Test 2 Flashcards
Giovanni Gabrieli (1553-1612)
-Worked at St. Mark’s basilica in Venice
Cori Spezzati
- developed by Giovanni Gabrielli
- “spaced out choirs”
- polychoral technique that used small groups antiphonally to create a stereo effect
Baroque Period dates
1600-1750
Affections (definition)
- Emotional state of mind
- Goal in VOCAL music: express basic affections off text (not personal feeling of text)
- Goal in INSTRUMENTAL music: portray generic mood
- One affection per movement or work
List the affections:
Joy Sadness Anger Fear Love Excitement Wonder
Prima Prattica
- Vocal polyphony written according to the 16th century rules
- Music dominates text
- Dissonance limited (unaccented passing tones and suspensions)
- Composers: Palestrina, di Lassus, Josquin
Seconda Prattica
- Text dominates music
- Expirations of text justifies breaking rules
- More dissonance allowed
- Composers: Monteverdi, Caccini
Basso Continuo
- continuous bass/thoroughbass
- melody and bass line; performer improvised/filled in chords and inner parts [definition 1]
- a shorthand accompaniment [definition 2]
- Figures bass (sometimes provided)
More interest in _____ and _____ relationship in the baroque period.
Melody and bass
2 types of Basso Continuo
- played by a single instrument that could perform chords (harpsichord, organ, lute)
- Doubled bass line on a linear bass instrument (viola da gamba, bassoon, cello)
Monody
- Accompanied by lute or keyboard
- High voice + figured bass
- forerunner of modern aria
Opera
- dramatic work with continuous or nearly continuous music that is staged with scenery
- Union off poetry, drama, and music
- leading genera of 17th and 18th centuries
Libretto
Text of an opera
1st Opera
- “Dafne”
- Jacopo Peri (1561-1633)
- Libretto: Ottavio Rinuccini
- Performed in 1598
- Staged drama, sung throughout
- only fragments of music remain: never printed
1st Surviving Opera
- “L’Euridice”
- Peri/Rinuccini
- Wedding gift for Maria de Medici and Henri IV, King of France
- Wrote in a more speech-like style: recitative
Recitative
- speech-like defamatory style of writing (Singing) used by Peri/Rinuccini
- voices move freely through consonances and dissonance over basso continuo
- stressed syllables “line up” in consonance with bass
1st Opera masterpiece
- “L’Orfeo (1607)”
- Claudio Monteverdi
- Same Greek story as Peru’s L’Euridice
- Each of 5 acts begins with solo by Orfeo and ends with chorus number
- Specific instrumentation: recorder’s, cornets, trumpets, trombones, sting’s, double harp, continuo, regal organ
- Much variety: duets, dances, ensemble
The Coronation of Poppea
- Claudio Monteverdi
- Used arisso style to depict love
Teatro San Cassiano
- First public opera house in Venice
- 1637
By 1678, there were _____ public opera houses in Venice.
9
The first opened about 40 years earlier
Oratorio: a larger-scale musical composition that resembles an opera but has…
- subject that is always religious
- little to no staging
- a narrator
- chorus that takes on various roles
- more vocal variety (Recit., aria, duet, chorus, instrumental interlude)
Giacometti Carissimi
- one of the 1st oratorio composers
- Jepthe: his best-known oratorio (based on Judges 11:29-40)
Heinrich Schütz
- over 500 surviving sacred works
- student of Gabrieli+Monteverdi
- “symphoniae sacrae”
- 3 sets of sacred works accompanied by standard trio sonata ensemble (2 violins and basso continuo #2)
What is standard trio sonata?
2 violins and basso continuo #2
Toccata
- Improvisatory piece for harpsichord or organ
- brief sections (focused on a particular figure) that are varied
- Girolamo Frescobaldi: most important composer of toccata
Fantasia
working out of one pint of imitation through the entire work
Sonata
- One or more melodic parts accompanied by basso continuo
- trio sonata: 2 solo instruments w/continuo #2
Jean-Baptiste Lully
- Instrumental composer to Louis XIV
- Comedies-ballet: combination of Italian opera and French ballet (text partly sung, partly spoken; important step toward French opera)
Tragedies lyriques
(French)
- tragedy in music
- combination of drama, music, and ballet
- Libretto: Jean-Philippe Quinault
- 5 act opera: mixture of serious plots and diversions (serious=mythology or chivalrous take; diversion=dancing and coral singing
- Laudatory references to the nation of France and its king
Three styles of opera style
Simple recitative
Measured recitative
Airs
(French overture opened the Opera)
Simple recitative
Written to allow natural flow of (French) words
Measured recitative
More songlike with more motion in accompaniment
Airs
More metrically stable, simple and syllabic-not virtuosic
French overture
Instrumental opening to opera
- 1st section=homophonic, majestic, dotted rhythms
- 2nd section=father, lighter, fugal imitation
