Test 2

Question 1

Giovanni Gabrieli (1553-1612)

Answer 1

-Worked at St. Mark’s basilica in Venice

Question 2

Cori Spezzati

Answer 2

• developed by Giovanni Gabrielli
• “spaced out choirs”
• polychoral technique that used small groups antiphonally to create a stereo effect

Question 3

Baroque Period dates

Answer 3

1600-1750

Question 4

Affections (definition)

Answer 4

• Emotional state of mind
• Goal in VOCAL music: express basic affections off text (not personal feeling of text)
• Goal in INSTRUMENTAL music: portray generic mood
• One affection per movement or work

Question 5

List the affections:

Answer 5

Joy
Sadness
Anger
Fear
Love
Excitement
Wonder

Question 6

Prima Prattica

Answer 6

• Vocal polyphony written according to the 16th century rules
• Music dominates text
• Dissonance limited (unaccented passing tones and suspensions)
• Composers: Palestrina, di Lassus, Josquin

Question 7

Seconda Prattica

Answer 7

• Text dominates music
• Expirations of text justifies breaking rules
• More dissonance allowed
• Composers: Monteverdi, Caccini

Question 8

Basso Continuo

Answer 8

• continuous bass/thoroughbass
• melody and bass line; performer improvised/filled in chords and inner parts [definition 1]
• a shorthand accompaniment [definition 2]
• Figures bass (sometimes provided)

Question 9

More interest in _____ and _____ relationship in the baroque period.

Answer 9

Melody and bass

Question 10

2 types of Basso Continuo

Answer 10

• played by a single instrument that could perform chords (harpsichord, organ, lute)
• Doubled bass line on a linear bass instrument (viola da gamba, bassoon, cello)

Question 11

Monody

Answer 11

• Accompanied by lute or keyboard
• High voice + figured bass
• forerunner of modern aria

Question 12

Opera

Answer 12

• dramatic work with continuous or nearly continuous music that is staged with scenery
• Union off poetry, drama, and music
• leading genera of 17th and 18th centuries

Question 13

Libretto

Answer 13

Text of an opera

Question 14

1st Opera

Answer 14

• “Dafne”
• Jacopo Peri (1561-1633)
• Libretto: Ottavio Rinuccini
• Performed in 1598
• Staged drama, sung throughout
• only fragments of music remain: never printed

Question 15

1st Surviving Opera

Answer 15

• “L’Euridice”
• Peri/Rinuccini
• Wedding gift for Maria de Medici and Henri IV, King of France
• Wrote in a more speech-like style: recitative

Question 16

Recitative

Answer 16

• speech-like defamatory style of writing (Singing) used by Peri/Rinuccini
• voices move freely through consonances and dissonance over basso continuo
• stressed syllables “line up” in consonance with bass

Question 17

1st Opera masterpiece

Answer 17

• “L’Orfeo (1607)”
• Claudio Monteverdi
• Same Greek story as Peru’s L’Euridice
• Each of 5 acts begins with solo by Orfeo and ends with chorus number
• Specific instrumentation: recorder’s, cornets, trumpets, trombones, sting’s, double harp, continuo, regal organ
• Much variety: duets, dances, ensemble

Question 18

The Coronation of Poppea

Answer 18

• Claudio Monteverdi

- Used arisso style to depict love

Question 19

Teatro San Cassiano

Answer 19

• First public opera house in Venice

- 1637

Question 20

By 1678, there were _____ public opera houses in Venice.

Answer 20

9

The first opened about 40 years earlier

Question 21

Oratorio: a larger-scale musical composition that resembles an opera but has…

Answer 21

• subject that is always religious
• little to no staging
• a narrator
• chorus that takes on various roles
• more vocal variety (Recit., aria, duet, chorus, instrumental interlude)

Question 22

Giacometti Carissimi

Answer 22

• one of the 1st oratorio composers

- Jepthe: his best-known oratorio (based on Judges 11:29-40)

Question 23

Heinrich Schütz

Answer 23

• over 500 surviving sacred works
• student of Gabrieli+Monteverdi
• “symphoniae sacrae”
• 3 sets of sacred works accompanied by standard trio sonata ensemble (2 violins and basso continuo #2)

Question 24

What is standard trio sonata?

Answer 24

2 violins and basso continuo #2

Question 25

Toccata

Answer 25

• Improvisatory piece for harpsichord or organ
• brief sections (focused on a particular figure) that are varied
• Girolamo Frescobaldi: most important composer of toccata

Question 26

Fantasia

Answer 26

working out of one pint of imitation through the entire work

Question 27

Sonata

Answer 27

• One or more melodic parts accompanied by basso continuo

- trio sonata: 2 solo instruments w/continuo #2

Question 28

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Answer 28

• Instrumental composer to Louis XIV
• Comedies-ballet: combination of Italian opera and French ballet (text partly sung, partly spoken; important step toward French opera)

Question 29

Tragedies lyriques

Answer 29

(French)

• tragedy in music
• combination of drama, music, and ballet
• Libretto: Jean-Philippe Quinault
• 5 act opera: mixture of serious plots and diversions (serious=mythology or chivalrous take; diversion=dancing and coral singing
• Laudatory references to the nation of France and its king

Question 30

Three styles of opera style

Answer 30

Simple recitative
Measured recitative
Airs
(French overture opened the Opera)

Question 31

Simple recitative

Answer 31

Written to allow natural flow of (French) words

Question 32

Measured recitative

Answer 32

More songlike with more motion in accompaniment

Question 33

Airs

Answer 33

More metrically stable, simple and syllabic-not virtuosic

Question 34

French overture

Answer 34

Instrumental opening to opera

• 1st section=homophonic, majestic, dotted rhythms
• 2nd section=father, lighter, fugal imitation