Test 2 Flashcards
What is the dominion and mandate for Ariki
iwi/waka
Whakapapa - skills expertise & preowess
Dominion & mandate for rangatira
Iwi/hapu
Whakapapa
Dominion & mandate for kaumatua
whanau
whakapapa
Dominion & mandate for tohunga
iwi/hapu/whanau
whakapapa - skills & expertise
Mana Motuhake
Separate independent authority and autonomy
Kotahitanga
Unity and oneness
What is the Kingitanga and why was it established?
Translates to kingship and refers to the King of Aotearoa or ‘Maori King’. Was formed to unite the Maori under a single rules and stop inter tribal rivalries. This was established at the request of Queen Victoria who questioned who the most powerful rangatira was, with the intention to unit the Maori King and Queen Victoria under God and achieve equal leaders. It is a social organisation.
Te Atairangikaahu
The first maori queen
Te Kotahitanga
Maori parliament, agenda was to investigate the treaty, section 71 of constitution and strategies to encourage unity
Meri Mangakahia
Advocated for right of women to vote, elect members and to sit as members in the parliament.
Traditional maori social organisation
Iwi - a tribe, led by Ariki (leader)
Hapu - led by rangatira and made up of a group of families
Whanau - families (close and extended), connected through whakapapa
Papahurihia
- first maori prophet who drew on both maori christian knowledge systems
- claimed to have power to converse with the dead and created a whistling sound as spirits spoke
- was invisible
- deny christianity
Pai Marire
- Te Ua was captured as a slave as a child and learnt -scriptures
- Angels appeared to him and received messages from God
- Was feared by missionaries
- Communicated with God on the breath of the wind
- Became a religion constructed for both peace and war
- Faith of the kingitanga
Ringatu / Te Kooti
- Reading scriptures and charged with spying
- divine intervention during isolation
founded ringatu movement based on old testament teachings - ringatu faith challenged pai marire
- sent to exile on chatham islands and got tubercular fever
- a lighted flame on hand that did not burn him
- escaped prison with 300 others
- instructed by god to teach his people
Parihaka
- preached peace, passive resistance and separation of the races
- Activist tactics that led to civil disobedience; e.g. survey pegs removed, ploughed up land settled by pakeha farmers, built fences over roads, dismantled fences built by the government, and preached idea of maori to live side by side
- pacifism
Rua Kenana
- proclaimed as messiah
- arrested and imprisoned for 2 years charged with sedition
- vision was: salvation for his people, recovery of confiscated lands, divine intervention and fulfilment of covenant conditional on people’s faith
- independence
One of the greatest misconceptions is…
the treaty and te tiriti bear a relationship to each other… the two documents have nothing in common with each other
R v Symonds 1847
- Questioned competence of settlers to buy land directly from maori,
- judge recognised the treaty as a constitutional document that had been confirmed by the colony
- relevant in regulating relationships between Crown, Maori and settlers
Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington 1877 (pendergast)
- Land gifted to crown for educational purposes and church did not use land for this reason, so parata wanted it returned
- judge said maori customs were primitive and not able to be recognised in law
- said the whole treaty was worthless - a simple nullity
- pretended to be an agreement between two nations but was actually between a civilised nation and a group of savages
- resulted in years of discriminated
Te Weehi v Regional Fisheries Officer
- All future legislation should recognise the principles of the treaty of waitangi
- government department should consult maori
Huakina Development Trustt v Waikato Valley Authority 1987
- Brought case to HC against WVA for granting a water right to discharge dairy effluent into the waikato river
- Argued river was a taonga and protected by Article 2 of te tiriti
New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney General 1987
LANDS CASE
- Govt introduced Rogernomics and established state owned enterprises SOEs
- Transformed government departments and agencies into privatised companies e.g. spark
- government lands were to be passed over and privatised, while maori were engaged in process of reclaiming government lands through treaty claims
- maori council requested injunction until claims had been settled
- SOE Bill s9 prevented crown from acting in an inconsistent manner to the treaty
- this prevented transferring land to SOE without protecting maori interest
- HC upheld treaty rights and put nz in post colonial era
functions of Waitangi tribunal
- permanent commission of enquiry
- not a court
- intended to enquire into claims by maori against the crown that have been prejudicially affected by government legislation, policy and inaction/action that is inconsistent with the treaty
- publishes reports and recommendations and findings are not binding
role of waitangi tribunal
define principles of treaty of waitangi
Moko
the art of traditional maori permanent skin adornment (the design of it)
Ta moko
the practice of maori permanent skin adornment (actually doing it)
mau moko
the wearing of maori permanent skin adornment
whakairo
traditional wood carving
kowhaiwhai
a traditional wooden painted panel, typically in black, white and red
mataora & niwareka
- mataoroa struck niwarekam so she fled to underworld
- mataoroa set out to find her and painted face with temporary paint to impress her
- he arrived, exhausted, with messed up paint. he was mocked by her people since their moko was permanent
- mataoroa apologised and wanted to know moko
- her family accepted and showed him the art of tau moko
- they returned and brought knowledge
what does moko reflect
responsibilities people should adhere to in relationships, there is a beauty and significance to them & should be appreciated
origins of maori punishment
- tapu, utu and muru
- mana and tapu principles were both source of order and dispute
punishment within settler state
legislation extended authority of NSW courts to cover offences of british subjects in NZ
signing treaty was seen as giving authority to english law
early maori imprisonment
encouraged assimilation by preparing maori for british citizenship
denied maori the ability to punish according to their own traditions and tikanga
- imprisoning entire whanau was strategy for dealing with maori who resisted or seen as dangerous
puao te ata tu recommendations
- attack all forms of cultural racism in NZ that result in one group being regarded as superior to those of other groups by providing better programs and incorporate values & culture
- attack and eliminate deprivation and alienation by (a) allocating an equitable share of resources and (b) sharing power & authority over resources (c) legislation recognises all cultural groups & (d) developing strategies and initiatives which harness the potential of all its people
children & young persons act recommendation
child remains within hapu, whanau/iwi/hapu are consulted on placement, process must enable skills and experience required for dealing with maori
broken justice system
- high incarceration rates
- long sentences arent reducing crime
- reoffending rates are too high
- maori overrepresented
crime in NZ
29% of new zealanders were victims of crime
maori more likely to be victims
87% had substance abuse
maori crime in NZ
51% of prison population
16% of general population
incarceration rate
219 per 100,000
maori reoffending rate
within 5 years, 81% reoffend
costs
prisoner is $302 per day
te whare tapa wha
- taha wairua: spiritual health
- taha hinengaro: mental health
- taha tinana: physical health
- taha whanau: family health
health is a state of compelte physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease
overview of maori health
disparities in health outcomes, determinants of health, health system responsiveness and health workforce,
maori have lower life expectancy than pakeha
levels of racism
personally mediated racism - prejudice assumptions & discrimination actions
internalised racism
institutionalised racism - differential access to the goods, services and opportunities of society by race/ethnicity, inaction in the face of need.
who is the gardener?
government, power to decide, act and control resources. dangerous when allied with one group and not concerned with equity
how can we change these health outcomes?
- reversing unequal distribution of social determinants of health
- ensuring equitable access to health services
- ensuring equitable quality of care received
mainstream media
history of excluding, marginalising and stereotyping maori, maori issues and te ao maori, as well as not reporting treaty issues properly. this is slowly improving
why does mainstream media actions matter?
govt needs backing of pakeha pop to address colonisation and treaty issues. non maori have little of no personal experience with maori culture and lack knowledge of colonial history
tuhoe & te urewera example
- tuhoe settling claims and te urewera to be returned to tuhoe
- national ran focus groups and found people were concerned about everything being returned to maori
- decided tuhoe would not get te urewera to ensure they would get pakeha votes in the elections
relative absences of maori voices (5)
- Te Ao Maori as part of NZ: assumption that pakeha audience will not be interested, some feel threatened e.g. ratana anniversary focussed on politicians arriving rather than event significance
- maori as sources (experts, witnesses, bystanders): experts arent usually maori reporters
- maori as ordinary citizens: article 3 gives all the same rights, maori often erased as citizens and contributes to maori not being important to society. e.g. woman lying under a tree and reading book, but would be lazy if she were maori, boy worried when watching tv as maori depicted as bad.
- distinctively maori world view: e.g. mangamuka bridge - no mention of logs in cemetery affecting maori, cemetetry is tapu, missed chance to educate non maori
- a maori voice informed by processes of colonisation and their aftermath: e.g. armed offenders in ruatoki, pakeha talked about individual people in chaos not iwi and confiscation line. also, treaty settlement coverage focusses on amount of redress given to iwi but what was done is covered at the end of the article
news reference to maori
1.8% made reference to maori and 56% on child abuse
activism as tikanga
emerges in creation stories,
tane was first activist by challenging reality of circumstances by pushing parents apart
maui challenged status quo to benefit humans
gods & demi gods set up precedent for modern activism
1970s activism
- nga tamatoa
- maori language petition - for te reo in preschool & primary, 44000 signatures, introduced 1974
- maori language week/day in 1973/1974
- waitangi dat protests 1971 - propaganda sent overseas
- maori land rights movement: maori land march 1975 from northland to wellington parliament, took petition and memorial of right - resulted in treaty of waitangi act
1980s activism
- mana motuheke party
- protests and arrests at waitangi day
- haka party incident (engineering students with mock haka assault)
- treaty of waitangi amendment act 1984 and allowed tribunal to hear retrospective claims, increasing resources
1990s activism
- rogernomics, dismissal of staff increased unemployment and disparities
- attack pine tree on one tree hill in protest against privatisation policies
- decapitate statue since he was anti maori
- occupation of whanganui gardens
- sit in on TVNZ news
- fiscal envelope hui
2000s activism
- waitangi day proceedings and protest marches
- bar entrance to northland prison
- mud thrown at don brash
- tuhoe protests on ruatoki raids
- john key jostled at marae
- super city protests of no maori seats on council
- ihumatao
what did crown want to achieve by settling historical treaty claims?
winding back maori rights & crown obligations
removal of jurisdiction to inquire into claims, claim by claim basis and then repeal maori rights legislation
why is concept of treaty settlement problematic
in international law, there is no such thing as a treaty settlement, a treaty is something to live by. Canada & alaska settled treaty by making a new treaty.
impact on social gap inequities
- inequality increased
- unemployment gap increased by 36.8%
- income gap unchngedf, maori still making $8400 pa less
- welfare benefits gap increased by 45.3%
- poverty gap increased by 39.7%
- number of maori langauge speakers declined by 3.9% since 2001
