test 2

Question 1

diencephalon

Answer 1

contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Question 2

Within the thalamus:

Answer 2

, information is sorted and “edited.” Impulses having to do with similar functions are relayed as a group to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex. The thalamus also mediates motor activities between the primary motor cortex, basal nuclei, and cerebellum. It is also involved with cortical arousal, learning, and memory.

Question 3

The hypothalamus

Answer 3

is the main visceral control center of the body and is the major integrator for homeostasis.

Question 4

pineal glad (epithalamus)

Answer 4

makes melatonin

Question 5

brainstem consists of

Answer 5

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 6

midbrain

Answer 6

is a pathway for fiber tracts running between lower and higher brain center. connects amygdala and ANS pathways to control “fight or flight” response. it contains superior and inferior colliculi.

Question 7

pons

Answer 7

is a pathway for fiber tracts running between lower and higher brain centers. it forms a bridge for fibers from the motor cortex to run the cerebellum. it aids the medulla oblongata in smoothing out transitions between breaths

Question 8

Medulla oblongata

Answer 8

a pathway for fiber tracts running between lower and higher brain centers. it contains pyramids where motor fibers crossover, and as a result each cerebral hemisphere controls voluntary movements on contralateral side of the body. it also contains: cardiovascular control center, vasomotor center, respiratory center.

Question 9

cerebellar activity:

Answer 9

is subconscious and ipsilateral

Question 10

reticular activating system

Answer 10

extends through the central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. It filters the flood of sensory inputs by sorting out repetitive, familiar, or weak signals, but unusual, significant, or strong impulses do reach consciousness.

Question 11

The limbic association area/system

Answer 11

is a ring of structures that surround the brain stem and includes portions of the cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus). It plays a key role in emotional displays such as laughing, crying, blushing, expressions of fear, and memory processing. It also works with higher brain centers in controlling basic behavioral patterns, including survival actions and sociosexual behaviors conducive to mating. The limbic system (emotional brain) interacts with the prefrontal cortex (cognitive brain) to form relationships between our thoughts and feelings.

Question 12

hippocampus

Answer 12

produces episodic memory of past personal history like times, places, emotions, who, what, when, where, why knowledge (short-term memory) and aids in converting them into long-term memory. If damaged, a person cannot build new memories so current experiences fade, but older memories made before the damage are intact. Movies that portray this kind of damage are Memento and 50 First Dates.

Question 13

amygdala

Answer 13

is responsible for processing and experiencing emotions. It acts as a processing center that receives incoming messages from our sense and internal organs to create an appropriate response to the messages it receives. It is critical for responding to perceived threats (angry or fearful expressions) with fear and aggression.

Question 14

temporal lobe

Answer 14

Initial cortical processing for hearing

Question 15

Wernicke’s area

Answer 15

Responsible for comprehension and formulation of coherent patterns of speech

Question 16

somatosensory cortex

Answer 16

Initial cortical processing for sensations arising from the surface of the body

Question 17

limbic association cortex

Answer 17

Primarily concerned with motivation and emotion

Question 18

corpus callosum

Answer 18

A thick band of axons passing between the two hemispheres

Question 19

primary motor cortex

Answer 19

Triggers voluntary movement by activating motor neurons

Question 20

occipital lobe

Answer 20

Initial cortical processing for vision

Question 21

Broca’s area

Answer 21

Responsible for speaking ability

Question 22

premotor area

Answer 22

Programs complex sequences of movement

Question 23

prefrontal association cortex

Answer 23

Lesions in this area result in changes in personality and social behavior

Question 24

dorsal horn

Answer 24

Contains cell bodies of interneurons upon which afferent neurons terminate

Question 25

dorsal root

Answer 25

Afferent fibers enter the spinal cord through this structure

Question 26

dorsal root ganglion

Answer 26

Contains cell bodies of afferent neurons

Question 27

ventral horn

Answer 27

Contains cell bodies of the efferent motor neurons supplying skeletal muscles

Question 28

ventral root

Answer 28

Efferent fibers leave the spinal cord through this structure

Question 29

cerebellum

Answer 29

Helps monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions, especially those related to support and posture. Disorder of this structure is characterized by an intention tremor. Compares the “intentions” of the higher centers with the “performance” of the muscles, and corrects any “errors”

Question 30

hypothalamus

Answer 30

Controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Controls thirst, urine output, food intake, and body temperature. Contains the autonomic nervous system coordinating center. Plays a role in emotion and behavioral patterns

Question 31

brainstem

Answer 31

Contains centers for respiration, heart and blood vessel function, and many digestive activities

Question 32

basal nuclei

Answer 32

Inhibits muscle tone throughout the body. Damage to this structure is associated with a resting tremor

Question 33

cerebral cortex

Answer 33

Initiates all voluntary movement; accomplishes final sensory perception

Question 34

a first-order neuron

Answer 34

The initial neuron in an ascending (sensory) pathway

Question 35

second-order neurons

Answer 35

The interneurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or medullary nuclei are second-order neurons, which transmit sensory impulses to either the thalamus or cerebellum.

Question 36

Dorsal white column

Answer 36

Ascending tract that carries impulses about well-localized fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, conscious proprioception to thalamus. Cross at medulla oblongata.

Question 37

cerebral cortex

Answer 37

is the “executive suite” where the conscious mind is found. It enables us to be aware of ourselves, our sensations, to communicate, remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements.

Question 38

Generalizations of the cerebral cortex include:

Answer 38

1. Three functional areas: motor, sensory, and multimodal association areas.
2. Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with the sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body.
3. Lateralization, or specialization, of cortical functions - each hemisphere is not exactly equal in functions.
4. Higher order functions integrate multiple domains and conscious behavior involves the entire cortex.

Question 39

cerebral cortex

Answer 39

is divided into five lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula.

Question 40

central sulcus

Answer 40

separates the frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 41

corpus callosum

Answer 41

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a tract (bundle of axons)

Question 42

motor cortex

Answer 42

the region of the cerebral cortex involved with the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.

Question 43

primary motor cortex

Answer 43

is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. Upper motor neurons generate neural impulses that pass down the spinal cord to control the execution of movement.

Question 44

premotor cortex and supplemental motor cortex

Answer 44

premotor areas) are located anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe. The supplemental motor cortex is responsible for planning movements by selecting and sequencing basic motor movements into complex tasks. The premotor cortex aids in the sensory guidance of movement and the spatial guidance of reaching.

Question 45

Broca’s area

Answer 45

is located in the left anterior, inferior region of the premotor area in the frontal lobe. It is a special motor speech area that directs muscle movement plans involved with language production (speech, sign language, writing, typing).

Question 46

Upper motor neurons (UMN)

Answer 46

originate in the primary motor cortex and are the main source of voluntary movement. They carry motor information down spinal cord tracts (specifically lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts) to synapse with lower motor neurons. UMN lesions can arise as a result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury or other brain injury. Symptoms can include spastic paralysis, decreased motor control, and increased deep tendon reflexes and Babinski’s sign.

Question 47

Lower motor neurons (LMN)

Answer 47

are also called somatic motor neurons. LMNs originate in the anterior horns of the brain stem or spinal cord. All voluntary movement relies on LMNs, which innervate skeletal muscles fibers to act as a link between UMNs and skeletal muscles. Damage to LMNs can be due to nerve injury, polio, ALS. Symptoms can include flaccid paralysis, absent deep tendon reflexes, and muscle atrophy.

Question 48

gray matter

Answer 48

is neural cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites as well as all nerve synapses

Question 49

white matter

Answer 49

matter is bundles of axons covered in myelin.

Question 50

Tracts

Answer 50

are bundles of axons in the CNS, whereas nerves are bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system.