - most common type.
multipolar neurons
what has one axon, one dendrite.
bipolar neuron
what has a a single extension branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone
monopolar neuron
what has more complex inputs and outputs, cover greater distances and convey information more rapidly
large neurons
what stimulate muscles or glands.
moto neurons
what responds to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch.
sensory neuron
what receive input from and send input to other neurons
inter neurons
star-shaped cells with many processes that receive neuronal input and monitor activity.
astrocytes
what are small cells that remove debris from injured cells
microglial cells
the process in which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction
myelination
gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed.
Nodes of Ranvier
a demyelinating disease
Multiple Sclerosis
what are glial cells that form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord.
Oligodendrocytes
what provides myelin to cells outside the brain and the spinal cord
schwann cells
How do glial cells respond to injury?
by edema or swelling
Have many components do synapsis have?
3
what is on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
presynaptic membrane
what is on the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
postsynaptic membrane
a gap that separates the membranes
synaptic cleft
what are small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter, a specialized chemical substance.
synaptic vesicles
What is released in result of electrical activity in the axon?
neurotransmitters
what are specialized proteins that react to a neurotransmitter.
Receptors in the postsynaptic membrane
what are studded on the dendrites and increase surface area.
dendrites
a cone-shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon
axon hillock
a branch of an axon that also ends in terminal and innervates other cells.
Axon Collateral
the movement of materials within an axon.
Axon Transport
what features of the nervous system visible to the naked eye.
Gross Neuroanatomy
what is part of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column
peripheral nervous system
what consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
The ____________ consist of nerves or bundles of axons.
peripheral nervous system
What nerves are connected to the brain?
cranial nerves
what is also called somatic nerves, connected to the spinal cord
spinal nerves
primarily controls glands and internal organs
autonomic nervous system
Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens are what kind of nerves
optic
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
what carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord
Dorsal root
what carries carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles.
Ventral root
What are the 3 major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, and Enteric Nervous System
What nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord?
central
How many hemispheres is the brain dominated by?
2
What is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres.
cerebral cortex
