test 2 Flashcards
the desire for freedom personal control and free choice
need for autonomy
The tendency for people who are being shocked to exhibit less stress when they think they are in control of the shock even when they are not.
panic button effect
A statistical procedure that allows researchers to combine the results of several studies in order to test a single research hypothesis.
meta analysis
The assertion that the three core human motives are need for autonomy, need for competence and need for belonging.
self determination theory
Primary motives that guide peoples behavior
core human motives
The extent that a goal fits with the individuals sense of self.
self concordance
Beliefs regarding the cause of behavior or outcome.
attributions
The belief that the cause of a behavior resides within the person
internal attribution
The belief that the cause of a behavior resides within the situation
external attribution
The belief that the cause of a behavior occurs regulary
stable attribution
The belief that outcomes in a person life are caused by their own actions and choices.
internal locus of control
The belief that outcomes in a persons life are caused by factors outside of their control.
External locus control
Performing a behavior because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable
Intrinsic motivation
Performing a behavior to gain some external reason or reward.
extrinsic motivation
The tendency for people to overestimate the amount of autonomy they have in their lives
Illusion of control
Exaggerated self perceptions
positive illusion
The tendency for people who are depressed to lack positive illusions and have more accurate positive illusions and have ore accurate self perceptions
depressive realism
The belief that one has the ability to influence events at a distance despite no known physical explanation
Magical thinking
The belief that engaging in a behavior may result in bad luck or negative outcomes.
tempting fate
The tendency for people who feel their freedom is threatened to reassert their autonomy by doing exactly the opposite of what was requested
psychological reactance
The tendency for people who have experienced a negative situation in which they had no control to generalize this sense of helplessness to new situations.
Learned helplessness
The desire to form and maintain lasting positive interpersonal relationships
need to belong
A neurochemical that plays a role in social affiliation and pari bonding
oxytocin
The personality trait reflected by a desire to make significant accomplishments holding to higher standard overcoming obstacles and mastering challenges.
Achievement motivation
A cognitive representation of a future outcome that an organism is committed to approach or avoid
Goal
The belief that traits and abilities are fixed and do not change dramatically over ones lifetime
entity theorists
The belief that traits and abilities are malleable and change over time
incremental theorist
The subjective state in which people feel completely absorbed and focused on an activity
flow
The idea that goals are distinguished by whether they are performance versus learning goals and approach versus avoidance goals
2x2 goal taxonomy
The extent that a goal is perceived to the integrated into a persons self concept.
Goal fusion
The extent that an event is relevant to ones self esteem
contingencies of self worth
Attempts to judge aspects of ones self concept including ones competencies and abilities.
self evaluation
The idea that we often only know who we are and what we are capable of by comparing ourselves to others
social comparison theory
A task that provides accurate information and reduces uncertainty about ones ability level
diagnostic task
The idea that people often choose clothing or wear symbols that represent who the are to those around them
symbolic self completion theory
Attempts to enhance the positive aspects and decrease the negative aspects of ones self concept
self enhancement
Comparing oneself to those who are better off
upward social comparison
The tendency for people to take credit for their successes but deny blame for their failures.
self serving attribution bias
The tendency for people to create an external obstacle that blocks their own performance so they can blame the poor outcome on this external cause rather than blaming their self.
self handicapping
Attempts to shift attributions for a negative outcome from internal causes to external causes.
excuse making
The extent that offers value interacting with an individual and having a relationship with that individual
relational value
Attempts to put forth a positive and desirable social impression to to others
self presentation
A study design the demonstrates groups are created from the most minimal of connections
minimal group paradigm
The preferential treatment toward in group members and hostile or produced treatment toward out group members
in group favoritism
The idea that we form groups quickly and display in group favoritism because our groups represent a major source of self esteem
social identity theory
The idea that people cope with the fear of their own mortality by promoting and defending the groups and institutions to which they belong
terror management theory
The desire to feel similar to others
assimilation
The desire to feel uniquely special
differentiation
Feelings that occur when people feel they are low in relational value
hurt feelings
Peoples capacity to alter their own responses
self regulation
The ___________ is defined as the tendency for people who are being shocked to exhibit less stress when they think they are in control of the shock, even if they are not.
Panic Button Effect
According to ___________ theory, autonomy is one of the three “core human motives” that drives behavior.
Self-determination
Among students, autonomous motivation has been linked to greater conceptual understanding of the course material, greater persistence in academic and sporting activities, better grades, and more creative performances. These findings illustrate how autonomy
Produces positive outcomes
People high in ___________ feel like the outcomes in their life are caused by their own actions and choices
Internal locus of control
___________ refers to the tendency for people who feel their freedom is threatened to do exactly the opposite of what was requested.
Psychological reactance
A number of studies have found that competence is a quality valued
in both Western and Eastern cultures.
When people adopt a(n) ________, they view the task as an opportunity to prove, rather than improve, their competence.
Performance Goal
________ theorists believe traits and abilities are fixed and do not change dramatically over one’s lifetime.
Entity
A subjective state in which people feel completely absorbed and focused on an activity is known as
flow
According to ________, people tend to take credit for their successes but deny blame for their failures.
self-serving attributional bias
A pervasive drive to form and maintain lasting, positive interpersonal relationships is referred to as the need
To belong
Anthropologists consistently find that people in every society on the planet belong to small groups that involve personal, face-to-face interactions, and people benefit from these connections regardless of their culture or country. These findings demonstrate that belonging
Is universal
A neurochemical that plays a role in social affiliation and pair bonding among animals and humans is known as
oxytocin
The idea that self-esteem acts like a psychological gauge that monitors our relational value and the quality of our relationships is known as ________ theory.
sociometer
Once groups are created in experimental settings, people start to show preferential treatment toward those in their group and hostile treatment towards those not in their group. This pattern is called•
in-group favoritism
According to ___________, people are more likely to pursue a goal when expectancy and value are high and less likely when they are low.
Expectancy-Value Theory
Goal ___________ refers to how precisely someone defines a goal.
specificity
Thought to reside in the left side of the frontal lobe, the ___________ system regulates an organism’s sensitivity to rewards.
Behavioral activation
In the ___________ phase, individuals engage in goal-directed behaviors
Actional
Goal ___________ occurs whenever we have two competing or mutually exclusive goals.
Conflict
