test 1 Flashcards
____________ Spans several scientific disciplines
Biological Psychology
the study of the nervous system
Neuroscience
What are the 5 major perspectives used to study the biology of behavior
- Describing behavior
- Studying evolution of behavior
- Observing the development of behavior over the lifespan
- Studying biological mechanisms of behavior
- Studying applications of biological psychology, as in behavioral dysfunction
alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered.
Somatic Intervention
intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered.
Behavioral Intervention
measure how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure
Correlation
Describes the ability of the brain to be changed by environment and by experience.
Neuroplasticity
What can social interactions result in?
brain changes.
What does psychological expectation affect?
the magnitude of a response
How many people suffer from neurological or psychiatric disorders?
1 in 5 people
Biological psychology can help understand?
brain disorders and devise treatments.
who conducted early dissections tracing the nervous system.
Herophilus
who reported behavioral changes in brain-injured gladiators.
galen
who pioneered anatomical drawings, including the use of cross-sections.
Leonardo da vince
Who explained animal behavior in terms of a machine
- Proposed the concept of spinal reflexes and their neural pathways
- Proposed the pineal gland as the junction between mind and body
Decartes
assigned separate functions to cortical areas
Phrenology
what is the most important part of the nervous system.
neurons
what provide support for the neurons.
glial cells
The brain is composed of independent cells
- Information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses
Neuron Doctrine
what produce energy
mitochondrion
what contains genetic instructions.
cell nucleus
what translate genetic instructions into proteins
ribosomes
How many zones does a neuron have?
4
what receives information from other cells through dendrites
input zone
cell body (or soma) region where inputs are combined and transformed.
integration zone
___________ is when a single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse.
conduction zone
___________ is when axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells.
output zone
what has one axon, many dendrites - most common type.
multipolar neurons
what has one axon, one dendrite.
bipolar neuron
what has a a single extension branches in two directions, forming a receptive pole and an output zone
monopolar neuron
what has more complex inputs and outputs, cover greater distances and convey information more rapidly
large neurons
what stimulate muscles or glands.
moto neurons
what responds to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch.
sensory neuron
what receive input from and send input to other neurons
inter neurons
star-shaped cells with many processes that receive neuronal input and monitor activity.
astrocytes
what are small cells that remove debris from injured cells
microglial cells
the process in which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction
myelination
gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed.
Nodes of Ranvier
a demyelinating disease
Multiple Sclerosis
what are glial cells that form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord.
Oligodendrocytes
what provides myelin to cells outside the brain and the spinal cord
schwann cells
How do glial cells respond to injury?
by edema or swelling
Have many components do synapsis have?
3
what is on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
presynaptic membrane
what is on the dendrite or cell body of the postsynaptic neuron
postsynaptic membrane
a gap that separates the membranes
synaptic cleft
what are small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter, a specialized chemical substance.
synaptic vesicles
What is released in result of electrical activity in the axon?
neurotransmitters
what are specialized proteins that react to a neurotransmitter.
Receptors in the postsynaptic membrane
what are studded on the dendrites and increase surface area.
dendrites
a cone-shaped area of the cell body that gives rise to the axon
axon hillock
a branch of an axon that also ends in terminal and innervates other cells.
Axon Collateral
the movement of materials within an axon.
Axon Transport
what features of the nervous system visible to the naked eye.
Gross Neuroanatomy
what is part of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column
peripheral nervous system
what consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
The ____________ consist of nerves or bundles of axons.
peripheral nervous system
What nerves are connected to the brain?
cranial nerves
what is also called somatic nerves, connected to the spinal cord
spinal nerves
primarily controls glands and internal organs
autonomic nervous system
Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens are what kind of nerves
optic
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
what carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord
Dorsal root
what carries carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles.
Ventral root
What are the 3 major divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, and Enteric Nervous System
What nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord?
central
How many hemispheres is the brain dominated by?
2
What is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres.
cerebral cortex
a ridged or raised portion of the convoluted brain surface.
gyrus
what is a furrow of the convoluted brain surface
sulcus
Where is the frontal lobe?
anterior region
Where is the parietal lobe?
between the frontal and occipital lobes
Where is the temporal lobe?
lateral region, auditory processing
Where is the occipital lobe?
posterior region, visual processing
what consists mostly of axons with white myelin sheaths
white matter
what consists more cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin
grey matter
what bisects the brain into right and left halves
sagital plane
what divides the brain into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions
Coronal Plane
what divides the brain into an upper and lower part
horizontal plane
_________ means same side
Ipsilateral
_________ means opposite side
Contralateral
__________ means head end
Anterior (rostral)
__________ means tail end
Posterior (caudal)
__________ means near the center
proximal
__________ means toward the periphery
distal
__________ means towards the back
dorsal
___________ means towards the belly, or front
ventral
__________ is important for motorcontrol
Basal ganglia
___________ includes structures important for learning and memory.
The limbic system
_________ is the emotional regulation and perception of odor
amygdala
What is responsible for learning?
Hippocampus Fornix
What is responsible for attention?
Cingulate gyrus
What is responsible for sense of smell?
olfactory bulb
a cluster of nuclei that relay sensory information
- found in the diencephalon
thalamus
contains nuclei with many functions - also controls the pituitary
- found in the diencephalon
hypothalamus
Process visual information
superior colliculi
Process auditory information
inferior colliculi
Substantia Nigra is part of the __________
basal ganglia
attached to the cerebellum and contains motor and sensory nuclei and gives rise to cranial nerves
pons
contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord.
medulla
Which site shows a loss of dopaminergic neurons in parkinson’s disease.
Substantia nigra
As a consequence of repeated drug use, larger and larger dose of the drug are required to get the same effect. Thiis is a consequence of the development of ___________.
Tolerance
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the _________.
Raphe nucleus
Drug classified as atypical neuroleptics block __________
Serotonin receptors
Which of the following is a pure compound derived from poppies?
Morphine
Benzodiazepines such as xanax appear to modulate the activity of receptors for what neurotransmitters?
GABA
This medication side effect is called “ wine and cheese” effect because it makes eating these foods dangerous
MAOI
This model of substance use postulates that the abuser lacks self control and moral character
Moral model
In the mammalian brain the major inhibitory neurotransmitters is
GABA
Many addictive drugs as well as addictive behaviors cause a release of dopamine in the _______
Nucleus assumbens
What is an example of a romantic intervention?
Putting men and women together to examine hormone levels
It is found that higher body temperature are associated with increased aggression in many species. This is an example of a __________
Behavioral intervention
At this time the proportion of the total US population suffering from a psychiatric disorder is about
19%
Aristotle thought the brains major function was to
cool blood
Which of the following statements about the use of multiple levels of analysis in research is false.
A single nerve cell is the most basic unit of analysis in biological psychology
The vast majority of neurons are ______________
interneurons
Which nervous system is responsible for “ rest and digest”
Parasympathetic
Which nervous system is responsible for is controlled by two others on the list?
Enteric
In which part of the neuron are the synaptic vesicles found?
synaptic boutons
Which of the following is not developed from the telencephalon?
Thalamus
The most common type of neuron in vertebrates is the _________
Multipolar neuron
Which of the following is not glial cell?
stellate cell
The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the ___________ fissure.
Sylvian
The basal ganglia is particularly implicated in__________
movement
Which of the following is not part of the limbic system?
striatum
The superior colliculus is a structure within the___________
midbrain
The brain and spinal cord are wrapped in a protective layer collectively known as the _________
meninges
Functionally cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
Motor and sensory
A group of axons traveling together within the brain are called__________.
tract
The ventricular system contains
The circle of Willis
The brainstem contains which of the following structures
Medulla
Which of the following is not part of the limbic system?
caudate nucleus
Purkinje cells are located in the ____________
cerebellum
Which of the following is an anion?
Chloride
The cell membrane is primarily made of _____________
A lipid bilayer
Which is not related to the neuron maintaining a resting negative charge
Chlorides ability to pass through the cell membrane
Hyperpolarization refers to
Movement away from 0mV
At the peak of the action potential, which element reaches equilibrium?
Na+
Which of the following causes an absolute refractory period?
Sodium channels being open
Which of the following best describes and action potential?
All or none
The substance tetrodotoxin, found in the ovaries of the pufferfish, is useful for studying the ionic mechanisms of neurons because it
Selectively blocks sodium channels
The speed of unmyelinated conduction is _________ where as the speed of saltatory conduction is ____________.
20m/s 20m/s
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their
Direction of membrane polarization
Most IPSP’s are attributable to the
Opening of sodium channels
Spatial summation is
The process by which neurotransmitters create a post synaptic potential
An after potential is
A brief depolarization that follows an action potential
Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites lack__________
Myelin
In general the action potential is first initiated at the __________
Node of Ranvier
The sodium potassium pump is responsible for__________
Initiating the action potential
Which neurotransmitter can be either excitatory or inhibitory?
Acetylcholine
The process of repackaging neurotransmitters into vesicles
Reuptake
What occurs during a seizure?
The hemispheres get desynchronized from each other
The initial portion of a grand mal seizure where the body becomes ridged is known as
tonic
Which molecule is at equilibrium +40mV.
Potassium
Postsynaptic potentials are a type of
action potential
The greater the influx of calcium into the presynaptic axon terminal, the greater the
Amplitude of action potential
The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called
Ligand gated channels
Spontaneous electrical rhythms that can be recorded from the surface of the scalp are
Related to alzheimers disease
Which of the following is not a monamine neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
The type of neurotransmitter that consist of short chains of amino acids.
peptides
Overall a partial agonist that competitively binds on receptors serves as a
Antagonist
Overall a partial agonist that competivlely binds on receptors serves as a
Antagonist
Which neurotransmitter is important for movement and memory
acetylcholine
What brain area is especially rich in cholingeric cells
basal forebrain
Which of the following is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter?
serotonin
Serotonin cell bodies are primarily found in the
Raphe nuclei
Which of the following are amino acid neurotransmitters
Glutamate Gaba
Based offf the video lecture a major difference between metabolic tolerance and function tolerance is metabolic tolerance relies upon ________ where as functional tolerance relies upon__________.
Learning and cues down regulation
Death of cells that create this neurotransmitter in the substantia migra is believed to play a key role in Parkinsons disease
Dopamine
Musccarinic receptors
may be excitatory or inhibitory
